In recent years, the basic articles in class are mostly used as reading materials for the selected passages of classical Chinese reading questions, and the easy-to-understand articles are used as reading materials for extracurricular reading. Generally speaking, whether in class or after class, we pay attention to the examination of reading transfer ability.
The knowledge examined mainly involves the following aspects: ① Read the text thoroughly and master the sentence reading of the text. ② Understand common notional words and function words, and understand the general idea of the sentence.
③ Understand the thoughts and feelings contained in the text. ④ Understand the main artistic features and expressive techniques of the text.
How to read classical Chinese? The methods are as follows: First, clear the obstacles and understand the meaning. Reading the full text of classical Chinese after class is particularly important, because it is the premise of doing well in the examination questions. So how can we do this step well? The first is the overall reading. Read through, browse or skip the full text first, and get a general understanding of the style of classical Chinese excerpts.
If it is a narrative, it is necessary to find out "when, where, who and what, and what is the result." At this time, don't expect to read the whole text at once and get entangled in some difficult words, but put it down temporarily and circle the marks in the corresponding places in the text.
Then we should be good at using it and try to figure out the meaning. The proposer of classical Chinese will give some notes, which can often bring great help to solving problems.
For example, in the senior high school entrance examination in Yangzhou in 2006, there was a saying, "You can get the shape by touching the candle, and you will think it is tomorrow." With the help of the notes in brackets, it is much easier for candidates to understand the meaning of the text.
To understand the meaning of the text, you can also quickly browse the requirements of the test questions, especially the multiple-choice questions in the content summary category. After careful reading, you can understand the general content of the full text, because one of these questions is often inconsistent with the original text, and the other three are all correct. Even if there are mistakes, it is often a detail problem. Then, by reading such questions, you will immediately understand the content of the full text, and then read the original text, which will be more effective and easier.
The third is to reread the text. After the first two steps, candidates have been able to understand 70% to 80% of the articles and have a direction of thinking. Therefore, when reading again, they can recognize the full text from a higher level and correct the deviations in the first two steps.
When you encounter a difficult paragraph, you should read it through repeatedly, so that "words can't be separated from sentences, sentences can't be separated from texts, and you can grasp it as a whole", and use various means to deduce before and after to complete the interpretation process. Second, lay a solid foundation and apply what you have learned to word interpretation and sentence translation, which are all required questions in classical Chinese. To answer these questions well, we must rely on daily accumulation.
In recent years, the classical Chinese test questions have examined the interpretation of typical notional words. When encountering these notional words, candidates should first recall whether there is this word in the classical Chinese they have studied before. If so, does its meaning make sense here? For example, in the examination questions of Weifang Middle School in 2006, there was a request to explain the word "Jue" in "Moonlight You Ching". Although this sentence comes from extracurricular activities, it has been learned in class, and candidates should think of "oral scene" In 2006, the interpretation of the word "yes" appeared in the senior high school entrance examination in Jiangxi Province. Looking back on what we have learned, there are two explanations about "Shi", one is the judgment verb, and the other is the pronoun "this", such as "Shi Nian" and "Shi Ri". Obviously, the definition of "yes" here is "this".
If it doesn't make sense in class and it is difficult to judge, we should infer its exact meaning from the perspective of judging the part of speech by using glyph analysis or syntactic analysis of the sentence where the word is located according to the specific context. The meaning of some notional words cannot be correctly explained according to their own usage, so we should consider their usage or flexibility.
For example, we have learned two meanings of the word "pawn" in the sentence "because of pawn", which is translated as "finally" in "pawn depends on the man" (Zhao Pu) and "all pianists are dead" as "died a month later", but it is meaningless to use it in this sentence, and it is obviously not a noun "soldier". Sometimes, the mid-term exam topics will also involve the usage of commonly used function words. Although there are many function words, they are nothing more than "zhi", "qi" and "er", which requires us to remember the basic meaning and main usage of commonly used function words, such as "zhi". There are "structural auxiliary words, de", "pronouns, referring to people or things" and "used in the subject" in junior high schools.
The translation of classical Chinese sentences should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation, grasping the key words in sentences, translating word by word, and doing well in leaving, supplementing, deleting, modifying and adjusting. The translation methods of classical Chinese generally include: ① Stay.
That is to say, people's names, place names, official names or words with the same meaning as modern Chinese are retained. 2 make up.
That is, to supplement monosyllabic words with disyllabic words, or to supplement ellipsis. 3 delete.
That is, delete function words that do not need to be translated. 4 change.
That is, replace ancient Chinese words with modern Chinese words with the same meaning. ⑤ Tuning.
That is, adjust the word order or word order to make it conform to the habits of modern Chinese. Third, the overall perception, trying to figure out the highlight of the classical Chinese test questions is the general analysis of the paragraph content and the inquiry test questions. This kind of test questions are mainly investigated from the following aspects: 1. Fill in the blanks with the original sentences. For example, in the examination questions of Fuzhou Middle School in 2006, "Zou Ji first used personal experience as a metaphor, then compared family affairs with state affairs, and finally came to a conclusion, which made Wang Qi accept his suggestion with conviction.
Since then, the King of Qi has made great achievements in opening up roads and improving politics. "This kind of question is relatively simple, as long as you grasp the overall situation, grasp the key points, grasp the central sentence, find the key sentences according to the stylistic characteristics, and clarify the level of the article.
On the basis of grasping the main points and centers, it is enough to analyze and judge the details and find the main information. The second is to understand and remember the feelings expressed by the author.
2. Methods of reading classical Chinese The general rules of reading classical Chinese: First, rely on knowledge accumulation (common function words, first, rely on knowledge accumulation, common function words, basic usage of common function words and important literary and cultural knowledge, common loanwords, meanings, important literary and cultural knowledge, common loanwords, significant historical knowledge, etc. The second is to look at the basic skills (part-of-speech pragmatics, judgment of different sentence patterns, basic skills of part-of-speech pragmatics, judgment of different sentence patterns, part-of-speech pragmatics analysis, translation, induction, analysis, etc. Third, it depends on the ability to use flexibly (according to specific contexts and topics). Third, it depends on the ability to use flexibly according to specific contexts and topics.
Specific analysis and comparison can solve the problem accurately. 1, explain the text with questions.
Explain the text with questions. Classical Chinese reading is relatively difficult, and classical Chinese reading is relatively difficult. Most students often don't understand it after reading it once.
At this point, you need to browse the test requirements quickly, and you don't understand them very well. At this time, you should quickly browse the requirements of the test questions, especially the final summary and judgment questions, and read them carefully, which is the final summary and judgment questions. After reading them carefully, you can understand the general content of the full text, because one of the questions is often inconsistent with the original text, and the full text is generally content, because one of the questions is often inconsistent with the original text, the other three are correct, and the other three are correct, that is, a mistake is often a detail problem.
Then read the last question, question. Then by reading the last question, you will immediately understand the content of the whole text, and then read the original text, which will get twice the result with half the effort and become easier.
If you read the original text again, you will get twice the result with half the effort and become easier. 2. Explain the text sentence by sentence.
Explain the text with the text. Explaining a paragraph with a paragraph is to solve a problem with the words in the article.
Explaining a paragraph with a paragraph is to solve a problem with the words in the article. Various factors in the article have a relationship of mutual restriction and explanation, which is a basis for readers to interpret the article, such as 1994 test questions and annual test questions, and is a basis for readers to interpret the article. For example, every year's test questions are about respecting the elderly in the East. If you don't do it, you will often get uncooked rice. Why bother cooking a meal alone? "
"White rice" means white rice, because there is "white rice on a monthly salary ...". "White rice" means white rice, because there is a saying on it that "you have white rice to eat every month".
3. Comment text. 3. Comment text.
The proposer of classical Chinese will take some notes, and the proposer of classical Chinese will also take some notes, which can often bring great help to solving problems. For example, 199 1 year is very helpful to have a sentence to solve the problem.
For example, in the annual examination questions, there is a sentence "How many uncle sections the knower has, the country calls it a mockery", and the proposer notes "Uncle section, the country calls it a mockery", and on the basis of annotations, the topic "Zhou Wei" is annotated, and on the basis of annotations, a question is given: How many uncle sections the knower has, the country calls it a mockery. "This is actually to examine students' ability to solve problems."
"The reason is (what)." "This actually examines the students' ability to explain things.
The ability to write. "4. Understand the text.
To understand the text. When answering translated sentences, we should combine the context, and when answering translated sentences, we should combine the context and be good at understanding things.
For example, "give" in the sentence "give support" in 1994 is reasonable. For example, in the sentence "annual support", is it "giving" or "abundance"? Is it "giving" or "making" ... full? "It seems to be full.
But from a rational analysis, we can only say "yes". However, from the analysis of the reasons, we can only take "making ... Fengfeng do our best because He Ziping is a retired official".
Because as a retired official, He Ziping is not dissatisfied with the general support, but with the general support. Another example is the translation of "supporting private courts". Another example is the translation of "raising a private family", which is "raising a foster mother at home or helping her manage the family" or "helping her manage the family"? Regardless of the meaning of the word, you can't say "don't talk about sex", and you can't say "help your mother keep house" because of this "housekeeper".
Because this "family management" task depends on the mother who is nearly eighty years old. Why do He Ziping and He Xiaozhi have it? Damn it, He Ziping He Xiaozhi? 5. A way to read classical Chinese: (1) Grasp the main idea and start from the back. The first sentence is to read a) Grasp the main idea and start from the back. When writing a classical Chinese, you must first have a general understanding of the full text and master as many articles as possible. Understand and master the article as much as possible.
Answer the last question. Answer the last question.
The last question of classical Chinese in college entrance examination is to judge the meaning of the text, which helps candidates understand the meaning of the text. Combined with the meaning of the text, this question helps candidates understand the meaning of the text.
(2) sentence translation, keywords. The second sentence means to make a sentence.
When translating questions, grasp the key words in the sentence. When translating questions, grasp the key words in the sentence.
The requirements of classical Chinese translation are: straightness, accuracy and complement. "Straight" means "literal translation" as far as possible when translating sentences; "Accuracy" means that the translation of key words should be "accurate" because the language of classical Chinese is concise and the translation should be "accurate"; "Complement" is because the language of classical Chinese is concise and there are many omissions. When translating, you should supplement the omitted content.
For example, those who want to rule the world and respect their names, for example, those who want to rule the world and respect their names, must respect the sages and the corporal. This sentence should be translated as "and corporal."
If a king wants to make the world stable and spread his fame (later generations), he must respect Ping and spread his fame (later generations), and he must respect the sages and treat each other with humility. This song is literally translated, and the key words are "respect name", "secondary name" and "respect name".
3. The meaning and example of moving in classical Chinese is moving.
(mobile)
a surname
( 1) ㄑㄧㄢˉ
(2) Change of office and residence: ~. ~ move. ~ migration.
(3) change, change: change ~. ~ just (change your mind and make do with others). ~ delay (delay) ~ angry. Things just passed ~.
(4) relegation, exile: ~ (relegated to a distant place). ~ guests (officials who have moved or been relegated to other places).
(5) In ancient times, the official tune generally referred to promotion: promotion.
Moving right means promotion.
Korea's right respects the left, so the promotion is called moving right.
Wang Song Anshi's "Li Duan can enter the Pavilion East": "It is not especially good, so the position is accumulated over time, so it should be moved to the right."
Move to the left: reduce official transfer. Move left, move down, the Han dynasty valued the left and right, so it was called move left. Shi Chuanchang biography: "Move Left", Yan Shigu notes: "It's time to respect the right and despise the left, so it's called moving left." Song Dai Kun's "Rat Pu": "Han people respect the son of heaven. It is said that the rank is moved to the left, the official princes are left officials, and the high positions are right posts. " Later generations will use it.
4. What are the skills for reading classical Chinese? To read classical Chinese, we must first master the reading methods. Many students often don't read the article carefully, but just go to the article to find the answer. It is impossible to answer the question correctly without reading the article. Doing classical Chinese reading problems can be divided into three steps:
The first step is to read the full text and feel the whole. Read through must complete the following five tasks; Understand the content of the narrative; Find out the reasons, processes and results recorded; Briefly analyze who participated in the contents of the record, whether there are major or minor differences between them, and what is the relationship; Check whether the author has any comments and what to talk about in the narrative; Pay attention to the characteristics of narrative methods. If the article is argumentative, it is necessary to find out the sentences that show the argument, then find out the arguments that support the argument, and finally see how to prove the argument.
The second step is to read the details and grasp the characters. After understanding the main plot of the article, if you want to further understand the main idea of the article, you can't do without the characters, but you should pay attention to the description of the characters, especially some details can often convey the quality and heart of the characters. Pay attention to reading these details, such as; Try to figure out the tone of the character's language, pay attention to the change of expression, pay attention to the direction of action, etc. , so as to understand the real intention of the characters. Therefore, reading the characters' words and deeds will make the characters' character and behavior clear in their minds, and it is inevitable to grasp the main idea of the article.
The third step is to read the article intensively and prescribe the right medicine. Go deep into the article, use the context of the article itself, the theme of the proposition, the original words in the article, comments and the main idea of the article to answer relevant questions and prescribe the right medicine.
Word explanation questions. When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer.
Sentence translation questions. Translated sentences should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation. First of all, literal translation, explain the meaning of keywords on the draft; Then translate freely and write the general meaning of the sentence.
Screening information questions. Students are required to analyze and classify the content of the article on the basis of understanding the meaning of the article, thus reflecting the degree of understanding of the article. The information content involved in the extraction is: displaying the information of the character's behavior characteristics; Information reflecting the wishes and ideas of the characters; Information reflecting a person's moral sentiment or intelligence; Information that shows a character's personality and emotions. Filtering and extracting the information in the text is based on understanding the article, which can promote us to understand all the materials in the reading process.
Summarize the problems. To make a comprehensive judgment on the event or truth, it is necessary to answer the basis of argument, the cause of the event, the result of development, etc. This is a comprehensive ability to further improve on the basis of understanding the meaning of the text. The specific contents are as follows: the basis of the argument; The essence of the phenomenon; The cause and effect of something; A person's thoughts, character, etc.
Views and attitudes. To summarize the author's views and attitudes in the article, we can start with stylistic features; Narrative style, the author's views and attitudes are often integrated into the characters and events he narrates, and a few articles have brief comments at the beginning or end, so we should grasp these characteristics when summing up. Argumentative style, the author's point of view is the argument of the article. Pay attention to two points at the same time; First, the summary should be complete and comprehensive, taking into account several aspects contained in the author's emotional attitude, not generalizing and forgetting everything; Second, the accuracy and appropriateness of generalization, not exaggerating, not narrowing, not absolutizing and properly summarizing.
Secondly, there should be a systematic and comprehensive review of classical Chinese in class, such as sorting out common words, polysemous words and ancient and modern synonyms in classical Chinese, and listing the literary common sense of classical Chinese in tables; It is easier to review. On the basis of understanding the content of the text, understand the main idea of the text, do more in-depth thinking, have a unique personal emotional experience, and make the past serve the present; Experience its philosophy in real life.
Extracurricular classical Chinese should be simulated according to the reading requirements of classical Chinese in class; Sentences with rich meanings should be expressed in their own words or translated in modern Chinese. We should be able to analyze the content of extracurricular classical Chinese as required and have our own unique opinions. The ability to read classical Chinese after class cannot be achieved overnight. If you accumulate carefully, train repeatedly and persevere, your ability will be improved unconsciously. In short, the ability of classical Chinese after class comes from the transfer in class, from repeated training, from accumulation and extension.
Classical Chinese handed down from ancient times are mostly classics, shining with the light of ancient writers' thoughts and wisdom, and expressing the ancients' persistent pursuit of the ideals of truth, goodness and beauty. Enter the classical Chinese, soak in it, appreciate the body odor, enrich the emotional experience, enhance the aesthetic ability and increase the wisdom of life.
5. What does it mean to move in classical Chinese? So that when he meets his age, he will always be a bosom friend.
-Tang Lizhongbi's "Lushan Mountain" Wang Ji said: Changqing officials have been visiting me for a long time. -"Historical Records and Biography of Sima Xiangru" is another example: Suihuai (wishful thinking); Seclusion (satisfying the desire for seclusion); At the beginning of the year, I resigned from my official position and realized my original wish to retire. Success: I have ~.
Nothing in the world is useless, everything is useless. -The Book of Rites and the Moon Order failed in four aspects.
-Han Sima Qian's "Letter to Ren An" is just right, so: awkward land, water. Last five lines, go, go.
-"Guangya Poetry" failed. -"Yi Dazhuang" is virtuous.
-"The Book of Rites and the Moon Order" is another example: advance (pass; Go smoothly).
6. How to translate classical Chinese? The minimum price is 0.27 yuan/day. Open Baidu Library members, and you can view the full content in the library >
Original publisher: nilupar2002
15 1. The fox laughed at the pig and said, "You are stupid, but you can't compete with me." The pig said, "Why are you laughing at me? You may not be able to contribute to the world. " The fox said, "My skin can be clothed. How can I not say anything? " ? If you are, you are useless. "The pig said," My meat can be fed to people. How can I not say anything? "Sheep trade rushed in," you don't have to fight for each other. What if I can have the advantages of both of you? " Before the words were finished, the wolf suddenly appeared and ate it. He smiled and said, "These slave-like beasts always talk about merit. They are just my sacrifices. The fox smiled and said to the pig, "You are a big fool." How can you compare with me? "The pig said," You don't have to laugh at me, and you may not have any credit in the world. The fox said, "My fur can be used to make clothes and quilts for the benefit of the people." How can I say that I have no credit? "If it is you, there is no credit." The pig said, "My meat can fill people's stomachs. How can you say that there is no credit? " At this moment, a sheep came up desperately and said, "You don't have to argue any more. I have all your advantages. What do you think? " Before the words were finished, suddenly a wolf came and killed them all. Then he said with a smile, "These animals who are only suitable for being slaves always say that they have made contributions and can only cook for me!" " "152. Translation of the classical Chinese" Shen Dunzi is full of worries ". Shen Tunzi is worried all day. One day, he and his friends came to the market. When he heard the scholar say that "Yang besieged Liuzhou City, there was no food inside and no help outside", he immediately frowned and stood by crying. His friend took him home, but he didn't forget it day and night, and kept saying, "How can we save Wenguang from the plight of being trapped there? "Unexpectedly, he was so sad that he had a big fight. His family advised him to go out and relax, and he came out. I happened to see someone carrying a bundle of bamboo poles on the road.
7. How to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese after class and cultivate students' ability to read simple classical Chinese is one of the tasks of Chinese teaching in middle schools. The so-called ability to read simple classical Chinese means that students can directly read some simple articles in the works of philosophers, historians and writers since the Warring States period with the help of reference books. Ordinary ancient books, unlike our textbooks, have so detailed and popular annotations that they don't even have punctuation marks. Even simple articles are not easy to understand.
First, select chapters and do a good job of reading and reciting.
This is a traditional experience. What needs further study is how much classical Chinese students must read, how much classical Chinese they must recite and how to recite a certain amount of classical Chinese. If students really want to be able to read even simple classical Chinese books independently, they can't read 100- 150 classical Chinese, but they can recite at least 50-60 classical Chinese skillfully. The reason why students are required to read and recite 50 or 60 articles is because only in this way can students not only be familiar with the syntactic features of classical Chinese, but also master the classical Chinese vocabulary necessary for reading ordinary classical Chinese ancient books. Middle school students have a heavy academic burden. Is it possible to read and recite 50-60 articles? If you count by ten semesters, there are only five or six articles per semester on average. As long as the reading factors in the classroom are increased, as long as the repeated tests of recitation and dictation are emphasized, and as long as the selected articles are easy to recite, it is completely possible. Of the three, chapter selection is very important. From the psychological point of view, all works that are lively and can arouse readers' strong interest are easy to learn and unforgettable; All works that are boring and can't arouse readers' strong interest are difficult to read and easy to forget. It is important to do a good job in reading and reciting, and to urge students to review it repeatedly, but it is especially necessary to work hard on the selection of articles, to choose short and concise articles that are both beautiful and literary, and to have all kinds of articles.
In addition, it is also important to inspire students to learn by themselves in teaching methods. It is difficult for students to remember what they have learned by instilling teaching method; It is hard to forget what students have thought independently and studied carefully. Every teacher has this experience in teaching.