(Hubei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources)
Han dynasty, a dynasty that rose after the demise of Qin dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 23) and the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) ruled for 426 years, with strong political power, prosperous economy and developed culture. At this historical stage, the cultural outlook of China has been fixed. The western Han dynasty implemented the policy of light tax and saving tax, which developed the relationship between the central government and the surrounding ethnic groups. Its social culture, literature, history, art and technology are all prosperous. The turquoise culture in the Western Han Dynasty, judging from a large number of unearthed cultural relics, also inherited the tradition of the pre-Qin period. In the social upheaval, turquoise has emerged in an endless stream of new forms and new categories, with unique style, showing majesty, richness and beauty, and changing from symbolism to realism. It not only shows the fairy tale world, but also is full of commerce, vitality, realism and practicality. There are also huge remains of turquoise ornaments, which are amazing and there are many mysteries. Here I will only discuss a few examples of turquoise culture in Han Dynasty. All men are good.
First, turquoise is indispensable in the display of China cultural core.
The art of Han dynasty is not only magnificent, but also inherits the localization of Chu culture. We can appreciate the gorgeous and meaningful artistic image of turquoise culture from several turquoise ornaments appearing in Han dynasty handicrafts.
1965, the luxurious tomb of Liu Kun, King Kang of Zhongshan (M 122), was discovered in Sanpan Mountain, Dingxian County, with many funerary objects. One of them is used as the handle of a car umbrella, and it is called a bronze car ornament inlaid with turquoise, gold and silver, with a fairy-hunting auspicious pattern [1, 2]. It is 26.5 cm long and 3.6 cm in diameter, and it is bamboo-shaped, hollow and hollow. The knuckles on the surface divide the surface into four sections, and each section is decorated with 125 figures and animals by means of gold and silver, turquoise inlay and paint filling. The four decorative patterns are different, but the content is related to hunting. Each segment is inlaid with round and diamond turquoise, totaling 7 1 piece, including 45 round and 26 diamonds. Exquisite ornamentation, resplendent and magnificent. The gold and silver thread is as thin as a coffin nail, which is the pinnacle of decorative works of art in the Western Han Dynasty (Figure 1).
All four patterns are in the clouds around the mountains, flowers and trees. In the first paragraph, three people ride on the elephant's back. There are people with long feathers, including dragons, horses, bears, rabbits, deer, cranes and birds. On the ground behind the elephant, there is a turtle crawling with its long neck. In the second paragraph, a hunter on horseback, reflective tiger hunting, and a large number of birds and animals. In the third paragraph, birds and animals also appear on the camel's back. In the fourth paragraph, a peacock is as proud as a peacock, holding its head high, echoing the smaller peacock from a distance, accompanied by many birds and animals.
Figure 1 inlaid with turquoise, gold and silver, wrong hunting fairy and auspicious bronze car ornaments.
[Tomb of Liu Kun, King Kang of Zhongshan Mountain in Sanpan Mountain, Dingxian County, Hebei Province (M 122)]
1- copper auto parts; 2- Pattern Development Diagram
Sima Xiangru (about BC 179 ~ BC18) wrote a poem "Zi Xu Fu", [3,4] which was played by Shu people. He liked it very much after reading it and sighed, "I can't be with this person at the same time!" " , that is the work of Sima Xiangru, summoned immediately. Sima Xiangru replied that it was his work, but he didn't pay enough attention to writing about the prince. Please write "You Hunting Fu" for the son of heaven, and give it to the audience, which was greatly appreciated by Emperor Wu, and was awarded as Lang, that is, the attendant. Cifu describes the magnificence of the royal garden, the grandeur of hunting, the grandeur of the scene and the richness of words. Although it refers to the king of Chu, it actually describes the scenery and the grand occasion of hunting at that time. In fact, in a brief car decoration, the artists of the Han Dynasty used artistic exaggeration to vividly show the images of rare birds, animals and hunters, especially the turquoise inlaid with circles and diamonds, which was regularly scattered in the decoration, adding color to the royal garden. Han Fu has become a masterpiece, and the artistic image of this bronze car decoration will remain in the world forever. There are also Suzaku Cup inlaid with turquoise (unearthed in the tomb of King Zhongshan), copper pot inlaid with turquoise, and standing bird (unearthed in the tomb of aristocrats of the Western Han Dynasty in Sanlidun, Lianshui), all of which contain the original vitality and traditional romantic fantasy of Chu culture, which are different from the arts of northern and southwestern nationalities and have new creations and interpretations, thus forming the artistic tradition of the Han Dynasty.
Second, the interpretation of "sapphire" inscription and turquoise inlay in Han Dynasty.
In the early 1950s, the Palace Museum collected Dendrobium nobile inlaid with gold (Figure 2) [5], with a height of 32.5cm, a diameter of 35.5cm, a disc height of 9.5cm and a disc diameter of 57.5cm.
There are two raised broadband lines on the cover. Three birds on the inside, one lost, only two feet left. There are four leaf lines in the center of the cover, and it disappears after a twist in the middle. The tiger's body has four raised wide strings, and its abdomen has three symmetrical animal head rings, which are finely made. There are three bears in the hookah and tray. The bear's front right foot tray (Figure 3: 1, 2), the left hind foot kneels on the ground, and the left front foot supports the knee. The three bears holding hookahs are slightly smaller than the former (Figure 3: 3, 4), and the front foot supports the knees of the two feet after kneeling. The bear is inlaid with turquoise and crystal stone. The inlaid holes are oval and peach-shaped, most of which have fallen off, and some holes are coated with cinnabar. The hair on the bear is represented by a very thin concave curve, which gives people a sense of reality. The bear's body is hollow, and 62 words are engraved under the edge of the plate. The whole record is as follows:
Figure 2: inlaid with turquoise, gold and copper.
(Image taken from the Bronze Museum of the Palace Museum)
Fig. 3 Squatting bear feet with turquoise, gold and copper.
(Image taken from the Bronze Museum of the Palace Museum)
1, 2- pallet squatting bear; 3, 4-Hug the tiger and crouch the bear.
"In the thirty-first year of Jianwu, the western workers in Shu County greeted us, carved bear feet and decorated with green roses. The diameter of the copper bearing is two feet and two inches. The worship of bronze painters, the carving industry, workers and students, and the manufacturing industry have created the history of nursing, the history of long pan, Cheng Meng and life. " The inscription "Thirty Years of Jianwu", that is, the title of Liu Xiu, Guangwu Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is equivalent to 45 AD. When the administrative system of the royal family in Shu County is quite complete, we will supervise the production of gold-plated copper hoops and trays used by the royal family, with a squat bear as the foot, sapphire (turquoise), cinnamon (crystal) and the size of the tray, and make the person in charge and collar of each process. The "sapphire" here is the name of turquoise at that time, and it is also the earliest object with * * *. Sensitive is expensive, that is, expensive. Yan Shigu (58 1 ~ 645) noted that "expensive is expensive, and beautiful jade is also named". Maybe it means red agate, red crystal or something. The fallen inlaid hole on the lying bear is painted with vermilion, and the colorless and transparent crystal is inlaid in the hole, which naturally reflects red. That is to say, Mingui is a red crystal. Therefore, the word "green jade" appeared as early as the Warring States and the Western Han Dynasty.
Re-discussion on "turquoise" is turquoise. Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "A person with beautiful jade and stones". [6] Shan Hai Jing has eighteen volumes, which were written by the same person at the same time. Fourteen works in the early Warring States period and four works in the Western Han Dynasty [7]. Among them, "Xishan Classic and Xishan Second Classic": "There are 150-mile high mountains in the west, with many silvers on the top, many green and realgar on the bottom, and many rafters, among which many stones are green." Reason for quoting this passage: All names refer to specific objects. Therefore, the word "green jade" appeared as early as the Warring States and the Western Han Dynasty.
Also, The Story of the Western Regions [8] Volume 1 18: "Daqin is rich in gold and silver treasures, including luminous jade, bright moon beads, scary chicken rhinoceros, coral, amber, colored glaze, Ji Lang, Dani and sapphire ...". The "sapphire" here is the name of the object, which corresponds to the "sapphire" in the gold-plated bronze welcoming inscription in the 30 th year of Jianwu. There is no doubt that "sapphire" is the title of turquoise in the Han Dynasty and even in the Warring States Period.
Three, Kunlun Mountain "Bishu" corresponds to Hami turquoise mine.
Liu An and others in the Western Han Dynasty "Huai Nan Zi Xing Xun" [9] Volume 4: There are "green trees". Eastern Han Dynasty Gao: "Bi, sapphire also." However, Shuo Wen Jie Yu Zi Bu: "Blue, stone green and beautiful". The word "tree" of "green tree" means planting, but Yin Gao ignored it and only meant "green and jade". Now there are turquoise mines in Hami, Xinjiang, leaving many ancient mining pits. Because it seems to mean something. But turquoise is not jade, and Xu Shen defined it as "the green beauty of stone", which is one of the beautiful stones.
Fourth, there will be no blue from Dongshan County, blue from rivers and blue from caves, all of which are turquoise beads.
In the Western Han Dynasty, Ban Gu's "Han Shu Geography" volume 28 said: "Yuegang County will not." Don Yan Shigu's Note: "Dongshan is the best." Eight Bibi in the Department of Taiping Treasure in Song Dynasty, Volume 809 [10]: "If you quote Liu's Different Gardens in the Southern Dynasties, there are temples along the Mahe River in no county, and there are them in the river. If you don't sacrifice, it is ominous. "
Jinchangqu (29 1 ~ 36 1) "Huayang National Records and Shu Records" [1 1] Volume 3: There will be no county in the county, and "Gupu people (the name of ancient clan in Yin and Zhou Dynasties) are also cities. Today, there is a tomb of Pu people, which is not sealed, and its cave has Zhu Bi, which is not desirable and ominous. There are bronze fetuses in the river, which are now sheep sacrifices, which are desirable and can be found in the river. Dongshan Green. " Ancestors used the custom of burying with turquoise beads. The tombs of Pu people have been washed away by water for a long time, the tombs have been opened, or the funerary objects have fallen into the river. Therefore, the buried "Zhu Bi" can be seen in caves or river beds, which should be turquoise beads.
There is a famous large Lala copper deposit in Wuhui County (now Huili County, Sichuan Province), which is a volcanic-sedimentary metamorphic copper deposit related to gabbro. The ore body is layered, and the lens and ore are disseminated in a strip shape. The mineral combination of the ore is mainly copper minerals, but there are also malachite and apatite. Although there is no report of turquoise, it is possible that turquoise was formed in the oxidation zone of sulfide deposits or its adjacent geological conditions, or turquoise was formed by secondary leaching, which generally exists above the oxidation zone and groundwater level of copper deposits and may have been collected and exhausted. The ancients said that there would be no counties with "Dongshan shine on you", "Dongshan shine on you", "Zhu Bi in the river" and "Zhu Bi in the cave". This is not groundless.
5. "Light blue" and "green blue" are the earliest manifestations of turquoise color change.
Selected Works includes Du Nan's Fu "Blue Purple" written by Zhang Ping for four years, and Shan Li quoted Guang Zhi's "Blue Purple". The so-called "light blue" refers to light blue or moonlight color, while "cyan blue". That is, the hue that changes based on green. It conforms to the characteristics of multi-tone change of turquoise, including sky blue, dark blue, light blue, lake blue, blue-green, apple green, yellow-green, light yellow, light gray, moonlight and so on. Therefore, Light Blue first reveals the characteristics of tone sandhi of turquoise.
Conclusion of intransitive verbs
1) Turquoise is indispensable in the core exhibition of China culture.
2) In the 30th year of Jianwu, the gilded bronze reclining bear was inlaid with turquoise, which co-appeared with the inscription "Qingbi", namely the name of turquoise in Han Dynasty.
3) "Bishu" corresponds to the turquoise produced in Hami, Xinjiang. Turquoise is not jade, but beautiful stone.
4) There will be no "Blue", "Zhu Bi" or "Blue" counties in historical records. Lala copper mine in the southwest of Huili county, Wuhui county is rich in reserves and is known as the "copper capital" According to the geological background, there are conditions for producing turquoise ore, so "Bi", "Zhu Bi" and "Qingbi" are all turquoise.
5) "Light blue" and "turquoise blue" are the earliest color-changing expressions of turquoise in China.
refer to
[1] Shi Shuqing. China ancient gold fault technology. Cultural relics, 1973 (6): 66 ~ 72.
[2] Wu Hong. Modeling and decoration of several objects in Zhongshan State. Cultural relics, 1979 (5): 45 ~ 50
[3] Liang Xiao Tong. Selected Works, Volumes 4, 7 and 8. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore, 1993, 50 ~ 55, 102 ~ 1 13.
[4] Western Han Dynasty, Jin School, Ji School. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1993, 1 ~ 9 1.
[5] party. Gold-plated and copper clam. Cultural relics reference, 1958, 69 ~ 70.
[6] Han Xu Shen, note in the Qing Dynasty, note in Shuo Wen Jie Zi. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore, 1992.
[7] Qing Hao Yixing "Shan Hai Jing Jian Shu". Chengdu: Bashu Bookstore, 1985
[8] Ye Fan of the Southern Song Dynasty was a native of the Western Regions in the later Han Dynasty. Volume 1 18.
[9] Xi 'an, Huainanzi. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1994,40.
[10] Song Liyun, et al. Volume 809. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1992, 39 ~ 94.
[1 1] Jinchang Qu, Ren Naiqiang's nuclear note. A legend. The third volume. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1987,210.