First, when the Mongolian Empire was closest to the Arctic Ocean. 1238 after the capture of Tver and yaroslavl, it approached Novgorod (about 100km to the south), but it should be that it encountered a swamp that was difficult to travel, gave up the attack and suddenly diverted south. This may not be the northernmost border of the Mongolian army, but I think it is the closest place to the Arctic Ocean (close to the White Sea, but only 58 degrees latitude). Therefore, we can think that the Mongolian army did not drink horses in the Arctic Ocean.
In addition, the Golden Horde may have been near the Arctic Ocean (I don't know much about this country), but I'm sure it hasn't touched the Arctic Ocean either. The picture below shows four countries established by Mongols in 1300.
Second, look at the northern boundary of Mongolia from the records of the Yuan Dynasty.
The Mongolian Empire was basically inherited by the Yuan Dynasty in the area controlled by Siberia today. Because of the vast territory and no county system, it is difficult to accurately judge its four lanes. The Mongolian classic "Secret History of Mongolia" written in 1240 and the Persian history book "Collection of History" written in 1307 provide us with some information about the Ministry of Grassland and Forest in the North.
1, the secret history of Mongolia is mainly described as follows:
Most of the above departments are found in historical records and tribal records, and scholars have studied and explained this in detail. This paper adopts a series of textual research, summary and paraphrase, and makes a slight extension. The above-mentioned departments are generally distributed in Liang Hai, Lake Baikal, Yenisei River Basin and its west. In the Tangnu Wulianghai area, Ivorati (mainly distributed in the Del River and Shishde River basins), Tubo West (Tuwa people are now in Tuwa Autonomous Prefecture), Buhe Naxi ("Shake He Na" in the appendix of Yuan Shi Di and Northwest China), Beikemu River (Dayenisai River basin) and Ursu Ti ("Yuan Shi") passed through to Woirati and Tutu. From the Balujin River in the northeast of the lower reaches of the Selenger River, it flows into Lake Baikal from the east, and its basin is called Balhu Grassland. Also named after Angara River), Holi (west bank of Lake Baikal), Tumati (upstream source of Angara River, adjacent to Holi Province), Bayti (west bank of Lake Baikal, northwest of Irkutsk), Blah Qin and Kelemeixin (two adjacent provinces, belonging to Bala grassland in the upper reaches of Angara River and tributaries of Uda, Osa and Manzurok in the east). All the above-mentioned departments were distributed in the area of Lake Baikal, but not all of them were conquered by a gnat. This map can be seen by ministries and commissions near the boundless sea in Tanggu and Lake Baikal.
There are beggars in the Yenisei River basin and its western area (Geographical Records of the Yuan Dynasty records that "its territory is 1,400 li long and half a mile wide, with Heqian River in the northwest, Apu water in the south and jade beard water in the northeast". Qian River is Yenisei River; Apu is the wadiwadi Aba; Jade beard may be the Angara River or a tributary. In short, it is in the west of Yenisei River to Abagan River basin), the lost beard (the vast area of Siberia north of Qirgis), the Hakka voice (the record of this tribe records that it lives in the forests of Qirgis and Qian Qian), the eight neighboring households under the jurisdiction of Tianlike (that is, Tie Liang Guti) and Tollis (both in Erqi), Tuhesi (not included in the collection history, not verified) and Tas. Among them, the Yuan Army and its eight neighbors once fought in that inevitable land and lost. According to textual research, that is, the vast area of Siberia north of Tschirky, or the ob river River Basin, western scholars believe that the Tobol River, the Irtysh River and the ob river River Basin are in the western Siberian plain. This is also the place name of the northern part of northern Xinjiang in the Yuan Dynasty. The approximate position of Iber, lost Bier ↓
2. In order to find out whether there is an unyielding part in the north, Wokuotai Khan once sent "He Duan and others to the North Sea for several years and got a mountain that never sets", which is probably the northernmost record at that time (note that it is the northernmost, about 66 degrees north latitude, and 66 degrees in central Siberia is still far from the Arctic Ocean! )。
Third, I don't want to say too much about the written records that generally describe the territory of the Yuan Dynasty. Of course, even in the general description of historians, there has never been a saying of "northern ice sea" or "ice ocean" The ancient maps of Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties only drew the northern boundary to about 49 degrees north latitude. In Yuan Dynasty, when Zhu Siben was in Renzong, he was called to worship famous mountains and rivers. On the basis of on-the-spot investigation and consulting predecessors' works, he first drew local sub-maps, then drew the general map, and drew the map into two volumes with a width of seven feet and 49 feet. Unfortunately, the original map of Yu was lost. Fortunately, it became the ancestor and blueprint of Guangyu map in Ming Dynasty, which reflected the jurisdiction of Yuan Dynasty to some extent. The general map of the following "wide map", where is the Arctic Ocean?
Compared with other historians' general descriptions, Gu Zuyu's description of the territory of the Yuan Dynasty in the Summary of Reading History and Geography is more accurate, even if it is a single statement, it is far superior to other historians. Analysis of posting a paragraph of Reading Historical Records first;
4. The most important argument for the conclusion that the northern part of the Yuan Dynasty was close to the coast of the Arctic Ocean was that Guo Shoujing, a scientist of the Yuan Dynasty, presided over the national solar shadow observation scientific experiment, and set up most shadow investigation offices and 26 local shadow investigation offices throughout the country to compile the chronology. The distribution map of the photo studio in the early Yuan Dynasty in the Atlas of China Historical Manuscripts clearly marks the Beihai photo studio at Chelyoskin point at the northern end of Termel Peninsula. Two atlases edited by Mr. Tan Zhuqi marked the Kara Sea in the Arctic Ocean as the North Sea. Is that really the case? "Yuan Sihai Kao" clearly remembers that the location of Beihai Shadow Station is in the north, and its coordinates are: "Beihai, the North Pole is 65 degrees above the ground, the length of Xia Ying is 6 feet 7 inches 8 minutes, the day is 82 minutes, and the night 18 minutes". We know today that the altitude angle of Polaris anywhere in the northern hemisphere is the same as the geographical latitude of that place. In view of the fact that a circle in ancient China was 365 degrees (because there were 365 days in a year), the location of Beihai Studio can be preliminarily determined at about 64 degrees north latitude. Then turn ancient conversion of time into the present time. There are 24 hours in a day, 1440 points. 1 Yes 14 minutes and 24 seconds, and 82 is 1 180 minutes and 48 seconds, which means 19 hours, 40 minutes and 48 seconds. It can be seen that the day length of Beihai Shadow Station from summer to morning is about 19: 00 and 4 1: 00, and the night length is about 4: 00: 19. Looking up the table, we can see that the day length of 60 degrees north latitude from summer solstice is 18: 30, and the night length is 5: 30. 65 degrees north latitude, the day length is 2 1: 9, and the night length is 2: 5 1. The daytime length of Beihai Studio is between the above two places, and it should be between 62-63 degrees north latitude. Obviously, whether it is 64 degrees or 62-63 degrees, it is far from the Arctic Ocean in Siberia. Finally, the North Sea Studio of Yuan people reached 63 degrees north latitude, which does not mean that Yuan people reached 63 degrees north latitude in the huge span from 70 degrees east longitude to 140 degrees east longitude to 160 degrees east longitude. Political geography and international law believe that the subjects of a country have been to a certain place first, but they have not stayed, lived or managed there for a long time. It does not mean that a certain place is already the territory of a certain country or regime, nor does it mean that a certain place has been "zoned" into the "territory" of a certain country. Because such events are common in the history of exploration, geographical discoveries and travel.