1, history
Historical Records, formerly known as Taishigong or Taishigong Gong Ji and Taishigong Historical Records, is a biographical historical book written by Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty. It is the first biographical general history in the history of China, recording the history of four years and more than 3,000 years from the legendary Huangdi era to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty.
In the first year of Taichu (BC 104), Sima Qian began to create Taishi Gongshu, later called Shiji. This book was used for 14 years before and after completion.
Historical Records includes twelve biographies (recording the political achievements of emperors in past dynasties), thirty biographies (recording the rise and fall of vassal states and governors in Han Dynasty), seventy biographies (recording the words and deeds of important people, mainly describing the characters and ministers, and the last one is the preface), ten tables (chronology of major events) and eight books (recording various laws and regulations, such as etiquette, music, temperament, calendar, astronomy, etc.).
There are * * * 130 historical books with more than 526,500 words, which is more than 395,000 words in Huainanzi and 288,000 words in Lv Chunqiu.
Historical Records has a huge scale and a complete system, which has a far-reaching impact on the biographical history books of later generations. The official history of past dynasties was written in this genre.
2. History of the Three Kingdoms
The History of the Three Kingdoms, one of the twenty-four histories, was written by Chen Shou, a historian in the Western Jin Dynasty. It records the biographical national history of Cao Wei, Shu Han and Wu Dong during the Three Kingdoms period in China, and is one of the "first four histories" with the highest evaluation among the twenty-four histories. ?
At that time, Wei and Wu had historical books, such as Official Book, Personal Book and Official Book. These three books should be the basic materials on which Chen Shou relies. Shu Han has no position as a historian, so he collects only fifteen volumes by himself.
Chen Shou began to work in Shu Han, but was rejected by eunuch Huang Hao. After being demoted to Wei, he did. In his later years, he was demoted many times and criticized many times. After ten years of hard work, he completed the biographical historical masterpiece "The History of the Three Kingdoms".
The History of the Three Kingdoms was first circulated as a book and a book separately. It was not until the sixth year of Xianping in the Northern Song Dynasty (1003) that the three books were merged into one book.
Eventually, it became a book, so The History of the Three Kingdoms is the product of cultural reintegration after the split of the Three Kingdoms. This book completely describes the historical panorama of China from division to unification in the last hundred years from the end of Han Dynasty to the beginning of Jin Dynasty.
The History of the Three Kingdoms is also the most special one in the twenty-fifth history, because it is too brief, and it does not record the lineage of princes and princes, nor does it record the ambitions in economy, geography, official position, etiquette and music, and legal calendar, which does not conform to the norms of general official history established by Historical Records and Hanshu.
3. "Mandarin"
Guoyu is a national style work in ancient China. It was written by Zuo Qiuming. Since the Song Dynasty, many scholars, including Kang Youwei, have suspected that Guoyu is a fake of Liu Xin in the Western Han Dynasty.
This book covers the period from the twelfth year of Zhou Muwang (990 BC) to the Western Expedition (about 947 BC) to the demise of Zhi Bo (453 BC). "Mandarin" includes courtship, feasting, satire, argument, response and some historical events and legends among nobles of various countries.
4. Warring States policy
The Warring States Policy is a national historical work, also known as the national policy. The book records the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan countries.
Chronicles began in the early years of the Warring States and ended in the destruction of six countries by Qin, with a history of about 240 years. The Warring States Policy is divided into 12 strategies, 33 volumes and 497 articles, which mainly describes the political opinions and words and deeds strategies of lobbyists during the Warring States period, and can also be said to be a practical training manual for lobbyists.
The book also shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States Period, and is an important classic for studying the history of the Warring States Period. The ideological tendency of the book Warring States Policy was denounced by scholars of past dynasties for violating Confucian orthodoxy.
The Warring States Policy was once denounced as "heresy" and "fantastic book". "The Warring States policy is basically self-contained. His moral philosophy mostly adopts Taoism, and his social and political views are close to Legalism, but he is incompatible with Confucianism alone, so he is criticized by later scholars. "
The author is not a person, and writing a book is not an instant. Most of the authors in the book don't know who they are. Liu Xiang compiled thirty-three articles in the Western Han Dynasty, and the titles were also drawn up by Liu Xiang. Ceng Gong made up for the deficiency in the Song Dynasty. There was a high lure note in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is incomplete today.
Song Baobiao changed the order of the original book and made new notes. Wu Shidao is the author of A Collation of the Warring States Policy, Jin has a supplementary explanation of the Warring States Policy in modern times, and Miao has a new collation of the Warring States Policy in modern times.
5. History of Tong Jian
Zi Zhi Tong Jian is China's first chronicle work. Yuan Shu in Southern Song Dynasty (1131-1205), 42 volumes. It started with "three factions divided into Jin" and finally "went down to Huainan", *** 1300 years.
The original text of Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian was completely copied, but the writing was changed. Distinguish the items and sort out the things recorded in "Tongzhi Jian". Mainly to take notes, each event is detailed at the beginning and end of the book, with its own title, * * * records 239 events, and other appendices 66 events.
Created a precedent of "chronicle from beginning to end". In order to facilitate reading, it is divided into four parts: Warring States to Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties.
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