What does the policy include?

Question 1: What is the content of the public policy plan? Open the catalogue of 80 first-level disciplines of higher education formulated by the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Education, and you will see that the first-level disciplines of public management include two disciplines: administrative management, labor and social security, land resource management, educational economy and management, social medicine and health management. However, in addition, Peking University School of Management focuses on international and domestic public management. Public policy is the main category of public management research in the world at present, but it is still in its infancy and development period in China. Traditional public policy research originates from political science and administrative science, aiming at discussing the balance of interests between the state, society and citizens in a normative sense. Through the analysis of the principles and models of political science and administrative science, it studies the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies at the national, local and group levels, thus providing suggestions for high-quality public policies. However, since the 20th century, especially since the middle and late 20th century, the development of social science is facing unprecedented challenges. The debate between qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, and the division between normative research and empirical research have made the development of the whole social science enter a complex and chaotic era. In this era, it is inevitable to introduce quantitative analysis techniques and methods of mathematics, natural science, engineering science and computer technology into social science research. The quantitative analysis method is introduced into social science research, so that social science can truly become a science and be given a second life. Developing public policy research is no exception. In 1950s and 1960s, quantitative analysis in western public management began to take shape, while the modernization of China's research methods in public management originated from Peking University Institute of Management in 1990s. The establishment and development of the Public Policy Research Office of Peking University School of Management opened the research on the modernization of public policy and public management in China. The introduction of modern analytical techniques and methods such as mathematical analysis, model analysis and psychological analysis has opened up a new situation for public policy research, which is in line with the world and has reached the world's leading level. Public policy research is the field of modern analytical techniques and methods of public management science. The core of quantitative analysis techniques and methods of public policy is to introduce the analytical methods and techniques of mathematics, statistics, game theory, operational research and psychology into public policy research. At present, the undergraduate majors of public policy in Peking University Management College mainly focus on public policy analysis, advanced mathematics, applied statistics, game theory, operational research, simulated decision-making, e-government, macro and micro economics. Postgraduates focus on the basic theory of public policy, quantitative technology of public policy-statistics and prediction, quantitative technology of public policy-planning and decision-making, experimental simulation of public policy, macroeconomic policy research, management science theory and economic analysis of public policy, with reference to Harvard University, Yale University and London School of Economics. Talent is the most important resource for public policy research. At present, the Department of Public Policy of Peking University Management College has the backbone of domestic public policy research represented by Gu Xin, Yu, liu ling. They have academic backgrounds in mathematics and engineering, obtained a doctorate in management, post-doctoral research experience and overseas study background, and are familiar with public policies and modern analytical techniques in China. The interdisciplinary analysis of politics, management, economy and information technology has formed the scientific teaching and research logic of "sociological research method analysis-mathematical modeling and quantitative analysis-computer analysis and information technology simulation" in public policy research. At the same time, with the improvement of the international and domestic popularity and market recognition of Peking University School of Management, it attracts the best students from all over the country to Peking University School of Management, enriching the reserve force of public policy talents. World-renowned industrialists Liao Kaiyuan and Qiu Ba donated hundreds of millions of RMB to Peking University * * * School of Management, and set up high scholarships and grants at the School of Management, making social contributions to the policy research in China. Improving international popularity is the main mission of public policy teaching and scientific research. At present, with the international prestige of Dean Fu Jun of School of Management, Peking University's public policy research has been compared with Harvard University, Yale University, Stanford University, University of Michigan, ...

Question 2: What does the policy include? Policy is a decision made by state organs, a policy implemented by the state for a certain thing and a certain kind of people from reality, rather than an administrative act in a single case.

For example:

In some cities, elderly people over 70 years old give free bus passes by bus;

For the elderly over 80 years old, the monthly living allowance is xx yuan;

Old people over 80 who suffer from presbycusis can get a monthly subsidy of X ten yuan.

In a certain place, veterans who start their own businesses can be exempted from X-month deferred business tax.

Wait a minute.

Question 3: What is the credit policy? What content load does the credit policy include?

Question 4: What does the course of Situation Policy include? Some schools will distribute some small teaching materials, mainly focusing on some social hot issues, such as central policy, international situation, economic development, social progress and so on.

Question 5: Macroeconomic policies mainly include 1. There are two kinds of macroeconomic policies, one is fiscal policy and the other is monetary policy, which are often used together.

2. Fiscal policy can be divided into tight fiscal policy and expansionary fiscal policy. When the economy declines, expansionary fiscal policies are used, mainly to issue government bonds, expand infrastructure investment, boost market confidence and prevent economic recession. For example, China's expansionary fiscal policy started from 1998 and lasted for five years; Another example is the 4 trillion investment launched in 2008, plus local investment of about 12 trillion. In the economic upswing cycle, generally, tight fiscal policy is used to reduce investment and prevent the economy from overheating. Fiscal policy also includes supporting the development of certain industries and face-to-face taxation.

3. Monetary policy can be divided into contractive and expansionary monetary policies. There are three main means: open market business, that is, the central bank recovers or sells government bonds; Adjusting the deposit reserve ratio, that is, adjusting the proportion of deposits paid by commercial banks to the central bank, so as to reduce or expand the supply of funds, is a powerful tool and is rarely used; Adjust the rediscount rate, that is, adjust the interest rate of commercial banks' loans from the central bank to increase or decrease the money supply.

4. Fiscal policy and monetary policy are often used together. When the economy goes down, it is often an expansionary fiscal policy and an expansionary monetary policy, which is a combination of double pines; Economically, the period is often a double tight combination.

Question 6: What does the employment policy include? A: According to the State Council Document No.36, the basic contents of new employment and re-employment can be summarized as "one guiding ideology, four basic tasks, five policy pillars and ten policy measures", namely "145 10". 1. Guiding ideology: In accordance with the requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development and building a harmonious socialist society, we will continue to give more prominence to the expansion of employment in economic and social development, further implement the policy of "workers choose their own jobs, the market regulates employment and promotes employment", make efforts to solve the re-employment problem left over from the system transition, gradually coordinate urban and rural employment, improve the quality of workers, and explore the establishment of a long-term mechanism to promote employment under the conditions of market economy. Four basic tasks: first, basically solve the problem of laid-off and unemployment left over from the system transition; Second, strive to do a good job in the employment of new labor in cities and towns; The third is to improve the employment environment of migrant workers in cities; Fourth, strengthen unemployment control and establish a linkage mechanism between employment and social security. Five policy pillars: first, develop jobs around economic development and realize the benign interaction between economic growth and employment expansion; Second, strengthen policy support to promote employment and re-employment; Third, improve employment services and strengthen vocational training; Fourth, standardize employment management and strengthen unemployment control; Fifth, improve the social security system and establish a linkage mechanism to promote employment.

Question 7: What are the contents of policy learning? State organs of political power, political parties and other social and political organizations, in order to realize the interests and will of the classes and strata they represent, regulate in an authoritative form the goals they should achieve, the principles of action they should follow, the clear tasks they should complete, the working methods they should implement, and the general steps and specific measures they should take in a certain historical period. The essence of policy is the reflection of class interests in concept, subjectivity and practice. This policy has the following characteristics: ① class nature. Is the most fundamental feature of this policy. In a class society, policies only represent the interests of a specific class, never represent the interests of all members of society, and do not reflect the will of all. 2 correctness. The policies of any class and its subjects are right and wrong. 3 timeliness. Policy is a realistic policy implemented in a certain period of history and national conditions. 4 expressiveness. As far as the form of expression is concerned, policy is not a material entity, but an idea and information externalized as a symbol. By the competent department in words, words and other expressions. As a national policy, it is generally divided into two parts: internal and external. Domestic policies include financial and economic policies, cultural and educational policies, military policies, labor policies, religious policies and ethnic policies. Foreign policy is foreign policy. Policy is the code of conduct of state organs or political party organizations formulated by the state or political party to realize the line and tasks in a certain historical period.

Question 8: What are the main links in decision-making? The main links of policy formulation-setting objectives, planning scheme, policy choice and legalization?

The goal of public policy

1. The meaning of public policy objectives: refers to the objectives, indicators and effects achieved by actions taken by relevant public organizations to solve public policy problems.

2. Two characteristics of public policy objectives: the relevance of issues; Predictability of the future.

3. Classification of policy objectives: policy meta-objectives [fairness, efficiency, freedom and security] and sub-objectives; Long-term policy objectives, short-term policy objectives and other policy objectives;

4. Setting policy objectives (244) has two meanings: it can provide directional guidance for making policy plans; It can provide a core evaluation standard for the planning and implementation of policy projects.

5. Principles for determining policy objectives (245): seeking truth from facts; Facing the future; System coordination; Clear and specific; Moral considerations.

Public policy planning

1. policy construction refers to the process of organizing forces to draft and evaluate policy plans and action steps in order to achieve certain policy goals after establishing relevant policy agendas.

2. Characteristics of policy planning: facing the future; Emphasize the purpose; Pay attention to action; Highlight the process and focus on the whole. (Diversification and * * * dominance coexist; It exists between the determination of policy objectives and policy choices. )

3. The meaning, advantages and disadvantages of single-agent policy planning and multi-agent policy planning are compared.

Single-agent policy planning-The planning agent is * * * institution.

Multi-agent policy planning-The planning subjects are * * * organs, research institutions and interest groups.

Single subject mode-advantages: you can grasp the overall situation. Disadvantages: justice and science are difficult to guarantee; Lack of democracy.

Multi-agent model-advantages: justice, science and democracy. Disadvantages: It may be one-sided.

4. The meaning of hearing system: The core requirement is to listen to the opinions of relevant experts, relevant management subjects, relevant interest representatives and the public when making decision-making plans, so as to facilitate the transparency, scientificity, democratization, fairness and standardization of policy planning and selection.

5. Principles of policy scheme design: closely follow the policy objectives; Plan multiple schemes; The programs are independent of each other; The plan should be innovative; This scheme is feasible.

Policy program evaluation: it is a predictive analysis and comparison of the effects of various policy programs.

Choice of policy scheme: Put forward policy suggestions on the basis of evaluation and comparison. The main methods are: predictive evaluation and feasibility evaluation.

The Choice and Legalization of Public Policy

1, what is the choice of public policy? It is a process in which public policy makers make a decisive choice of action plans to solve related policy problems according to policy planning suggestions and quantitative matters and certain decision-making systems and regulations. This is the most substantial stage in the process of public policy formulation.

2. With the advancement of the policy designation process, the number of relevant policy participants (more or less? ) is decreasing.

3. What is the theme of public policy choice? Head of state; Chief executive officer; Representatives of public opinion; Judge; The head of the ruling party and military leaders and so on.

4. Requirements of modern decision-making for decision makers: First, respect the value of scientific analysis; The second is to consider the balance of interests of all parties; The third is to play the role of personal decision-making; Fourth, pay attention to making decisions according to the prescribed systems and procedures.

5. What is the legalization of public policy choice? Legalization of policy content; Legalization of decision-making process; Legalization of relevant policies.

6. What is the legalization of policy content? In other words, the policy chosen by the decision-makers cannot contradict the established constitution and laws in content. Must comply with the principles and even specific provisions of relevant laws.

7. What is the legalization of the decision-making process? In other words, the process of policy selection should meet the statutory procedural requirements.

8. What is the legalization of policy? It is the process that the state organs with legislative power promote some mature and stable policies into laws, also known as policy legislation.

The procedures followed by western countries are: first reading, second reading and third reading.

Question 9: What are the main contents of China's ethnic policy? What is the national policy?

It refers to the sum of relevant measures and regulations adopted by the state and political parties to regulate ethnic relations and deal with ethnic issues. From a global perspective, the essence and function of ethnic policy can be divided into positive and negative aspects. The former includes national equality, national unity and national development policies. The latter, such as apartheid and racial discrimination policies.

From the content, there are policy principles and policy measures. The principle of ethnic policy generally refers to the major policies that must be followed in the overall situation of ethnic work, such as the policy of ethnic equality and unity and regional ethnic autonomy implemented in China; Specific ethnic policies and measures are usually specific provisions on a certain aspect of ethnic issues.

The ethnic policy of our party and country is actually a policy about ethnic minorities. It was formulated by the Party and * * * according to Marxist ethnic theory, combined with the basic national conditions of multi-ethnic groups in China and the long-standing objective reality of ethnic problems. Its essence is to promote equality, unity, development, progress and common prosperity of all ethnic groups. It is an important code of conduct for us to correctly understand and deal with ethnic issues and an important part of China's policy system.

What does China's ethnic policy mainly include?

(1) National equality and national unity policy;

(2) the policy of regional ethnic autonomy;

(3) the policy of training and using minority cadres;

(4) accelerating the formulation of economic construction policies in minority areas;

(5) Actively developing minority education and cultural policies;

(6) policies to ensure the use and development of spoken and written languages by all ethnic groups;

(7) Respecting the customs and habits of ethnic minorities;

(8) the policy of respecting the freedom of religious belief of ethnic minorities;

(nine) the policy of establishing a United front with the upper-class patriots of ethnic minorities;

(IO) Policies of socialist transformation and democratic reform.

Question 10: What do macro policies generally include? My understanding is that at the national level, money, interest rates, exchange rates, taxes, etc. , are all macro. Policies for specific companies and industries are microscopic. In terms of economic countermeasures, for example, loosening the currency, reducing taxes and lowering the exchange rate are all macro. Supporting the photovoltaic industry and strengthening the quality management of dairy products are microscopic policies for an industry and a company.