Open classification: Chinese characters, Chinese characters, dictionaries, Chinese, Baiyue.
"Ou" and "District" are combined into one, and Shuo Wen: "Ou, the sound of …… District" and "Cutting to Wuhou" (1). Therefore, "ou" is a family name, which refers to people living nearby. Liu said in his "Ancient South Founding Examination"; "Europe is a solid hiding place. The words in the region are all Quyi. Therefore, all places where mountains and forests are dangerous are called ou, and there are many trees in the south, so the ancients called them ou because they were named ou. Ou is named after the mountains in the south, so the people who live here are called ou. " There are "Lu Yue" in the east and "Ou people" in the south. According to the History of the Road in Song Dynasty, "Yue Ou" is located in Hepu County. "Ou Yi" and "Qi Ou" looked at the ground casually. "Wu District" is the eastern part of Mongolia and Lipu in Han Dynasty. "Ou dialect" is probably because the appellation is so complicated and unclear. Later, people combined the original person with the geographical location of the Yue people, and called the Yue people distributed in the southeast coast Dongyue ③ or Dongou ④, and some people distributed in Lingnan as Xiyue ⑤ or Xiou ⑤. It can be seen that western Europe is the title of Europeans with locative words, so it is obviously called western Europe in order to distinguish it from eastern Europe.
Although the names of Zhuang people are different from generation to generation, the main origin is: Liaotong Shanong Village in the five lakes of Ouou Luoou Luoyue, which is in the same strain. (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan's General History of Zhuang Nationality)
note:
(1) "Qufu Guifu Theory Wen Xie Zheng Ziyi" Volume 40.
Gu's "Geographical Records" "There are Luo Yue around the toes, and Qin has Europe".
Biography of Historical Records in East Vietnam Volume 7 1 14.
⑤ Preface of Baiyue Sage.
⑥ "Shan Hai Jing" Guo Pu notes: "Ou is in Fujian Sea and Yulin County is Ou".
(Europe)
short for Suzhou/short for Jiangsu Province/short of the Soviet Union/a surname
( 1) ㄡˉ
(2) small pot.
(3) Cup: ~ Zi. Tea. Wine. Gold ~ (a a. metal wine vessel; B means territorial integrity, which also means territorial integrity, such as "~ ~ forever").
(4) Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China, another name: ~ Embroidery. ~ drama.
(5) Zheng code: hoys, u: 74ef,: eab 1.
(6) Number of strokes: 8, radical: tiling, stroke sequence number: 1345 1554.
Detailed comments:
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bowl
bowl
short for Suzhou/short for Jiangsu Province/short of the Soviet Union/a surname
[Name]
(1) (pictophonetic character, from tile to area (non-u). Original meaning: pots and pans)
(2) with the original meaning [pottery]
Oh, a small basin. -Shuo Wen
Liuwan stops in Ouwan. -introduction of Xunzi
My country is still like a golden flower, lacking nothing. -"The Biography of Nan Shi Zhu Yi"
(3) Another example: ladle (earthen basin and wooden ladle)
(4) cups; Cup [small cup]
Chao Zong drinks a lot as soon as he sits down. -"Southern Qi Shu Xie Chaozong Biography"
(5) Another example is: Tea Europe; Wine; Ouwan (Ouwan and Ouwan. Metaphor ground is uneven); Ouyou (long and narrow highland); Ou Cai (uneven. Describe a strange look)
(6) The ancient place name [Oujiang]. The old place is in Wenzhou, Zhejiang today.
(7) The ancient water name, namely Yongning River, is now called Oujiang River, the second longest river in Zhejiang Province, which flows from Longquan River to the East China Sea through Wenzhou City. Ou is also another name of Wenzhou.
Common phrases
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Ototti
Sutoud
[Border no man's land] There is no demarcation zone at the border between the two countries.
Ouxue
Xú Zhēng
[Pit] A round hole formed on the bedrock between rivers and streams due to the grinding action of stones or gravel driven by water vortex.
bowl
Hidoko
[bowl; Handle-less cup [square]: A small container for drinking water or tea.
(1) What is "ou"?
Now when it comes to "Europe", it is not difficult for everyone to understand. This is the abbreviation of Wenzhou. In fact, in the eyes of experts, this "Europe" is not so simple, there are many sayings, and there is even no conclusion.
1. "Ou" is an artifact?
Some scholars believe that Ou is a vessel for holding things. It is said that this ancient object called Ou was mass-produced in Wenzhou today, so the place was named after the word Ou. The word "ou" appeared next to the word "tile", which is obvious and easy to understand. It should refer to a small country with developed pottery and kiln industry. However, some experts disagree, although the word Europe appears in ancient books. What is the difference? At present, there is no conclusion about this. Moreover, in some early documents related to "ou", there is no expression related to southern Zhejiang. Even the "Yue Ou", which first appeared in some poems in the Tang Dynasty, was actually very late. Most of the "Yue Ou" refers to the celadon of Ou Kiln, which only appeared in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Therefore, it seems to be named after the Ouren invented Ouqi.
2. "Europe" is an Europe?
In many historical records, there have been many ways of writing, such as "Lu", "Ou" and "Qu". Sun Yirang, an expert on Wenzhou historical anecdotes, claims that these words are "true", that is, they are interchangeable. Some scholars object to this. In addition, there are "ou" and "ou".
From the side of the word "ou", according to the statement in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, "Qu,-Qu, hiding yin, from accumulation, is in the village, which means the appearance of hills in the bay. 1988, Mr. Jin Zuming thought that "Qu" and "Ou" were two words.
1990 Mr. Zhu wrote an article explaining "ou", thinking that "ou" refers to ou people, which originated in Taihu Lake and Hangzhou Bay. Mr. Zhu thinks that "Europe" is not a Chinese word, and local chroniclers say, "Yangzhou is in the southeast, which is a Japanese furniture district." Especially the land near the sea is divided into large and small islands by water. In the local indigenous languages, "Youqu" is the general term for this kind of Shui Ze. For people living on these islands near Shui Ze, they are called "Gull People" because of their special environment and ecology, and they are essentially "Gull People". "ou" and "interesting" are the same language for ou people in Chinese characters. "Huaihai is only in Yangzhou, and ... the island is full of flowers", which translates these "Ou people" who live on water and land into "Yi Dao", and the statement that "Ou people live in the sea" in Southern Mountain and Sea Classic is in line with this point. In this sense, "Yi Dao" seems to be the most accurate description of "European" made by China people according to the characteristics of geographical environment.
3. "Europe" is a god bird?
Mr. Cai Ke believes that using traditional textual research and exegetics similar to the above to study the ancient history of Wenzhou is in danger of getting into trouble. So he tried to explain this historical mystery with totem worship. Totem is a foreign word, and Yan Fu thinks totem is a symbol of groups, aiming at distinguishing groups. Marx once defined in essence that "totem" is the symbol or symbol of a clan. It is a sign or symbol of "deification"
Mr. Cai Ke once wrote that from a large number of archaeological, philology, ethnology and other materials, most ethnic groups in the southeast coast are bird totems. So, what will be the totem of Europeans? Ou Di is near the East China Sea of China. For Ou people living on coastal land and islands, the most common bird is the gull. The bird's name is Ou, which is determined by its song. It's not uncommon for the ancient people in China to call this animal by chirping.
In view of the close relationship between ou birds and the life of ou people, including the ancestors living in coastal areas at that time mainly fishing and hunting, a large number of ou birds were killed, which affected the life source of ou people. In order to protect the ecology and survive, Ou people entered the stage of totem worship in the Neolithic Age, and Ou birds became divine birds. Xia Nai, a famous archaeologist, mentioned in the preface of Zhejiang Neolithic Atlas that among the Neolithic unearthed in Wenzhou,
When the production mode of Ou people gradually changed to primitive agriculture, making and using pottery, and the Central Plains region has entered a civilized society at this time, with the gradual strengthening of contact with the outside world, Wenzhou where Ou people live was called "Ou".
Where do you live?
A large number of references to the phrase "Europe lives in the sea" may have caused everyone to become accustomed to it to some extent. However, Mr. Liang Yanhua from the Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology wrote an article expressing his unique views. He thinks that Guo Pu's annotation of "Europe inhabits the sea" in Shan Hai Jing should be interpreted as: an island or peninsula in the sea. "Europe lives in the sea"
1. At the top of the mountain?
According to the existing archaeological data, the cultural sites of Neolithic Age and Bronze Age are widely distributed in the southeast of our province. Some of these sites are located at the waterside of valleys and plains, some are located at the inner side of bays that are convenient for shelter from the wind, and more are located at the top of low and gentle hills near the waterside (including rivers, rivers and streams). For example, the site of Mouse Mountain in Lucheng, a tributary of Oujiang River, Shimen Mountain along Shangtang River in Yongjia, Ruian Mountain in Feiyun River Valley, Liyushan Mountain in Wencheng Mountain Stream and Shizigang Site in Taishun Si Qian. It is characterized by the fact that the distribution of remains is often centered on the top of the mound, with a concentrated distribution area of about 1 1,000 square meters, and few remains at the foot of the slope.
According to the analysis of the above archaeological data, Mr. Liang believes that this shows that the area of such mound sites is small, and the settlement scope at that time should be relatively small, which seems a little small and scattered. From the comparative analysis of unearthed cultural relics, they all have basically the same or consistent cultural feelings. Obviously, they are the same type of cultural relics and should belong to the same cultural system. The owners of these relics are obviously the indigenous ancestors of Ou Yue.
In addition, the prehistoric cultural sites in southern Zhejiang are very similar to those in northern Fujian, and the genetic relationship is very close. Historical Records also describes Dong 'ou and Fujian and Vietnam as a whole in their biographies, in which archaeological data and historical materials can confirm each other. But "Ouju Sea" can't explain the origin of many relics distributed on hills.
2. "living" in the sea?
According to relevant data, the peak of the latest transgression in China was 6,000 years ago, and there were transgressions in Lingjiang River (now called Jiaojiang River, the third largest water system in Zhejiang Province, originating from Paradise Point at the junction of Xianju and Jinyun in Zhejiang Province), Oujiang River and the lower reaches of Feiyun River. Today, the coastal plain of Wenzhou was a sea of Wang Yang five thousand years ago, and it reached it four thousand to three thousand years ago. About 65,438+0,500 years ago, the sea retreated to the present coastline. According to the survey, there are more than 1500 places named after Yu in the coastal counties (cities) of Taizhou and Wenzhou, and these places are also most concentrated on the banks of Lingjiang, Oujiang and Feiyunjiang. These phenomena are related to marine invasion.
Judging from the scope of transgression in the lower reaches of rivers and coastal plains, although "transgression" is not dominant, it cannot provide enough evidence to support "Ouju Sea", that is to say, "Ouju Sea" cannot cover the living environment of all Ou people.
3. Eternal mystery?
"Ou living in the sea" is not strongly supported by the existing materials, which conflicts with the view that Ou people used to live on the island. So how do you understand the term "Europe lives in the sea"?
Mr. Liang Yanhua believes that the south of Zhejiang is adjacent to the sea in the east, and there are many mountains in the west, such as Yandang Mountain, Kuocang Mountain, Donggong Mountain, Panda Mountain and Xianxialing, which run through the whole territory from northeast to southwest, blocking the exchange between ancient culture and the mainland. In this context, people in the southern mainland or the north have a process of gradually deepening their feelings and gradually improving their understanding of the geographical environment of Ouyue, and "Ouyue lives in the sea" may have happened.
If we look at the southern coastal islands of Zhejiang from the perspective of the southeast coastal routes of the ancient motherland, we will find that the Ou people living on the islands and their nearby coastal areas naturally receive more attention. Because there are many excellent harbors in the southern coastal areas of Zhejiang, they can provide supplies and maintenance for navigators near ancient routes, so that the foreign population can have a certain understanding of this place. And at that time, due to the existence of high sea level, the hills along the southern coast of Zhejiang were divided into many islands or peninsulas. According to this statement, the "Europe" of that year,
Mr. Liang Yanhua also believes that inland mountainous areas and coastal areas are relatively isolated because of inconvenient transportation. This kind of communication is shallow and the details are relatively unknown. In addition, people's vague ocean awareness or limited cognitive ability at that time seemed to cause people outside the region to think that they lived in the sea.
Of course, the truth becomes an eternal mystery!