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Unit 3 Unit Description
1 1? China Shiqiao
12? Beauty of bridge
13? The Classical Gardens of Suzhou
14? Imperial Palace
15? Say "screen"
Comprehensive study, writing and oral communication: an inexhaustible bridge
Corresponding teaching plan:
Unit 3 unit description?
This unit focuses on architectural gardens and places of interest. Among the five selected texts, China Stone Arch Bridge, Suzhou Garden and Palace Museum are relatively normative expositions, while Beauty of the Bridge and Tan Ping are some explanatory sketches. This arrangement not only facilitates comparative teaching, but also makes this unit not monotonous.
Mao Yisheng, the author of China Stone Arch Bridge, is a bridge expert. Although he only introduces general knowledge about Chinese stone arch bridge to ordinary readers, he seems to have a strategic vision. Grasp the characteristics, for example, needless to say. Specific figures are used to illustrate the problem in many places, which reflects the author's cautious attitude towards learning.
Beauty of the Bridge is an aesthetic sketch by the famous painter Wu Guanzhong. Poetic descriptive words and descriptive words are mixed in the text, which makes people gain some aesthetic knowledge while being influenced by beauty. However, the highly personalized expression of the article is in sharp contrast with the plain language of Chinese stone arch bridges.
Suzhou Gardens first describes the characteristics of Suzhou Gardens, and then expounds them from several aspects. The combination of general theory and sub-theory gives readers a comprehensive and concrete impression. In the article, the author doesn't use any specific gardens as examples, whether it's reasoning or describing the scenery. The characteristics discussed by the author are those of Suzhou gardens.
The Palace Museum takes the central axis running through the Forbidden City as the center, and introduces buildings from south to north and from middle to both sides according to spatial order. This sequence arrangement not only conforms to the general sightseeing habits, but also conforms to the primary and secondary relationship of the Forbidden City buildings.
"Talking about Screen" is a short article, which does not pay much attention to the regularity and relatively complete introduction of screen knowledge. It is the author's long-standing fascination and love for the screen. Let him focus on introducing the practical function and artistic decoration function of the screen to readers, and put forward suggestions and hopes on how to use the screen. Many ancient poems are quoted, which adds the cultural meaning of "screen".
The reading teaching objectives of this unit are:
1. Understand the brilliant achievements of China's traditional architecture and gardens, and inspire pride in the motherland's culture.
2. Understand what is expository. Teachers can compare narratives with expository texts to guide students to understand the characteristics of expository texts and the problems that should be paid attention to when reading and writing.
3. To know things, we should grasp their characteristics. How can one thing be distinguished from other things? Is the characteristic of this thing. To let others know and understand this thing, we must grasp its characteristics and introduce it.
4. Sort out the order of the articles. Generally speaking, there are three interpretation orders: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.
5. Understand the commonly used interpretation methods, such as the following definitions, examples, comparisons, analogies, classifications, drawing charts, column numbers, quotations, etc. Ask the students to tell the explanation method and its function.
6. Experience accurate and thorough explanation language. Explanatory writing does not seek to move people with emotion, but to convince people with reason, and it focuses on giving readers knowledge, so the language of explanatory writing emphasizes science.
The writing training of this unit is mainly to write expository articles. Both the comprehensive study of "Endless Bridge" and the after-school exercise of "Suzhou Gardens" have the requirements of writing expositions.
The comprehensive study of Endless Bridge is close to students' real life, with clear activity level and rich and comprehensive content. Students can acquire scientific and cultural knowledge, exercise their observation and thinking ability, and collect and process information.
1 1? Chinese stone arch bridge?
Text discussion
First, the overall grasp
Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, this paper illustrates the unique creation and immortal artistic value of Chinese stone arch bridge in design and construction, and praises the intelligence of Chinese working people.
Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the characteristics of general stone arch bridge: the bridge hole is arc-shaped; Appeared earlier in the history of world bridges; Not only beautiful in form, but also firm in structure. Then, taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge, two different types of stone arch bridges, as typical examples, the brilliant achievements of stone arch bridges in China are illustrated.
When introducing Zhao Zhouqiao, let's briefly explain the geographical location, construction time and renovation after liberation of Zhao Zhouqiao. Statements such as "the oldest stone bridge that has been used since its completion" and "it has been 1300 years now, and it still maintains its original majestic posture" highlight the long history, firmness and beauty of Zhao Zhouqiao.
Then the article explains the length and width with concrete figures, quotes the poems of Zhang in Tang Dynasty to praise the exquisiteness of design and construction, and then explains the originality and artistic value in design and construction in four points. The first point is that the arch has a small arc, which is convenient for cars and horses to get up and down. The second and third points are explained from the originality of bridge arch design, that is, "the big arch has two small arches on each shoulder" and "the big arch consists of 28 arch rings", which makes the bridge durable. The fourth point is that the bridge is in harmony with the surrounding scenery.
The article introduces Lugou Bridge in the same order.
After introducing the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge, the author explains the reasons why Chinese stone arch bridge has made such brilliant achievements from three aspects. This article is full of deep admiration for the diligence and wisdom of the ancient working people.
Explanatory language pays attention to accuracy and thoroughness, which is reflected in this paper. For example, when introducing the length, width and arch length of Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge, the numerical interpretation method is used: "Zhao Zhouqiao is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters and a width of 9.6 meters at both ends, slightly narrower in the middle and 9 meters wide." "The (Lugou Bridge) bridge is 265 meters long and consists of 65,438+065,438+0 semicircular stone arches, each with a different length, ranging from 65,438+06 meters to 265,438+0.6 meters." These figures are all obtained through scientific survey, which accurately shows the scale of these two bridges. At the same time, the article also uses some words that are not completely defined or limited, such as "the passenger bridge mentioned in the water mirror notes was built around 282 AD, which may be the earliest stone arch bridge recorded." "Probably" and "Possibility" are approximate figures, which are defined by "record", showing the author's rigorous academic spirit.
Second, the problem research
1. For the bridge, we should first pay attention to its actual function. According to the article, the stone arch bridge is not only beautiful in shape, but also solid in structure. So, first appearance, then function, is it upside down? Besides, it should be "not only ... but also ..." deleted?
In this regard, the author Mao Yisheng's explanation is that writing the form first is an intuitive impression given by the bridge and a perceptual knowledge. Strong structure is a further understanding of the bridge, that is, a rational understanding. Therefore, the relationship between the two is progressive rather than parallel, so the two related words "not only" and "not only" cannot be omitted, but will be used to determine the progressive relationship between them.
2. The first and third features of Zhao Zhouqiao introduced in this paper are all about the big arch. The second feature is that there are two small arches on each shoulder of the big arch. Why didn't the author introduce the third feature of Zhao Zhouqiao after introducing the first feature, that is, the big arch is composed of 28 arch rings with a small arch inserted in the middle?
In this regard, the author's explanation is that a big arch has two small arches on its shoulders, which is the main feature of the first open-shouldered arch in Zhao Zhouqiao. The large arch consists of 28 arch rings, and other arch bridges are laid side by side, so they are arranged in order according to their characteristics.
Practice note
Read the text and complete the following exercises.
1. What are the general characteristics of stone arch bridges in China? Take Zhao Zhouqiao as an example, in my own words, how it embodies the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge.
2. The author introduces Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge respectively, and the order of explanation is basically the same. Please specify.
3. According to the text and illustrations, draw a schematic diagram of Zhao Zhouqiao and mark the corresponding data.
The purpose of setting the topic is to let students know that they should grasp the characteristics of things and pay attention to the explanation order in the explanatory text.
1. The stone arch bridge in China has the characteristics of an ordinary stone arch bridge, that is, it is not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. In addition, the stone arch bridge in China has a long history, is widely distributed, has various forms, and has many amazing masterpieces. Zhao Zhouqiao was founded in 605 AD, and it has been over 1300 years since the author wrote this article, so it has a long history. The 37.4-meter-long arch in Zhao Zhouqiao is a shoulder arch composed of 28 arches, which is in harmony with the surrounding scenery, and the carvings on the bridge are also very exquisite, which strongly shows that Zhao Zhouqiao is indeed an amazing masterpiece.
2. The two bridges are introduced in the order of geographical location, construction time and structural characteristics.
3. sketch.
Second, in order to explain things accurately, the language in the explanatory text is very particular about discretion. Think about it, if the words added in the following sentence are removed, what will happen to the meaning expressed?
1. Stone arch bridge appeared earlier in the history of bridges in the world.
2. The "Traveler's Bridge" mentioned in the water mirror notes was built around 282 AD, which may be the earliest stone arch bridge on record.
There are stone arch bridges almost everywhere in China.
(Zhao Zhouqiao) The whole bridge has only one big arch, which is 37.4 meters long, and it was the longest stone bridge in the world at that time.
The purpose of setting the topic is to make students realize the characteristics of accurate and thorough explanation language.
1. "Earlier" is lighter, so the expression is safer.
2. "About" and "Possibility" are both uncertain meanings, just a speculative situation. "Well-documented" makes the basis of speech more reliable.
3. "Almost" emphasizes that stone arch bridges are widely distributed, but it does not rule out the possibility that there are no stone arch bridges in some places.
4. "At that time" has a time limit, and "can be counted" has a degree limit. This is more in line with the actual situation.
Read the following two paragraphs and answer the questions.
(1) Briefly describe the word "Lugouqiao" in Ci Hai.
The purpose of setting questions is to guide students to pay attention to the characteristics of things, not to cover everything.
The contents mentioned in Ci Hai are as follows: there is a white marble monument of "Lugou Xiaoyue" in the pavilion; Wanping Ancient City near Qiaodong has China People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Memorial Hall and Monument, which is a national key cultural relics protection unit; There is a new bridge next to the bridge.
In this paper, Lugou Bridge is introduced, and the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge are emphatically introduced. If it is as comprehensive as Ci Hai, the writing purpose of the article will be blurred.
(2) Briefly describe the word "sleeping in Lugou".
The purpose of setting the topic is to make students notice the differences between expository and narrative writing.
Sleeping in Lugou is mainly about watching Lugou abortion. The author focuses on moonlight and running water under the bridge, and finally falls on Lugou Bridge itself. With the previous rendering, Lugou Bridge left a beautiful and moving impression on readers. This is quite different from the basic plain introduction in the article.
Teaching suggestion
First, when teaching, we can start with the style, show students some short narrative and expository fragments, and guide students to understand what expository is.
Secondly, the structure of this paper is clear, so that students can make an outline to help them understand things more clearly and should grasp the characteristics of things.
related data
I. Mao Yisheng, a bridge expert
Mao Yisheng is a famous bridge expert, educator and social activist in China. The Qiantang River Bridge designed by him is the first railway and highway bridge designed and built by China people themselves in China. He also participated in the construction of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, the first modern bridge in New China.
Mao Yisheng studied in the United States in his early years, and his doctoral thesis "Secondary Stress of Frame Structure" was a scientific creation, which was called "Mao's Law". 192 1 year, he returned to the embrace of the motherland. In 1930s, Mao Yisheng's achievements in the engineering technology of Qiantang River Bridge made foreign counterparts look at the bridge-building engineers in China with new eyes. In 1950s, during the construction of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, Mao Yisheng served as the chairman of the technical advisory committee composed of Chinese and foreign experts, and solved 14 problems in the construction of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge. From 65438 to 0959, during the construction of "Top Ten Buildings" in the capital, Mao Yisheng served as the head of the structural review team of the Great Hall of the People, and contributed his own technology, experience and wisdom to this historic building. He is an important founder of modern bridge engineering in China.
As an educator, Mao Yisheng has served as a professor in five schools, the presidents of two universities and the deans of two colleges during his more than 20 years' educational career. He actively advocated popular science education and wrote many popular science articles such as Qiao Hua and China Stone Arch Bridge.
Second, about the establishment of "China Stone Arch Bridge" (Mao Yisheng)
The article "Stone Arch Bridge in China" is a short article published in People's Daily by 1962, and it was later selected into junior middle school Chinese textbooks, which is still in use today.
In recent years, many middle school teachers have written or visited me to reflect some situations of classroom teaching. Professor Ye Cangcen, an educator, also asked me for advice on preparing lessons for this course four times. Some of the answers I gave are reproduced in publications related to Chinese teaching. Nowadays, Chinese textbooks contain articles from all sides, and their knowledge is extremely broad. From the young and middle-aged teachers I contacted, I deeply felt that their research on each model essay was serious and meticulous. I was deeply moved by this spirit. Recently, the comrades of Zhengzhou Teaching Communication Editorial Department intend to publish a book "Writers Talk about Middle School Chinese Texts", asking me to talk about the creative process. I don't deserve the title of writer, but because of the above situation, it is beneficial to take this opportunity to recall the conceptual activities when writing this article, if it helps the teaching effect required by the majority of Chinese teachers.
First of all, this article is about the stone arch bridge in China. Stone arch bridge is one of the three basic types of traditional bridges in China. Stone arch bridge system is diverse. The two bridges written in this paper are outstanding representative works among millions of stone arch bridges. For thousands of years, stone arch bridges have spread all over the country. With the development of economy and culture, they have made rapid progress. They are an integral part of China's splendid ancient culture and have won honor for the motherland in the world. Up to now, a large number of ancient bridges are well preserved, which can be said to be the historical testimony of the exquisite skills of bridge builders in past dynasties, and also show the wisdom and strength of the working people in China. An ancient bridge can stand the test of natural disasters and wars and has not been broken for thousands of years. It is a miracle that it has not only been preserved as a monument, but also maintained its inherent functions. Of course, it is also due to the hard repair of the past dynasties, and this repair activity often comes from the folk's love and protection of the bridge. There are many stories about this social fashion in the history of Chinese bridges, which is worth telling. China is regarded as an ancient country with many bridges. This historical concept and quantitative concept, as well as a fairly intuitive impression, are all aspects of knowledge that need to be involved in understanding Chinese stone arch bridges. If these vivid historical facts are removed, not only is the connotation empty, but what can one or two isolated bodies tell us?
Secondly, the stone arch bridge appeared late in the history of bridge development in China, but once it appeared, it developed rapidly. Even after modern railway and highway bridge engineering technology was introduced to China in 1880, it still maintained its vigorous vitality and made greater development through the combination of modern engineering theory and new building materials. The two bridges introduced in this paper have been in Zhao Zhouqiao for 1400 years, and Lugou Bridge has stood on the turbulent Yongding River for nearly 700 years. Both of them are majestic and solid, and they still maintain their original style, which can be used by heavy vehicles. It is rare in stone bridges at home and abroad. Zhao Zhouqiao's open-shouldered creation was seven centuries earlier than that of the West. The reason why it can last for a long time shows that the design and construction are scientific. Another example is the shallow foundation and short abutment in Zhao Zhouqiao. Many modern engineers are amazed because it survived many earthquakes and floods, which is no accident. Zhang Tang Jia Zhen said in the preface of Stone Bridge: "This is strange, and people don't know why." This evaluation is almost the same as that of engineering scholars in the 20th century, and it is highly skilled, which can be seen here. In a large number of historical facts, the technical achievements of ancient stone arch bridge "saving materials, skillful structure and high strength" are summarized, which is the consistent goal pursued by bridges and any buildings at home and abroad. At the beginning of the 6th century, China's skillful craftsmen displayed their intelligence and made bold innovations, and their brilliant achievements were worthy of pride.
Thirdly, bridging the bridge across the water, the beauty of artistic conception, the beauty of carving and decoration, and the diversity of styles are also the national traditions that embody China's aesthetic standards. No matter the size of the building, the technology should be improved, just like painting, there can be no failure. Since the prevalence of grotto statues, ancient masons have had a set of superb skills and a certain level of artistic design. The railings in Zhao Zhouqiao and the stone lions in Lugou Bridge are both famous for their artistic treasures, which is also a desirable tradition of Chinese stone arch bridges and has a far-reaching influence on the decoration of modern stone arch bridges.
The stone arch bridge in China has made some achievements in ancient times, and it still has development prospects today. What used to be useful is still working today. Therefore, it is a precious heritage, showing the industriousness, courage and outstanding talents of the working people in our country. We will certainly make greater achievements in the cause of modern bridges.
(Selected from Text Analysis Collection, Guangdong Education Press, 1984 edition)
3. Rationality, Simplicity and Elegance —— Reading China Stone Arch Bridge (Zhang Pei)
"China Stone Arch Bridge" is an expository article introducing the knowledge of stone arch bridges. In his simple explanation and elegant taste, the author praised the wisdom and strength of working people everywhere, and praised the long-standing culture and new social system of the motherland, which was very touching. The full text is concise, elegant and logical, which can be called a masterpiece in explanatory writing.
From the structure of the full text, this paper adopts the method of combining general description with sub-description: firstly, the shape, structure and function of stone arch bridge are summarized; Then, Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge are taken as examples to illustrate their unique structure and high artistic level through examples and characteristics. Finally, it summarizes the new development of China's bridge industry after liberation, especially the stone arch bridge. In the main part of the article, that is, introducing these two bridges, we always talk about every specific feature and function of this bridge from its geographical location, construction time and function. The full text is classified and analyzed orderly. This clear organization is a true reflection of the various relationships of the objective things themselves, and also shows the author's profound and clear understanding of the explained objects.
Simplicity is not easy, and what is more commendable is that the article "China Stone Arch Bridge" incorporates description in simplicity and is flexible in organization. For example, the first paragraph of the article introduces the shape of stone arch bridge. First, with the phrase "The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow", the modeling characteristics of the stone arch bridge are very concise and vivid. Then, following the word "like a rainbow", the relationship between "rainbow after rain" and arch bridge is further explained from China ancient myths and poets' works. The arch bridge is compared to "lying rainbow" and "flying rainbow", and the water arch bridge is described as "Changhong lying wave". The combination of dynamic and static forms a colorful and vivid landscape map, which leaves a very deep impression on people. This is completely different from the general dry exposition, and it is clearly a beautiful landscape prose.
"Stability" is more than "change", and the writing is free and easy. This can be seen from the different levels of layout of Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge introduced in this paper. This paper introduces Zhao Zhouqiao, emphasizing that it is "a world-famous ancient stone arch bridge and the oldest stone bridge used since its completion". It highlights its ancient architectural age and its service life, which leads to a large section of characteristics. It introduces its design completely in line with scientific principles and ingenious construction technology. The introduction of Lugou Bridge not only gives a general description of its construction age and firmness, but also focuses on its artistic value and commemorative significance in the history of people's struggle in China. In this way, "small differences" appear in "great harmony", and there are ups and downs in stability, avoiding the shortcomings of similarity and slowness.
Clear-cut, flexible, descriptive and mixed, people feel that simplicity contains elegant charm. This is a major feature of the article "China Stone Arch Bridge".
The simplicity of the language application of China Stone Arch Bridge is highlighted in its washing and lightness. The author takes a serious scientific attitude, or talks about principles, or quotes ancient books, or figures, or metaphors, which are unpretentious and clear-cut. The full-text sentences are very short and lively, and they are naturally easy to read without any inflectional feeling. The ancients said: "It is difficult to write with a pen, and it is not easy to use words." It can be described as simple.
However, simplicity is by no means shallow and vulgar. Reading the full text carefully, we can see the depth of the author's pen and kung fu everywhere. Please see: In order to explain that "the stone arch bridge in China has a long history", the author naturally cited the records in the Notes on Water Mirrors in the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China as evidence, which is convincing. In order to introduce Zhao Zhouqiao, "the whole bridge is symmetrical in structure and harmonious with the surrounding scenery;" The stone pillars and slabs on the bridge are also beautifully carved. "The author seems to be handy. In the words of Zhang in the Tang Dynasty, looking at the bridge from afar is like "the clouds rise in the early moon, and Changhong drinks the stream", which suddenly arouses readers' rich imagination and brings people into a beautiful realm. When introducing the stone lions on Lugou Bridge, the author wrote interestingly: "Some mothers and children embrace each other, some whisper to each other, and some listen to the sound of water, which is very vivid." It seems that a lion is displayed in front of readers, which makes people feel that it is coming out. It is really not easy to write such a vivid and interesting exposition of knowledge.
When we say "Chinese stone arch bridge" is simple and superficial, we mean it is concise and clear. Please see the last paragraph of the full text. This passage is only a few more than 200 words. We should not only collect the full text, but also introduce the development achievements of China's bridge industry since liberation. It has a large capacity, but the text is more economical. The first sentence "Over the past two thousand years, countless stone arch bridges have been built in China" is not only in harmony with the beginning of the article, but also the main part of the full text. Then, from the large-scale construction of various bridges all over the country after liberation to "there are many stone arch bridges". Stick to the theme of the full text. Then, taking Yunnan Changhong Bridge, double-curved arch bridge and the largest arch bridge as examples, it finally comes down to "the incomparable superiority of the socialist system", which is naturally convincing.
The author's kung fu, simple and natural skill, is also outstanding in choosing words and making sentences. If you introduce Zhao Zhouqiao's achievements, use "famous"; Introduce its history and use "the oldest"; Explain its shape with "spanning", "majestic" and "majestic"; Introducing its construction technology, it is natural and appropriate to use "ingenuity". In the Song Dynasty, Zhu once said, "Writing should be solid and organized." Only by understanding can we rely on reality. Wang Anshi, a great essayist, once said, "A reasonable man does not seek success in his work." The article "China Stone Arch Bridge" is so concise, simple, interesting and beautiful, and "understanding" and "relying on reality" are indeed very important factors.
Finally, I want to emphasize one point. Ancient people's essays talk about "qi", "reason", "emotion" and "spirit" Liu Xie said in Wen Xin Diao Long: "People's emotions speak of form, while haircuts speak of words." Liu Da, a writer in A Qing, said in My Essays: "Keep it simple. Where the style of writing is old, it is simple, its meaning is true, its words are simple, its words are simple, its sense is simple, its taste is light, its gas is simple, its products are expensive, and its spirit is far away, so it is a simple article. " These words illustrate the relationship between the author's thoughts, feelings, cognitive ability and simplicity of writing. The author, Comrade Mao Yisheng, is an old bridge expert in New China. He lived in two completely different societies and devoted his life to the bridge cause and education in China. Before liberation, he presided over the design and construction of the Qiantang River Bridge, the first modern large-scale bridge that our people are proud of so far, which was designed and built by China people themselves. After liberation, he participated in the design and construction of many relatively new bridges and made outstanding contributions to the bridge industry in China. From his life experience, he deeply realized the infinite wisdom and strength of the working people in our country and was proud of it. In addition, the author loves the motherland and socialism, and has a high degree of cultural literacy and profound knowledge of bridge science, which makes this explanatory article sincere, logical, concise and emotional. I think this is the fundamental reason why Chinese stone arch bridges are written so well.
(Selected from Text Analysis Collection, Guangdong Education Press, 1984 edition)
Fourth, the source of "Lugou Xiaoyue"
According to legend, there is another reason to describe the beauty of Lugou Bridge only by "Xiaoyue": whenever the end of the lunar calendar (dark day) approaches dawn, the hook moon in the lower chord can't be seen clearly elsewhere. If someone comes to the bridge, he will get the light first. It is doubtful whether this popular truth is reliable. In fact, the Lugou Bridge is just a little high. Is it at the top of Xishan Mountain or on the White Pagoda (Beihai Mountain) in Beiping City at the same time, the twilight will be worse than that on Lugou Bridge? However, it is better not to be so restrained. It is a witty remark of an imaginative artist to use "Xiaoyue" as a foil. I didn't prepare future generations for scientific tests. You think: "A day's plan lies in the morning", not to mention the pedestrians arrive early. It is full of vigor and vitality, setting off the charming moon-a huge bridge with a white stone embedded under the blue sky. The pheasants in the capital are looming, the clouds in the western hills are similar in distance, the wilderness is boundless, and Liu Huang rushes, ... such light, such color, such places and buildings, whether it is a chilly morning in spring or a chilly dawn in autumn, although the scenery changes at any time, if there is no rain and snow, the moon, white stone bridge and wilderness at the end of each month,
You said "Xiaoyue" was used to set off this "green grass lugou" (from the word "Changting resentment" in Liu's "Ou Meng Ci" in Qing Dynasty: "Tanchun sells wheel iron, green grass lugou, short connection." )? "Isn't it the most suitable fairyland?
(Excerpted from Wang Tongzhao's "Lugou Abortion" and Selected Modern Prose of China, Volume II, People's Literature Publishing House, 1982).
We can see from the data that the Lugou Bridge, which was built in Yu Jinming in three years (1 192), was named after crossing the Lugou River. The upper reaches of Lugou River are called Sanggan River, which originated from Leishan, Mayi County (now Shuoxian County), Shanxi Province. This river has been called Heigou River and Lugou River because it flows through Lushi Mountain here, and because the water quality is turbid and the water color is black. It was not until the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty that it was renamed Yongding River in order to give this river an auspicious name and curb the frequent flooding of Lugou River. Lugou Bridge, built in the Jin Dynasty, is a multi-arch stone bridge with a length of 266.5m, a width of 7.5m and a hole of 1 1. It is the oldest, largest and most spectacular stone bridge in Beijing. Jin Zhangzong admired this Lugou Bridge very much. He nicknamed it "Lugou Xiaoyue" and listed it as one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing. Some information notes are like this: "Whenever the cock crows at the fifth watch and the moon sets in the west, the moonlight on Lugou Bridge is particularly charming, hence the name Lugou Xiaoyue."
(Excerpted from Chen's Xiao Yue Sleeping in Lugou, published in Beijing Evening News in February 1982+04).
Fifth, talk about expository writing.
Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains things, with the purpose of giving people knowledge: or explaining the state, nature and function of things, or clarifying things. Chinese stone arch bridge belongs to the former. Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges are illustrated, which are not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. Language of Nature belongs to the latter, and the article scientifically explains the knowledge of phenology. Explaining the characteristics of things and clarifying things are two types of expository writing.
In order to explain the characteristics of things clearly, or to explain things clearly, there must be appropriate interpretation methods. Common explanation methods include giving examples, classifying, enumerating data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, making metaphors, imitating appearances and so on. The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice. Whether to adopt a certain interpretation method or a variety of interpretation methods, whether to adopt this interpretation method or that interpretation method, can be flexible, not fixed.
The instructions should be in order, which is a necessary condition to make the contents of the instructions orderly. The common order of interpretation is: chronological order, spatial order, logical order. The chronological order of description is similar to that of narration. Spatial order, we should pay special attention to the location of space, pay attention to the location and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest. Logical order, usually expressed by reasoning process. What order is adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects expounded by the author. Explain the development and changes of things, and the time sequence is easy to express clearly. It is difficult for readers to understand the structure of buildings without spatial order. Explain things in logical order, so as to reflect the internal relations of things.
The accuracy of explanatory language is the premise of explanatory language. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy. The explanation is practical. A slight mistake is a drop in the bucket. For example, an explanatory article says, "Can a dragonfly eat 2? 400 mosquitoes. " 2? It is obviously impossible for 400 mosquitoes to get together, which is many times larger than a dragonfly's body. How did this mistake come about? According to statistics, dragonflies can eat 50 to 100 mosquitoes an hour. Eat one hour 100, 24 hours a day, of course, eat 2? 400. The author's multiplication calculation is correct, but he ignores that dragonflies can't keep eating mosquitoes 24 hours a day. This is a joke.
On the premise of accuracy, the explanation language is famous for its simplicity and vividness. Because of the different language styles of the object and the author, the language of explanation is also varied: either general or specific; Or concise, or plump; Or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous, in short, eclectic.
Reading discourse and writing discourse can be linked. The four points mentioned above should be grasped, and attention should be paid to reading and writing, but the requirements should be in line with the students' reality.