The third paragraph begins to explain the Chinese stone arch bridge. Draw the characteristics of the Chinese stone arch bridge, and see if the general characteristics of the stone arch bridge mentioned in the last two paragraphs are also available in China. What are the unique features of the Chinese stone arch bridge?
Teachers are on the job. Blackboard writing:
A long history-a long history
Almost everywhere ―― numerous and extensive.
Different sizes and forms, many of which are amazing masterpieces-diverse and outstanding.
In terms of time, the stone arch bridge in China occupies a leading position in the history of bridges in the world. According to: (1) "long history" emphasizes early time; ② The "passenger bridge" may be the earliest recorded stone arch bridge. What about form and structure? This passage affirms that many stone arch bridges in China are amazing masterpieces, which shows that our stone arch bridges are "amazing" bridges. In addition, there are many stone arch bridges in China, which are widely distributed, some grand and some small and colorful. It can be seen that our ancestors made outstanding contributions to mankind in this respect.
Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugouqiao are the representatives of this amazing masterpiece. Through the introduction of these two bridges, the author better explains the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges.
3. Zhao Zhouqiao, one of the masterpieces of stone arch bridge in China.
This article introduces Zhao Zhouqiao in the fourth and fifth paragraphs. Mark the relevant sentences in the reading to see what are the characteristics of Zhao Zhouqiao, what are the stone arch bridges and what are the unique and outstanding features of Zhao Zhouqiao?
Teachers are on the job. Blackboard writing:
Zhao Zhouqiao is a world-famous ancient stone arch bridge and one of the amazing masterpieces of Chinese stone arch bridges. It has the general characteristics of stone arch bridge. In the fourth paragraph, the article gives a general introduction to this point. "It has been more than 1,300 years" shows that it appeared early, "it has been used since it was created" and "it has maintained its original appearance", which shows its firmness and beauty. At the same time, Zhao Zhouqiao has its own unique features, which is really an amazing masterpiece.
The length and width data of the fifth section of the bridge show that it is amazingly magnificent. Then it points out that its design is scientific and its technology is ingenious, which is the reason why Zhao Zhouqiao is outstanding in general. The following four aspects to explain its scientific and ingenuity. What students should pay attention to is that each aspect not only introduces the characteristics, but also explains the principle of this design and construction. This is the characteristic of plain text: explaining things and their reasons.
(1) A "37.4m long" arch, the largest in the world at that time, how to ensure convenient transportation?
Designers in Zhao Zhouqiao broke away from convention and designed bridge opening into an arch. There is no steep slope on the bridge deck, so it is convenient to get up and down. It can be said that it is really smart.
(2) This kind of bridge is a single arch bridge, and a lot of stones are used, which will cause great pressure on the bridge foundations on both sides. What should I do?
—— The surge of the river in flood season will have a violent impact on the bridge. What should I do? The designer's creative design, adding arch to arch, not only kills two birds with one stone, but also receives beautiful miraculous effects, which is really ingenious.
The bridge is so long and wide, how can it be secured? How to facilitate construction?
-The designer is ingenious, assembling an arc bridge opening with 28 arch rings, which is really strange.
(4) In addition to the ingenious structure, Zhao Zhouqiao's figure is also symmetrical and beautiful, harmonious with the surrounding scenery, and its artistic value is immortal.
It is worth noting that the author quoted Zhang's previous explanation of the strange structure of the bridge and his later explanation of the beautiful form of the bridge. Finally, he pointed out that Zhao Zhouqiao is the crystallization of the wisdom and strength of the working people represented by Li Chun. Summarize first, then divide and summarize again, and introduce the characteristics of Zhao Zhouqiao clearly.
Fourth, class summary.
The uniqueness of Zhao Zhouqiao strongly illustrates the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges. Zhao Zhouqiao is a single arch stone bridge, located on the Chan River. Next, the article takes the multi-arch stone bridge Lugou Bridge on Yongding River as an example, which proves the characteristics of large number, wide distribution and various forms of stone arch bridges in China.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) assigns homework.
1. Thinking: What is the relationship between the unique characteristics of Zhao Zhouqiao and the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges?
2. Complete Exercise 1 and Exercise 2 (The Lugouqiao part is a preview, so don't fill in the form yet, but mark it on the text. )
3. Preview and think about three, four and five.
Second lesson
First of all, review the old and learn the new.
1. Talk about the relationship between the uniqueness of Zhao Zhouqiao and the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges.
2. Talk about the characteristics of Lugou Bridge.
Second, guide the new curriculum
1, another masterpiece of Chinese stone arch bridge-Lugou Bridge.
Lugou Bridge is another masterpiece of Chinese stone arch bridge. The students were invited to audition. Now let's discuss the similarities and differences between Lugou Bridge and Zhao Zhouqiao.
Location: On Yongding River, which is wider than Weihe River.
-time, later than Zhao Zhouqiao, but it has been more than 800 years, which is a long history.
This bridge is much longer and slightly narrower than Zhao Zhouqiao. The bridge deck is flatter. The biggest structural difference is that Lugou Bridge is a multi-arch stone bridge, which relies on stone piers to unite as a whole to resist floods.
-It's also very nice, especially the stone lions with various stigmas.
-Lugou Bridge enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad, and is a memorial site of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
Induction, writing on the blackboard:
Last class, we summarized the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges. In addition to the general characteristics of stone arch bridges: early appearance, firm structure and beautiful shape, there are only more prominent characteristics such as long history, large number, wide distribution and outstanding diversity. Typical examples of Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge have proved these characteristics well. Among them, the article fully introduces their outstanding points: ingenious, strange and exquisite, because this aspect can best explain the outstanding achievements of Chinese stone arch bridges in terms of solid structure and beautiful form. This text provides us with a good example of how to choose and use examples when explaining things.
2. The reasons for the brilliant achievements of China's stone arch bridge.
Read paragraph 9 by roll call, and other students will mark and summarize while listening. There are several reasons. What is this?
There are three reasons: first, the diligence and wisdom of the working people; Secondly, the design and construction have a fine tradition ("saving materials, skillful structure and high strength", with Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as outstanding representatives); Secondly, there are all kinds of stones used in buildings. The first of these three is the most important, because the hard work and wisdom of the people make it possible to use rich stones and carry forward fine traditions.
3. Modern development of stone arch bridges in China.
Read paragraph 10. Thinking: What examples are listed in this paragraph to illustrate the new development of stone arch bridge in China?
Changhong Bridge is the longest single-arch stone bridge in the world, with an arch length of112.5m, which is three times that of Zhao Zhouqiao. This double-curved arch bridge is the only one in the world, with a total length of more than 200,000 meters. The longest hole is 150 meters. This kind of reinforced concrete arch bridge inherits and develops the tradition of stone arch bridge.
This new development and achievement is attributed to a new reason: the socialist system is extremely superior.
4. The explanation language is plain, accurate and rigorous.
Discuss the exercises after class and the teacher will summarize them.
Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, this exposition clearly introduces the Chinese stone arch bridge, which is inseparable from its excellent use of exposition. There are four aspects worth learning from.
(1) language is plain and concise, and its description is moderate.
This passage belongs to the same style as the entries in Ci Hai, which only further explains the reasons for the structure of Lugou Bridge. This passage is also described, but it is very gentle. For example, 1 paragraph compares the bridge to a rainbow to illustrate the arc of the bridge, and praise is hidden in it.
It shows that the stone lions in Lugouqiao are described, reflecting their feelings, but they stopped moderately instead of indulging in words. There are only three sentences to say that Lugouqiao is the holy land of the Anti-Japanese War: one is to commemorate the significance, the other is to explain the time and nature of the war, and the other is to explain the leaders and results of the anti-aggression war, which is concise.
(2) Using the explanation method, the purpose is clear.
In order to explain things accurately and vividly, articles often use various methods of explanation. Students should pay attention to experience without using any explanation methods, in order to introduce relevant knowledge and explain the characteristics of things.
Quote an ancient book-"Zhang Shuo in the Tang Dynasty did something strange,' people know why'."
List the figures-"Zhao Zhouqiao is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters, a width of 9.6 meters at both ends, a slight narrow middle and a width of 9 meters."
Metaphorically-"China poets like to compare the arch bridge to a rainbow, saying that the arch bridge is' lying rainbow' and' flying rainbow', and describing the water arch bridge as' Changhong lying wave'."
Describe it-"the whole bridge is symmetrical in structure and very harmonious with the surrounding scenery;" Even the stone railings on the bridge are beautifully carved. "
Explanation-"There is a stone pier between every two stone arches, which connects eleven stone arches into a whole. Because the arches are connected together, this kind of bridge is called' double arch stone bridge'. "
It is these plain, accurate and rigorous explanation languages that have achieved clear results.
(3) Carefully choose words and pay attention to discretion.
Some words are very clear, such as the listed time and data, and the restrictions on certain time and degree; Some words mean to estimate. Either way, there is only one purpose: accurate explanation; There is only one basis: it conforms to reality.
For example, in "Crossing the Bridge", the three attributives of "possibility" (indicating estimation), "record" (limiting) and "earliest" (definitely limiting the time after estimation and limiting) are used to make it clear. For another example, the interpretation of Zhao Zhouqiao uses two attributes: "it has been used since it was created" and "the oldest". The second attribute shows that Zhao Zhouqiao has a long history, but it is accurate only under the restriction of the first attribute. "Stone arch bridges are almost everywhere in China" and "ubiquitous" means "a large number and wide distribution", but only under the restriction of "almost" can it be true and accurate. Lugou Bridge "The length of each stone arch bridge is different" is the conclusion after textual research on the length of eleven stone arch bridges. Once a student asked Mao Yisheng about it, and Mao Yisheng wrote back and listed the lengths of eleven stone arches, all of which were really the same. A seemingly plain sentence reflects the accuracy and rigor of explaining the language. The requirements of descriptive language are particularly reflected in the use of attributes, adverbials and complements in this text, which students can pay attention to.
4. Pay attention to the order of words and phrases, and be cautious and reasonable.
Writing the form first is the intuitive impression given by the bridge and the perceptual knowledge. Strong structure is a further understanding of the bridge, that is, a rational understanding. Therefore, the relationship between them is progressive rather than parallel. "Not only that ... but also ..." embodies a reasonable order and cannot be deleted or reversed.
The small arch on the shoulder is the main feature initiated by Zhao Zhouqiao, which best illustrates Zhao Zhouqiao's originality and strangeness. Other arch bridges also have arch rings, which are secondary to the small arch on the shoulder.
First of all, Zhao Zhouqiao's appearance, design and architectural features are always described, and then described in detail at four points, giving a clear impression. For another example, to explain the reasons for the brilliant achievements of stone arch bridges in China, the words "first", "second" and "second" are used to describe them separately, from people to things, from primary to secondary, with reasonable order and clear labels.
Third, the class summary
On the basis of students' summary, the teacher concluded:
1. This paper introduces the characteristics of China's stone arch bridge, its brilliant achievements in history and the development after the founding of New China, and praises the intelligence and wisdom of our working people and the superiority of the socialist system.
2. Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, the characteristics of stone arch bridges in China are elaborated, the reasons are analyzed, and the development status is introduced.
3. This paper is excellent in the use of explanatory language: concise, plain, accurate and thorough. Language style is different from narration.
Fourth, homework
1. Please clarify the interpretation order of the words about Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge.
2. According to the text and illustrations, draw a schematic diagram of Zhao Zhouqiao and mark the corresponding data.
3. Try to understand this language.
(1) The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow. According to ancient mythology, the rainbow is a "bridge connecting heaven and earth" after rain, and you can go to heaven through the rainbow. Poets in our country like to compare the arch bridge to a rainbow ... (Can the bold words "stone arch bridge", "bridge" and "arch bridge" be replaced? Why? )
-Not interchangeable. Because the text introduces "Chinese stone arch bridge", the first sentence closely follows the topic and uses the concept of "stone arch bridge". In ancient times, people could only understand the world in the form of myths, saying that "the rainbow after the rain is a bridge between the world and the sky", and here we can only take care of "myths" with "bridges". As for "comparing the arch bridge to a rainbow", it is closely related to the arc-shaped characteristics of the bridge holes of the "arch bridge".
② Stone arch bridge appeared earlier in the history of bridges in the world. Can you delete the word "comparison"? )
-The degree of "earlier" is lighter, so the expression is safer.
This kind of bridge is not only beautiful in appearance, but also firm in structure. (Can you delete "not only" and "and"? Can the order of "firm structure" and "beautiful form" be adjusted? )
-"Not only" and "and" cannot be deleted. If they are deleted, the relationship between them becomes parallel. It is in line with people's cognitive logic to talk about appearance first and then function. For bridges, in fact, the use value is far more important than the form, so the order of the two can not be adjusted.
(4) The "passenger bridge" mentioned in Shuijing Zhuan was built in about 282 AD, which may be the earliest stone arch bridge recorded. (Can bold words be removed? )
-"Probably" and "Possibility" both mean uncertainty, just speculation. "Well-documented" makes the basis of speech more reliable.
⑤ Stone arch bridges can be seen almost everywhere in China. (Can you delete "almost"? )
"Almost" emphasizes that stone arch bridges are widely distributed, but it does not rule out the possibility that there are no stone arch bridges in some places.
⑥ (Zhao Zhouqiao) The whole bridge has only one big arch, which is 37.4 meters long, and it was the longest stone bridge in the world at that time.
-"At that time" has a time limit, and "can be counted" has a degree limit. This is more in line with the actual situation.
⑦ A. Zhao Zhouqiao is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters. Lugou Bridge is about 8 meters wide. What did you find? )
-Comparing the two sentences, we can find the author's rigorous scientific attitude. A Zhao Zhouqiao over 50 meters long can be accurate to 0.0 1 meter, which is an accurate explanation. "About" means that the width of Lugou Bridge is not exactly 8 meters, which shows the author's writing attitude of seeking truth from facts.