Miao people in China claim to have a relic called Hutong. For example, the Miao people in Xiangxi (eastern dialect) call themselves "bears, bears", which shows that the totems of Miao ancestors are bears and bear clans. According to the historical records of Han nationality, historical legends of Miao nationality and unearthed cultural relics, it is proved that in ancient times, Xiangxi Miao nationality was the main body, and Sanmiao, Pan Hu and other tribes were integrated to form the primitive nationality of Xiangxi Miao nationality. Because of its vast territory and large number of people, they claim to be different, including "bear-bear-bear", "rope-thorn", "Yong-Yong-Man" and "reading cats". The cat was later put in Chongshan and became a barbarian. After the attack of the King of Wu, the dog combined with the money in the barbarian to form the State of Chu. These four ancient tribes were called Miao people in history, or collectively called Nanman, Qianzhong Man, Wuling Man, Wuxi Man, Zhong Man Man, Zhonglou Man, Xixi Man, Qianyang Man and Chenzhou Man. All of the above refer to the Miao people living in western Hunan. Today, there are still totem relics in Xiangxi Miao costumes, such as bibcock wrinkling bracelets, bibcock earrings, phoenix silver hairpin, silver flower hairpin and so on. Women's clothes are embroidered with dragon and phoenix, butterfly, pulp and other patterns on the chest, cuffs and trouser legs, and even embroidered waist is also called waist bear. In addition, there are insect totems. The Miao people's "Feng Ge" says: The eggs laid by butterflies hatch Miao ancestors and other animals. This shows that the butterfly totem of Miao nationality is more advanced than other animal totems. The above shows that Miao is also a nation that uses animals and plants as totem names.
Totem and surname are closely and directly related. There is a saying in China that "hundreds of surnames" are actually more than ordinary people. According to the statistics of Yan Fuqing and others, there are 5,730 surnames in China. The surnames of Miao people in western Hunan are Gexiong, Gehen, Gezhen, Gecai, Gekai, Gezhen, Gezhen (twelve branches), Kaysa and Gezhen. The Han surnames given by feudal kings in past dynasties are Wu, Long, Liao, Shi, Ma, Tian, Yang, He, Bao, Tang, Bai, Wang, Liu, Li and Zhang *** 148. Hu Teng's name in the early years of the Republic of China is what modern people call "surname". Ancient scholars in China attached great importance to the relationship between surnames and totems. Shuowen said: "The surname was born in people." "White Tiger Biography Name" Tian: "Surname, life is also, people are born because of the weather." "On Heng Qian Shu Pian" said: "The ancients were born with surnames, and they were born with surnames. If Xia Dunzi Yi is born, his surname is Zi Shi. Shang swallowed Yanyu and was born, but his surname was. Zhou's resume is famous, and Ji's name is also established. What they think is "surname" is "stranger's thing". It is also what modern people call "totem". The evolution of Miao nationality in Xiangxi, Hunan Province is briefly described as follows:
A.Ghob Xot and Ghob Hlongb This family belongs to Wu and lives in Ping Ling, Likouzui, Sanchaping, Dilingpo, Alaying, Yabaozhai, Baomuying and Shaping in Fenghuang County.
B. Gob Mill. The subordinate Long family lives in Yanbanqiao, Paibuxiong, Jiulong Cave, Fenghuang County General Camp and Paida in Huayuan County.
Third, melon (Ghob Ghueas). This line belongs to Shi surname and Liao surname. Because the surnames Liao and Shi belonged to the same branch in ancient times, the Han surnames were different, and the Miao surnames belonged to the same clan, so there is no such thing as Liao and Shi being married today. Shi surname is mainly Zhierzhai and Paila in Huayuan County, Wengke and Dayan in Baojing County, and Paigang in Jishou City. Liao surname is mostly in Liaojiachong area of Fenghuang.
Ding, Keka (Ghob Khad). This department belongs to the surname at that time, also called miniature schnauzer. But for some reason, I changed my surname to Shi, so I wrote it as Shi today. So there is a saying that Shi surname and Shi surname are close relatives. In fact, their religious beliefs and the location of underground buildings are different, which has always been distinguishable among Miao people, and there is no doubt about it. Some people in other counties don't know Shi's surname, so they often misrepresent that they are married with the same surname, thinking it is a joke and criticizing it all. The surnames are Dabochong, Qujiazhuang, Daxing Village, Xiaoxing Village, Luan Yantan and Aizhai in Jishou City. Woka also gave birth to a surname of Ma. There are many acropolis in Fenghuang County, such as Bianguan, Lin Lizi, Teacher, Huayuan County and other places. Ma is also called He Liu.
E.Ghobiant。 This line belongs to the long surname, commonly known as Xiaolong. In modern times, somehow, there are people who write the names of dragons. There are boundaries of Huayuan, Baojing, Jishou, Fenghuang and Guzhang.
These are the five surnames of Miao people in Xiangxi.
I, now cangue (Ghob Kheat). This line belongs to Yang. There are many areas in Jishou, such as Aling, Yang Zhai, Aiban, Yangmengzhai, Dongshang and Paibuxiong.
Geng, Hao Lai (Ghob Lel). This line belongs to Tian. There are many chestnut farms and acropolis in Huayuan County, as well as other counties. ⑥
Together with these two departments, they are called seven major departments. From the above branches, we can at least spy out the remains of the original surname of the Miao nationality. First, the ancestors of Miao nationality in western Hunan took totem as the group name; Secondly, there are fixed clan branches, which are neither too many nor too complicated; Secondly, clans are still villages or settlements in today's distribution. There are countless examples of Qingyi surname villages all over Miao nationality villages in western Hunan. Such as Yangjiazhai, Shibinzhai and Majia Village. According to the survey. Huluping, Jiwei Town, Huayuan County, 1 18 households, including 89 horses, 22 dragons, 2 stones, 3 floods, Peng 1 household and Deng 1 household. There are five different branches of Ma's surname, and the other 84 families are grandchildren of GhotHob and GhotPianb. It is said that they are brothers and moved from Givila B nearly 200 years ago. Among the 22 families named Long, there are four different clans, which moved in from Namaotuo and Lubuyue in Songtao County, Guizhou Province, and from Guoshui Village and Mao Liang Village in their hometown, with a history of about several decades to hundreds of years. Other surnames did not move in for a long time, and Peng was an immigrant after liberation.
The Miao people living in the southeast of Guizhou call themselves "Cnab Naof". It is said that before the Yuan Dynasty, the Miao people here did not give Han surnames, but were handed down from generation to generation in the form of a son and a father, and this is still the case. This form is: the son is connected with the father, the father is connected with the ancestor, the ancestor is connected with the great-grandfather, and the generation is connected. Until its source. For example, the surname Wu has been hung up for 25 generations, each with a history of more than 500 years. The above Miao surnames all contain their own totem objects, but it is difficult to explain them one by one now. In a word, totem is the basis of surname, and surname is the product of totem development, which embodies the historical track of human development.