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In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu, did not abolish the calligraphy carried by Qin Dynasty, but despised Confucianism and Confucian scholars. In this case, the origin of Confucianism was almost completely cut off, and there was no Confucian activity except the etiquette defined slightly by Shu. The doctor system still existed in the early Han Dynasty. Great-grandfather used to treat his uncle, and Emperor Wen of Han used to treat Han Ying, Gong and others. The number of doctors is small, but only officials are waiting to be invited, which is not valued by the contemporary world and has not played much role in the teaching of culture.
In the low tide of the development of academic thought, the Taoist thought of Huang Lao's inaction was advocated by the rulers in the early Han Dynasty and was in a dominant position. Taoism attaches importance to the historical experience of success or failure, and advocates self-control, inferiority and self-control, so it adapts to the political situation after the peasant war and the needs of restoring production and stabilizing feudal order. Jiaoxi Gaigong's words are good for Huang Lao. In the early years of Hui Di, he was invited by Cao Can, the prime minister of Qi, to be an official in Qi. Guy realized that the rule of law is subtle and the people decide for themselves. This view is more realistic than that of Confucian scholars in Qi State, and it has played an important role in helping Cao Can gather people's hearts. Taoism, which is based on Laozi's classic Tao Te Ching, has its teaching sources, but no teacher in the world says that academic content can be lost or gained at any time to a great extent to meet the specific requirements of the rulers at that time. Therefore, in the early Han dynasty, the rulers regarded Huang Lao's words as "the southern skill of the monarch", and thinkers of all factions were also happy to say Huang Lao's words.
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Lu Jia's Xin Yu contained Huang Lao's political thoughts. In view of the political and economic situation in the early Han Dynasty, Lu Jia discussed the ruling method of "serving the public with few people and restraining the strong with weak ones", and thought that "Tao is greater than inaction, and action is greater than respect". Many kinds of silk books, such as Classic Laws, were unearthed from the tomb of Emperor Wen of Mawangdui, which was a popular work of Huang Lao at that time. Lie Hong in Huainan, also known as Huainanzi, is a book that systematically expounds Taoist philosophy written by Liu An, the king of Huainan during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. After the publication of Huai Nan Zi, Huang Lao's thought has lost its political advantage.
Under the specific social conditions in the early Han Dynasty, the rulers ruled by doing nothing, which made the life of farmers more stable. Social production was easier to recover, and the ruling order of the Han Dynasty was gradually consolidated. However, in the Wenjing period, inaction brought new problems: the power of the kingdom was above the imperial court, the merchants increasingly annexed the peasants, and the Huns endlessly insulted and plundered Han. Therefore, doing nothing can no longer meet the needs of economy and politics. Jia Yi shouted loudly, demanding that inaction be turned into something promising. He said in "Public Security Policy": "Vulgarity, death (no), danger and disrespect. The planner is still ignorant (ignorant), which can be done for people who take a long breath. "
During the Wenjing period, there was an evolution trend from inaction to action and from Taoism to Confucianism. At that time, the book-carrying order was banned, and some ancient books left in the folk were known to the world one after another. Dr. Fu Qin gave birth to more than twenty copies of Shangshu, which was hidden in his wall. Wendi once asked Chao Cuo to learn from him. The number of doctors has reached more than 70, and there are many schools of thought, and Confucianism is the only one. Confucian books The Book of Songs, The Spring and Autumn Annals, The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety, Mencius and Er Ya all have doctors, among which there are three doctors in The Book of Songs and two doctors in The Spring and Autumn Annals, namely Hu Musheng and Dong Zhongshu. This situation provided favorable conditions for Liu Che's exclusive respect for Confucianism.
In the first year of Jianyuan (BC 140), Emperor Wu took the advice of Wei Wan, the prime minister, and dismissed the sages who had made such remarks as Shen, Shang, Han Fei, Su Qin and Zhang Yi. The kind Huang Lao Dou Taihou (the grandmother of Emperor Wu) strongly opposed it and used it as an excuse to put Zhao Wan, an ancient imperial doctor who advocated Confucianism, and Wang Zang, a doctor in the doctor's house, in prison. Although the Confucian forces were temporarily hit, in the fifth year of Jianyuan, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a doctor of Five Classics, and the study of Classics was more complete in the government. Dou Taihou died in the sixth year of Jianyuan, and Emperor Wudi made good use of Confucianism. Tian■ deposed all Dr. Taichang who couldn't cure the Five Classics of Confucianism, excluded the words of Huang Lao's famous teachers from official studies, and recruited hundreds of talented people with excellent gifts. This is the famous ousting of a hundred schools of thought and the exclusive respect for Confucianism. After the exclusive respect for Confucianism, officials mainly came from Confucian scholars, and Confucianism gradually developed and became the orthodox thought for the next two thousand years. This situation was not conducive to the development of academic culture, but it was conducive to the strengthening of the autocratic system and the unity of the country at that time.
Confucianism, which achieved exclusive status, not only absorbed the theory of benevolence and righteousness of pre-Qin Confucianism, but also absorbed the theory of deifying the monarchy of yin and yang, and strongly advocated closed-door Zen and reform of the system. In the first year of Yuanfeng (before 1 10), Emperor Wu held a ceremony of closed retreat and meditation. In the first year of Taichu (before 104), Liang Wudi issued a letter to reform the system, with Han as the virtue, yellow as the color, five as the number, official names and harmonious melody. The calendar was adopted, with the first month as the beginning of the year, instead of the Zhuan Xu calendar that has been used for more than a hundred years, and October as the beginning of the year. Neo-Confucianism also absorbed the legalist thought of respecting the monarch and restraining the ministers, trying to strengthen the rule through criminal law. Therefore, on the one hand, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "showed benevolence and righteousness", on the other hand, he stipulated criminal law and reused cruel officials. Dong Zhongshu introduced Confucianism into the law, taking Spring and Autumn Annals as more than 200 examples, which is called Chunqiu Judgment, also known as Chunqiu Judgment. Later, Liu Xun and Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, declared that the Han family system was arbitrary (legalist) and mixed with Confucianism, and did not advocate the pure use of Confucian moral education.
Dong Zhongshu initiated Confucianism and laid the foundation for the ideological content of Neo-Confucianism. Dong Zhongshu, a native of Guang Chuan (now Zaoqiang, Hebei Province), studied "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and was a doctor at the time of Emperor Jingdi. During the reign of Emperor Wu, he systematically expounded his philosophical and political thoughts. He is the author of Spring and Autumn Stories.
Dong Zhongshu believes that the monarch is ruled by heaven, so he should "defer to the people and delay the monarch, and defer to the sky." If a person can't help it, heaven will send disaster to warn and deter him. If a gentleman does not repent in the face of disaster, there will be "injury and defeat." Therefore, the monarch must "encourage Tao". This is his mysterious theory of "harmony between man and nature". He thinks that the book Spring and Autumn Annals records astronomical data for a long period of time, and concentrates a lot of explanations about the relationship between heaven and man, so future generations should take Spring and Autumn Annals as the basis.
Dong Zhongshu advocates that "the greatness of Tao originates from the sky, and the sky remains unchanged, so does the Tao". This is his metaphysical view of the universe and history. At the same time, he also thinks that the replacement of dynasties has the problem of partial compensation. He thought that the Qin Dynasty was a troubled time, like a "rotten wood dung wall" that could not be repaired. In order to "govern well", the subsequent Han Dynasty had to change its course, which was called "modernization". The change should not only be manifested in changing one's tune, easily choosing colors and making music, but also in eliminating the evil of Qin. This is the theoretical basis for his request to restrict people and land and prohibit the killing of handmaiden. However, in his view, "Wang has the name of restructuring, but there is no real diversion", so restructuring does not affect the theory that heaven is unchanged, nor does it affect the foundation of feudal rule.
Dong Zhongshu advocated unity according to The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram, and believed that the unity of Spring and Autumn Annals was a constant test of heaven and earth and a friendship between ancient and modern times. His so-called unification is to damage and restrain the princes, unify the emperors, and let the four seas "come to the ministers." But if teachers are different, people are different, hundreds of schools are different, and will is different, there will be no unity between man and king. Therefore, he demanded that hundreds of schools be deposed and Confucianism be the only one.
On the question of how the monarch should rule, he advocated imitating heaven. In his view, the greatness of heaven lies in yin and yang, and yang is virtue and yin is punishment, so the monarch's rule must be both yin and yang, with both virtue and punishment. Heaven is the main yang, and yin is the auxiliary yang. Therefore, the monarch's rule should also be based on morality, supplemented by punishment. His so-called virtue mainly refers to benevolence, righteousness, propriety and ethics. He regards the monarch, husband and wife, father and son as the three cardinal principles of king, and thinks that the three cardinal principles can be sought from heaven, equivalent to heaven and earth, yin and yang, winter and summer, and cannot be changed. He advocated setting up schools for extensive education, because it was the most reliable dike to consolidate feudal rule.
Dong Zhongshu's new Confucianism aims at maintaining feudal order. It has adapted to the requirements of political and economic development since Wen and Jing, and played a positive role in consolidating national unity, preventing tyranny and alleviating the exploitation and oppression of farmers.
Since Liang Wudi, the teaching of Confucianism has flourished. Doctoral official school is not only complete in Confucian classics, but also because of the different inheritance of Confucian classics, once there are several schools, each school will often split and abolish. In the third year of Ganlu (the first 5 1), Xuan Di called Wang Zhi Jr., Liu Xiang, Wei Xuancheng and other Confucian scholars to discuss the similarities and differences of the Five Classics at the Shiquge meeting, which he called a temporary decision. In the last years, there were Ouyang, Xiahou Sheng, Xiahou Jian (big and small Xiahou Jian) in Iraq, Qi, Lu, Han, Li Youhou in history, Rams in the Spring and Autumn Period, and * * *. Among them, the newly added Yi, Xiahou's Shangshu and Chunqiu. Doctors are Confucian classics, and their task is to recite and explain Confucian classics. Their interpretation of the classics is complicated, sometimes reaching more than a million words. Doctors have disciples. There were 50 disciples of the doctor in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the number gradually increased. When he proclaimed himself emperor, there were as many as 3,000, and even reached 30,000 in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The prosperity of Confucian classics and the emergence of a large number of doctoral students are mainly because Confucian classics theoretically defended the rule of the Han Dynasty, so the rulers opened up the road of "enriching the people and enriching the Confucian scholars".
With the development of Confucianism, there has also been an upsurge of book collection. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty urged the prime minister to open up the road of offering books, and also set up writers to copy books. At that time, there were a large number of books, including Taichang, Taishi and Doctor in the outer court, Yan Ge House, Guangnei and Chamber of Secrets in the palace. Later, for the sake of a suicide note, Emperor Cheng ordered Chen Nong to visit the world and Liu Xiang to write a book for the general school. Liu's Jing Zhe Shi, Ren's The Art of War, Yin's Shu Shu (the book of divination) and Li's Xue Yi (the medical book). After proofreading each book, Liu Xiangtiao should make a table of contents and write a summary. Liu Xin of Liu Xiangzi inherited his father's footsteps, completed this work, and wrote a book "Seven Views". Qi lue includes Ji lue, Liu yilue, Zhuzi lue, Shi fulue, Shu Shulue, Shu Shulue and Ji Fanglue, with a total volume of 13269. It is China's first bibliography work, and the bibliographies recorded in it are generally kept in Hanshu Yiwenzhi.
In the process of proofreading, Liu Xin discovered some different versions of Confucian classics. It turns out that the Confucian classics used by doctors in the Western Han Dynasty were dictated by the old Confucianism and written in the official script prevailing at that time, but there were still Confucian classics written in ancient Chinese characters before the Qin Dynasty. Liu Xin claimed to have discovered the ancient prose "The Biography of Zuo's Family in the Spring and Autumn Period". He also said that he found 39 pieces of Li and 16 pieces of Shangshu. These two books were obtained from the destruction of Confucius' former residence by King Lu * * * and presented to the Secret House by Kong Anguo, the twelfth grandson of Confucius. Liu Xin demanded that these books be set up by academic officials, and had a heated debate with the doctors who opposed the proposal, accusing them of being "ignorant", "guarding the disabled" and "teaching by example is the last teacher, not the past". After this debate, there appeared two schools of Confucian classics, modern prose and ancient prose, each with different texts and different interpretations. When Wang Mang was in power, he worked as a doctor for the reform of China ancient literature such as History of Chinese Ancient Literature, Shi Mao and Yi Li. Wang Mang also named Zhen Feng as a classic script. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the doctor of ancient Chinese literature was abolished and the doctor of modern Chinese literature was re-established, with a total of 14 doctors. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was very popular for people to set up libraries to inherit classics. Some famous scholars have taught some classics from generation to generation, forming a classic "family law" and recording thousands of students. Many Confucian classics circulated among the people are ancient classics (see classics, ancient and modern documents).