1．
Analysis of the original meaning: The meaning of "er" is very abstract, but it is originally a content word, referring to the entire beard, and its oracle bone inscription is the image of the beard. Later, the word "er" was used as a virtual word, which was a pretense.
(1) Conjunctions
1) Table of juxtaposition, today translated as: and, and. Example: A crab kneels with six claws and has two claws, and there is no place for it except a snake and an eel.
Note: The words on both sides of the coordinating relative conjunction can be interchanged, but the meaning will not change after the substitution.
2) It means Shun Cheng, now translated as: Jiu, Cai, Jiu. Example: Therefore, I left you and traveled to the capital in order to seek the fortune of fighting for Dendrobium. 3) means progressive, translated as: and, and. Example: A gentleman is knowledgeable and considers himself every day
4) Indicates a turning point, today translated as: but, but. Example: green comes from blue and green comes from blue.
5) Expresses hypothesis, now translated as: if, if. Example: If you are interested, you can look at the horse's head.
6) Expressing cause and effect, today’s translation is: therefore, therefore. Explanation: It means not using it because of its ability
7) It means modification, today it is translated as: Zhu, Di. Example: Flying in anger, its wings are like clouds hanging from the sky
8) Expresses the relationship of purpose. Man stands farsighted, but looks lucky
9) Indicates the direction, now translated as: with. Example: Three generations down, people who have learned but don’t ask questions
10) The two parts before and after the connection are the relationship between the statement and the statement. Zhang Pu's "Tombstone Notes": "The chaos of the great eunuchs, the gentry who can not change their ambitions, how many people in the world are there?"
(2) Pronouns
1 ) second person, today translated as: you (you), your (yours). It has the same origin as "er" and had similar sounds and meanings in ancient times. Example: Who is the king, and how can he not die? "Gou Jian destroys Wu".
2) Proximal pronouns, today translated as: this, this. Example: What do you mean by saying this? They are both being forced, and the same is true for you and your concubines.
(3) is used as a verb (some books call it "Bi condition word") and is translated as "like, like, like". It has the same origin as "ru", with similar pronunciation and similar meaning in ancient times. Example: When the head is old and new, it becomes old when the cover is thrown over. Why? Knowing and not knowing are also "New Preface".
(4) Syllable particles are not translated. Example: A gentleman is ashamed of his words and outdoes his deeds (The Analects of Confucius).
(5) Modal particle, used at the end of a sentence, now translated as: ah, bar. Example: If the Ao family is a ghost, it will not be discouraged. "The Fourth Year of Xuangong"
(6) It refers to "endurance" and "neng", which is now translated as: able and capable. Example: Act softly but hard, use weak but strong "Yuan Dao Xun"
(7) Compound function words related to "er".
It is placed at the end of the sentence and is a modal particle that expresses limitation, which is equivalent to "that's all". Those who shook their heads and stamped their feet in a few seconds were only dozens of people ("Tiger Hill")
After that, only then. I have dedicated myself to death and died.
And Kuang means "what's more", using a rhetorical tone to express a further meaning. I haven't tasted the technique, but it's so great!
Not long, just a while. Afterwards, he called the court for the rebellion of the Wu people and executed five people ("Tombstone Story")
2. Analysis of the original meaning of He
The single character "He" in bronze inscriptions looks like a man carrying a gun, and is the original character of "He". Later, the word "He" became a borrowed word for "混", and the word "He" was coined to express the original meaning. In addition: "He", "曷" and "盍" have the same pronunciation and the same meaning. For example, why does the king come? ""Hongyanmen";
(1) Used as interrogative pronouns.
1. Used as a predicate alone, often followed by the modal particles "zai" and "ye", which can be translated as "Why" and "what reason"?
The power of Yan Daguo is also the object of verbs or prepositions, which can be translated as "where" and "what". . When translated, "where" should be used as a postscript. ("The Battle of Chibi") 3. As an attributive, it can be translated as "what" and "when". Yeah? ("Yueyang Tower")
(2) Used as an interrogative adverb
1. Used at the beginning of a sentence or before a verb, it often expresses a rhetorical question and can be translated as "why". "How". Example: He dares to help women.
2. Used before adjectives, it can be translated as "how", "how" and "how to do this". Why not measure?
(3) As a phrasal particle, it is equivalent to "ah". The bride's car is behind her, and there is a hint of "he". .Explanation: The loyal minister Chen Libing and who is who? (Who is he: He asked who he was. It means to check and interrogate.) ("Guo Qin Lun")
How to express doubts or Rhetorical question, translated as "how", "how to do" and "why". If you take fifty steps and laugh at a hundred steps, then how?
Why is "with what", an introductory phrase, used as an adverbial in interrogative sentences. , according to the different uses of "yi", it is equivalent to "what to take", "with what", etc. Once the mountain collapses, how can the Lord of Chang'an entrust himself to Zhao ("Touching the Dragon about the Queen Mother of Zhao")
None. He is translated as "not long after" and "not long after". "Yes". Example: Grandma said to the official: He Nai Tai District
Why should it be translated as "no need", indicating a rhetorical question.
"Mencius: King Hui of Liang": "Why should the king say "de"? It's just benevolence and righteousness."
He Xu is translated as "where, where". "The Biography of Da Tiezhu": "Da Tiezhu, I don't know who he is."
He Qi is translated as "How, how can this be like this", using a questioning tone to express the degree. Ouyang Xiu's "Preface to the Biography of Lingguan": "As for swearing to heaven and breaking off one's hair, weeping and staining one's breasts, what a decline!"
3. Hu
(1) Used as a modal particle.
1． Express a questioning tone. It can be translated as "?" or "是". Example: How cold is it? Craving food? ("Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi")
2. Indicates a rhetorical question, equivalent to "what" or "what". Example: Friends of the common people do not deceive each other, how about in the country?
3． It expresses the tone of measurement or discussion, and can be translated as "bar". Example: If the king is very happy, his concubines will be almost equal. ("Zhuang Bao Meets Mencius")
4. Used in exclamatory sentences or imperative sentences, it can be translated as "ah", "ah", etc. Example: It is suitable for the common people to call me love
5. Used after adjectives, it means admiration. Example: So majestic is Shun and Yu that hundreds of people in the world cannot match him! "Tabor".
6． Used at pauses in sentences. Example: The Qin Dynasty lost millet to the Jin Dynasty in the "Fifteenth Year of Duke Xi".
(2) Used as a preposition, equivalent to "yu", it has different translations in the text. Example: The drunkard's intention is not in wine, but in the mountains and rivers. ("Yueyang Tower") (almost: Yu)
(3) can be used as the end of the word, translated as "the appearance of..." and "the place of...". Example explanation: If there is no thickness, there will be room, and there will be room for ease of use ("Pao Ding Jie Niu").
4. Nai
Original meaning analysis: The word Nai has the same origin as the words "Ru", "Er", "Ruo", "ER", etc., and they can all serve as second-person pronouns , belongs to pretense.
(1) Used as an adverb.
1． It expresses the logical succession or temporal connection between the two things before and after, and can be translated as "cai", "this cai", "just", etc. If there are nine guests in the court, I will dare to present the jade.
2. To emphasize that a certain behavior is unexpected or contrary to common sense, it can be translated as "but", "eventually", "but", etc. If you ask what kind of world we are in today, you will be ignorant. ("Peach Blossom Spring")
3. It can express a restriction on the scope of things, and can be translated as "only", "only", etc. King Xiang then led his troops east again. When they reached the east city, they had twenty-eight horses. ("The Chronicles of Xiang Yu")
4. Used in judgment sentences to confirm, it can be translated as "yes" or "just wait. If things don't work out, it's heaven." ("The Battle of Red Cliff")
(2) Used as a pronoun .
1. It is often used as an attributive and is translated as "your"; it is also used as a subject and cannot be used as an object. Forgot to tell Nai Weng (Lu You's "Shi'er")
2. Used as a demonstrative pronoun, translated as "this is what I do, but I don't want to do it"
< p>3. It can also be used as a conjunction to express connection or transition, and is interpreted as "ruofu", "as for", "ruo", etc. It is his sister Yilie's "Historical Records? Biography of the Assassin".Wu Nai expresses speculation and is translated as "I'm afraid...". Now that the king is perched on Kuaiji, he then seeks advice from his ministers. Wu Nai'er is translated as "like this". The official bowed again and returned, sighing in the empty room, and making plans.
5. Its
(1) is used as a pronoun, and it can be divided into several situations:
1. Third-person pronoun. It can be translated as "his" or "its (including plural)". The meaning of Xiang Zhuang's sword dance is often found in Pei Gong's "Hongmen Banquet".
2. The third person pronoun. The small subject in the subject-predicate phrase should be translated as "he" (including plural). ("Shi Shuo") >
3. Conjugated into first person or second person. Translated as "my", "I (myself)" or "your" and "you". .
4. Demonstrative pronouns can be translated as "that", "those" and "there".
< p>5. Demonstrative pronouns, which are equivalent to "this", "this" and "these". ("Snake Catcher")5 . Demonstrative pronouns, which are usually followed by numerals. ("Shi Zhongshan Ji")
(2) Used as adverbs.
1. Strengthen the imperative tone, which is equivalent to "can" or "yet". I want to take the land of five hundred miles to Anling, but Lord Anling will allow me to do so.
< p>2. Strengthen the tone of speculation, which is equivalent to "maybe", "maybe", "probably" and "possibly". Is this why saints are saints and fools are stupid? ("Master's Statement") )3. Strengthen the rhetorical tone, which is equivalent to "how" or "how". If you can't destroy a piece of the mountain with your remaining years, how can it be like a piece of earth and stone? ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain")
(3) Used as a conjunction.
1. It is equivalent to "Is it... or..." Is it true that I don't know Ma Ye? "Said")
2. Expressing a hypothetical relationship is equivalent to "if". If one's karma is not perfect and his virtue is not perfect, then his heart is not as good as Yu's ears.
(4) Particles play the role of adjusting syllables and do not need to be translated. The road is far away, and I will search up and down ("Li Sao")
He Qi is translated as "How much". As for swearing to heaven and cutting off one's hair, weeping down one's lapel, how bad is it! ("Preface to the Biography of Lingguan")
6. And
Another: "Xia Wu, the doctor, did what he did. The word "Qie" in "Jing Ke Assassins the King of Qin" is pronounced as "jū". In ancient books, the word "Qie" is often used as a pseudonym for "Ju". For example, "Tang Ju" can be written as "Tang Qie". Therefore, "Xia Wuqi" is "Xia Wuju".
(1) Used as a conjunction.
1． progressive relationship, and, and. Example: And set up a stone at the door of his tomb ("Tombstones of Five People")
2. Progressive relationship, besides, let’s talk about it. Moreover, a strong man is good as long as he doesn't die, and he becomes famous if he dies. ("Chen She Family")
3. Concession relationship, yet, still. I will not avoid death, but I will drink and say goodbye in peace!
4. Parallel relationship: again, again...and..., on one side..., on the other side.... It shows that Zhao is weak and timid.
5. It represents a selection relationship, translated as "either, or". Example: Does the king respect Qin in the world? Do you respect each other? "Warring States Policy? Qi Ce"
(2) Used as an adverb.
1． will, will. Those who are lazy and want to come out say: "If you don't come out, the fire will be exhausted."
2. For now, for now. The survivors live in vain, but the dead have long since passed away! ("Shi Hao Li")
The particle at the beginning of the sentence indicates that the following is a further discussion, "Moreover", "Say again". Example: The world is not small and weak, and the land of Yongzhou is solid and self-contained ("Guo Qin Lun")
Just like it. And now this winter, the soldiers in Guanxi have not yet stopped ("Military Chariots"
7. Ruo
Note: The word "ruo" and the word "ru" have similar meanings. Where. Such as "comparable to", "I was not as good as a widowed wife and a weak son" in "The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain"; ② "Like", "He is similar to that year" in "Shi Shuo"; ③ "If", "Ruo Zhi" "Printed three or two copies, not simple" "Trapboard"; ④ "You", "you", "yours", "If you enter the front, it will be longevity" "Hongmen Banquet", "More like a slave, more like a poem" "Capture" "Snake said"; 5. Used as the end of an adjective, the same as "ran", when "the appearance of..." is said, "the mulberry leaves have not yet fallen, and their leaves are woruo" "The Book of Songs? Meng"
As. The content word "ruo" means "obedience", such as "The Great Grandson is Ruo" in "The Book of Songs"
(1) Verb, like, like. Look at it, it looks like an earth dog, with plum blossom wings. Square head, long shank, meaning good ("Promoting Weaving")
"And", "Compared to", "Warring States Policy? Qi Ce": "Xu Gong is not as beautiful as the king." "Zou Ji" Satirizing the King of Qi for Remonstrance"
(2) Used as a pronoun
1. It represents symmetry, equivalent to "you" and "you"; when used as an attributive, it is translated as "you". ". If you enter for longevity, and your longevity is over, please dance with the sword
2. It means "this", "this", "this", "if you do what you want, if you want what you want". Seeking fish due to wood
(3) Used as a conjunction.
1. It is equivalent to "if", "hypothesis", etc. According to this, this emperor. ("The Battle of Chibi")
2. It means "either" or "or". Gaodi Ji")
3. As for the people, there is no permanent property, because there is no perseverance.
4. The tables are parallel and translated as "harmony" and "和". Willing to take the head of General Wu Wangruo to avenge his father "Historical Records? Biography of Wei Qiwu Anhou"
Ruofu is a word used at the beginning of a paragraph to arouse discussion, which is similar to "to say that" and "like that". The meaning is that the rain is falling and the moon is not blooming ("Yueyang Tower")
If you are aware of it, you can take command calmly ("The Battle of Red Cliff")
How about what? ("The Battle of Wei")
>8. So
The Empress Dowager said, "No, I will do whatever you want." So she arranged for a hundred chariots for the Lord of Chang'an, and sent them to Qi, and the Qi soldiers came out. In the sentence "What the king does", there is already the pronoun "zhi" after the word "zhi", and there is the word "suo" in front of it. How should we understand the word "suo"? : The word "Zhi" in "Shi Zhi" refers to the Lord of Chang'an, and "Suo" comes after the verb "恣", so it must be a noun, acting as the object of the word "恣", and the word "Suo" can sometimes be used as "meaning" in ancient times. "Speak. Therefore, "Let the king send him" can be translated as "Send him (Chang'an Jun) at your will."
(1) Noun, place, place. Wu Guang was also ordered to go to the Cong Temple next to him. ("Chen She Family")
(2) Particles
1. Put before a verb and form the "suzi structure" with the verb, it means "the person...", "the thing...", "the situation of...", etc. There will be levies to promote the weaving, but Cheng dare not collect his household registration, and there is no compensation ("Promoting the Weaving")
2. "Suo" is combined with a verb, followed by a noun structure, and the "Suo" structure plays the role of an attributive. At night, soldiers surrounded the apartment. ("Afterword to "Guidelines")")
For...the "do" and "the" echo, forming the format of "for...the...", indicating passivity.
Ying heard that Ji's father was killed.
So
1. Express the way, method or basis for behavior, which is equivalent to "the method used for...", "is used for...", etc. So I am ready for those who are born, and everyone in the world will hear about it
2. Express the reason. Equivalent to "the reason (reason) of...". The reason why ministers go to relatives to serve the king is because they admire the king's high righteousness.
What is said. This is called victory over the imperial court.
Wherever 1. Everywhere. The sound of the clanging stone is everywhere. ("The Story of Shizhong Mountain") 2. Where it is, where it is. It turns out there is such a place, let's go back to the Yamen ("Guishu")
9. For
(1) verb. (wéi)
1. It has meanings such as "do", "as", "act as", "become" and "become". The translation is relatively flexible and should be judged according to the specific language environment.
Cut down trees to become soldiers, raise poles to become flags. ("On the Passage of Qin")
2. Think, think. This is the continuation of the death of Qin. Stealing is a great thing but the king does not take it
3. The judgment word is. Nowadays, people are like swordsmen, and I am like fish and meat.
(2) Prepositions.
1． It means passive, pronounced wéi, sometimes combined with "su" to form "weisu" or "weisu", which is translated as "bei". I am now a prisoner of it.
2. Introduce the reason or purpose. For, because. Be careful not to die for a woman, no matter how noble or humble you are, you should be humble ()
3. Introduce the objects involved. Give, replace. So the King of Qin was dissatisfied and struck the fou.
4. Yes, toward. What can be done?
5. Indicates the time of action and behavior. It can be translated as "when", "wait until", etc. In order to come, I ask you to tie up someone and pass by the king. ("Yan Zi's Envoy to Chu")
(3) Modal particles at the end of the sentence express questions or rhetorical questions. Woolen cloth. Nowadays, people are like swordsmen, and I am like fish and meat. What can I say?
10. Yan
(1) Concurrently with Ci.
1． Equivalent to "to this", "to this", "to that". When three people are walking together, there must be my teacher (among them). ("The Analects of Confucius")
2. Equivalent to "where". Translated as "where", "from where", etc. How can we place earth and rocks? ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountains")
(2) Pronouns.
1． Equivalent to "of". Only those who observe people's demeanor will get it. ("Snake Catcher's Theory")
2. Where, how. If you don’t know life, how can you know death ("The Analects")
(3) Modal particles.
1. The modal particles at the end of the sentence are, ah, eh. Zhi Dan took Jing Qing as a plan and soon caused disaster. ("Six Kingdoms")
2. It is used as a modal particle in a sentence to express pause, equivalent to "ye". I don’t know how to read the sentence, and I can’t understand the confusion. It’s either a teacher or not, and the primary school is a great legacy ("Shi Shuo")
(4) The auxiliary word, used as the end of the word, is equivalent to "ran", translated as "The appearance of..." "The place of...". Panpan Yan, Yan Yan Yan, honeycomb water vortex, I don't know how many tens of millions of drops ("A Fang Palace Fu")
11. Also
(1) Modal particles at the end of the sentence,
1. Indicates a judgmental tone. Xu Gong in the north of the city is also the most beautiful person in Qi State
2. The modal particle at the end of the sentence indicates the mood of statement or explanation. Example: I couldn’t bear to see him growl, and he would die if he was not guilty, so I traded him with a sheep
3. Used in the middle or at the end of a sentence to express affirmation or exclamation. Whoop! The one who destroyed the Six Kingdoms was the Six Kingdoms, not Qin. The people who belong to Qin are Qin, not the world. ("On the Passage of Qin")
4. Used at the end of a sentence to express a question or rhetorical tone. Young Master is afraid of death? Why cry?
5. Used at the end of a sentence to express an imperative mood. If the attack cannot be defeated and the siege cannot be sustained, I will return it. ("The Battle of Wei")
(2) Modal particles in the sentence. Used in a sentence to indicate a pause in tone. This is true, but people often doubt it. ("The Story of Shizhong Mountain")
...It is also called... It is also called... It means "that's what it is said to be...". The poem goes: "If others have intentions, let me think about them." - Master Zhiye
Yezai modal particles are used together to strengthen the tone, often with the meaning of exclamation or rebuttal. Example: Isn’t it possible that if you plan for a long time, your descendants will become kings one after another? ("Touching the Dragon and Talking about the Empress Dowager Zhao")
It also expresses doubts, which is quite "what". Gentlemen despise witchcraft, doctors, musicians, and all kinds of people, but now their wisdom is beyond their reach. Is it strange?
Ye Fu expressed his affirmation and sigh. Equivalent to "ah" or "ah". "Historical Records? Tai Shigong's Preface": "It's Yu's crime! It's Yu's crime!"
12.
Explanation of difficult points with examples:
A. "Loyalty does not need to be used, and virtue does not need to be used." Is the word "Yi" in "Shejiang" a function word used as a substantive word? The word "Yi" is actually the right connecting part of "蜜". The ancients expressed the meaning of "use" by "turning the ground with 蜜". It can be seen that the word "Yi" was originally a verb and a substantive word. Used as a preposition is the result of virtualization (many prepositions are transferred from verbs). The word "yi" in "Xian need not Yi" is used in its original meaning.
B. In ancient Chinese literature, the pronoun "zhi" after the preposition "Yi" is often omitted, "if food and clothing are safe, I dare not specialize in it, but must divide people." The preposition "Yi" should be followed by the object "Zhi", which appears before it. "food and clothing".
This is because in ancient times the pronunciations of "Yi" and "Zhi" were similar. When speaking, the latter was often "annexed" by the former. The knowledge of the ancients was passed down orally, so when students recorded the teacher's words, they naturally omitted the word " Of". We should remember it as a phenomenon.
(1) Prepositions
1. Represents tools. Translated as: take, use, rely on. I would like to invite Yi Bi with fifteen cities.
2. Expresses reliance. Translated as: depend on, rely on. He is known to the princes for his courage.
3． Represents the object being disposed of. Translated as: put. Cao should pay back to the township party with suzerainty. ("Battle of Red Cliff")
4. Indicates time and place. Translated as: Yu, Zai, Cong. He was killed in the city on August 13th.
5. Express the reason. Translated as: because, because of.
How could King Zhao deceive Qin Xie with a jade?
6． Express the basis. Translated as: According to, according to, based on. Now let’s do it in practice. ("The Battle of Red Cliff")
Explanation: The object of the word "Yi" can sometimes be preceded, and sometimes it can be omitted. One is worth ten (idiom)
(2) Conjunctions.
1． Indicates a parallel or progressive relationship. It can be translated as "and", "you", "and", "and", etc., or it can be omitted. If the barbarians are close, there will be many tourists.
2. Indicates a relationship of succession, and the previous action is often the means or method of the latter action. It can be translated as "er" or omitted. Yu and the four others held fire and entered. ("The Story of Shizhong Mountain")
3. Indicates a purpose relationship, and the latter action is often the purpose or result of the previous action. It can be translated as "er", "lai", "for", "to", etc. Please make the prince king to eliminate Qin Wang.
4. Indicates a causal relationship, often used before clauses expressing causes, and can be translated as "because". For example: If you don't bribe, you will lose if you take bribes ("Six Kingdoms")
5. It expresses a modifying relationship and connects the adverbial and the central word. It can be translated as "er" or omitted. For example: the wood is happy and prosperous, and the spring is trickling and beginning to flow. (Tao Yuanming's "Returning Words")
(3) Particles. 1. As a helper, it expresses time, direction and scope. Example: Since I was appointed, I have been lamenting all night long. (Use: to indicate time) ("Departure Table")
2. As a verb aid, it plays the role of adjusting syllables. Example: If you go against it, it will fry my breasts. ()
(4) Verb
1. Think, think. The old minister thinks that I am the Lord of Chang'an and he is plotting against me. ("Touching the Dragon and Talking about the Empress Dowager Zhao")
2. Use, appoint. There is no need to use loyalty, and there is no need to use virtue. ("Shejiang")
(5) Noun. Translated as: reason, reason. The ancients traveled by candlelight, which is a good thing (Li Bai's "Spring Night Banquet in the Peach and Plum Garden Preface")
(6) Holidays
1. It means "already". It's just weird. ②The sun is gone.
2. Pass "has", stop. If there is no way, then what is the king?
Think
1. Think, regard... as or regard. A tiger looks at it and thinks it is a huge thing, thinking it is a god.
2. To make... as or to make. Take the land of Baiyue in the south and call it Guilin and Xiangjun. (Think: set it as.)
So it is equivalent to "therefore", which leads to the development of the theory or the result of inference. After I remembered it, Gai sighed at Li Yuan's simplicity and laughed at Li Bo's ugliness. ("The Story of Shizhong Mountain")
The difference between "Yi" and "Wu" means "Is there any way to use it..." "There is no way to use it..." King Xiang did not respond and said: "Sit down. "
13. Cause
Analysis of the original meaning: In addition to "reason" and "because", the word "cause" also means "relying on", "according to" and "following" Tell me, why does it have so many meanings, and how do you remember it? Answer: The word "Yin" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions looks like a person lying on a mat. It is the original character of "Yin", and its original meaning is "mat" or "cushion". Since mats, cushions and the like are used for people to lie down or rely on, the word "yin" can be extended to "rely on" or "rely on". For example, "Gaozu became an emperor because of this" and "Longzhong Dui". From this, it can be extended to "based on" and "according to", such as "Nothing depends on the situation, each has its own mood" "Nuke Zhou Ji"; it can also mean "inherited" (relying on the original without changing), such as "It's due to the legacy of the legacy" "On the Passage of Qin". The meaning of "cause" in the word "Yin" also comes from the meaning of "dependence" - reason is also a kind of reliance. As for the meaning of "because", it comes from the virtualization of "reason".
(1) Preposition.
1． According to, according to. Don't take advantage of the situation. ("Nuclear Boat")
2. Rely on, rely on. Due to advantage and convenience, he slaughtered the world and divided the mountains and rivers ("Guo Qin Lun")
3. Take advantage of it, take advantage of it. It's better to treat him favorably.
4. pass, go through. Because the guests came to Lin Xiangru's gate to apologize.
5. Because, because. Because the Yuqing Palace was built and the mountains were harvested for materials, no one could see it.
(2) Adverb.
1． So, just; therefore. Because he drew his sword and chopped off the prelude. ("Battle of Red Cliff")
2. Cause, reason, opportunity. There is no reason for it now. ()
(3) Verb
1. according to. The story is adapted to the world ("Five Beetles")
2. Follow along, continue. It is because of the old career and the legacy policy. ("On the Passage of Qin")
14. The pronunciation of the word "Yu" in Yu yú "
Qin is willing to offer six hundred miles of land to merchants" is "wū".
(1) Preposition.
1． From, from, to, there are nine guests in the court. (In) "Biography of Lian Po"
2. "In terms of" and "from". The state of Jing has room for improvement but not enough for the people.
3． Because the industry is refined by diligence and wasteful by play; the success is achieved by thinking and destroyed by casualness. ("Jinxue Jie")
4. To, yes, for. Please be ordered to seek help from General Sun ("Battle of Red Cliff")
5. quilt. Fortunately for you, King Zhao. "Biography of Lian Po"
6. With, with, with. He is eight feet long and is always compared with Guan Zhong and Le Yi.
7． exceed, compare. Confucius said: "A harsh government is as fierce as a tiger."
8. Give. When Chen She was young, he had a taste of using servants to farm the "Chen She Family"
9. According to, according to. At the appointment of the princes, the king was the king of Guanzhong "Historical Records? Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin"
So
1. Equivalent to "at + this", at this time, in this situation, to this, from now on, therefore. Example: So the guests all turned pale and left the table. (At this time)
2. Conjunctions express the connection or cause-and-effect relationship between the preceding and following sentences, which is the same as "therefore" in modern Chinese. Example: So the King of Qin was dissatisfied and struck Fu.
See... Yu means passive. I have always seen laughter in generous homes ("Autumn Water")
15. Pay attention to pronunciation with
. ⑴ yú, you can hear and (欤), the boat is full and does not enter; ⑵ When used as "participation", pronounce yù, "Uncle Jian's son and teacher" "Yao Zhi Zhan"; ⑶ Others are pronounced in the upper tone.
(1) Preposition.
1． preposition. And, with, with. Pei Gong's army was on top, but he was unable to meet Xiang Yu in "Hongmen Banquet"
2. Give, replace. When Chen She was young, he tried to farm with servants. ("Chen She Family")
3. Compare, compare with... Which one is between me and Xu Gongmei? "Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice"
(2) Conjunctions.
1． conjunction. And, with, with. However, counselors and minions cannot be chosen without nourishment
(3) Verb.
1． To give, to grant. If three children are born, the male will be with his mother; if two sons are born, the male will be with him.
2. Make friends, be close to each other. To destroy something due to human strength is unkind; to lose what is given is unkind
3. deal with. Pang Nuanyi and ears.
4. Participate, participate. Uncle Qian's son and teacher. ("Uncle Qian Cries the Master")
5. Applaud, agree. I am with Dian Ye.
(4) Holidays. Pass "椤". A modal particle at the end of a sentence, expressing an exclamation or question. Wu Naer is Guo Yu ("Ji's General Defeats Zhuan Yu")
Which and and... which means comparison and selection, translated as: "Compared with..., which one..." means His wife said: "Which one is me or Xu Gongmei from the north of the city?"
Which one is the same as..."Whiruo means choice (give up the first and take the last), which is translated as: "Which one is like", "Which one is like..." Rather than sit back and wait for death, who can stand up and save him ("Feng Wanzhen")
16. Analysis of the original meaning of Ze
The left half of the character "ze" in bronze inscriptions was originally the character "ding". In ancient times, the tripod could symbolize state power and the throne of the emperor. Therefore, in ancient times, criminal books and laws were often engraved or cast on the tripod as a guideline for people's actions. From this, we can understand that the word "ze" has the meaning of "norm" and "norm". means "principles". In addition: the meaning of "rule" in the word "ze" can be extended to "regulations" and "regulations", and the provisions of regulations are divided into items, so the word "ze" can indicate the number of items or paragraphs. , such as "The Analects of Confucius".
(1) Conjunctions.
1． Indicates an undertaking relationship. Translated as "just" and "then", or translated as "originally" and "already". For example: King Xiang said: "Strong man! Give him the wine." Then he fought with the wine.
2. Express conditions and hypothetical relationships. Translated as "if", "if", "if...then", "then", "then" and "then". If you enter, you will be unable to control the people at home, if you leave, you will be invincible to foreign patients, and the country will be permanently destroyed. ("Born in sorrow, died in happiness")
3. Indicates a parallel relationship. This usage is when two or more "Ze" are used together. Each word "Ze" is used in a clause with opposite meaning and similar structure, indicating that the clauses are in parallel relationship. It can be translated as "Jiu" or not translated. A low position brings shame, and a high official position brings flattery. ("Teacher's Theory")
4. Represents a turning point and a concession relationship. When expressing a turning point, it is used in the latter clause and is translated as "but" or "but"; when expressing a concession, it is used in the previous clause and is translated as "although" or "although". As for his own body, he will be ashamed of his master and confused. ("Teacher's Theory")
5. Represents a selection relationship. It is often used in conjunction with "fei" and "bu", and is translated as "yes", "no...just". Either die or migrate ("Snake Catcher's Theory")
(2) Adverb. 1. Used in judgment sentences to emphasize and confirm, it can be translated as "is" or "is". For example: This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. ("Yueyang Tower")
2. Expresses emphasis on what has been or discovered. It can be translated as "already", "original" and "original already". When it comes to the rivers, it is in the boat. ("The War of Food"
(3) Noun.
1. Refers to the number of items or paragraphs of text. Six articles in "The Analects of Confucius". 2. Criteria, Law. Set an example.
(4) Follow the example of Hou Ji and Gong Liu, and follow the rules of Gong Ji.
Same as "脄", always, often. Ju Ze said: "I don't know that!"
This is just as it is. Being a stranger to Dou E means you will die for the sake of your child. ("Dou E's Injustice")
There are voices of admiration. If you call continuously, then you will.
17.
(1) Particle.
1． Refers to people, things, things, times, places, etc. "... of", "... of (people, things, things)". The old woman will spit in the face of anyone who asks Chang'an Lord to be a hostage! ("Touching the Dragon and Talking about the Empress Dowager Zhao")
2. Used after numerals, it is translated as "...an aspect", "...a thing", "...a thing". This number is a danger for military use. ("Battle of Red Cliff")
3. Used as the object of "ruo", "similarity" and "ru", it is translated as "the appearance of...". In other words, he looks very sad ("Snake Catcher's Theory")
4. Put after the postpositioned attributive, it is equivalent to "of". Those who asked for help to repay Qin did not get it.
5. Put it after the subject to elicit judgment and there is no need to translate it. An honest person is a good general from Zhao.
6． It is used after time words such as "now" and "past" and does not need to be translated. Those who are close to me will be punished. ("Battle of Red Cliff")
7. Place it at the end of a clause to introduce the reason. However, Cao Sui can overcome Shao and use the weak to become strong. This is not only due to the timing of the weather, but also due to man's plan. ("The Battle of Chibi") ②The reason why I go to relatives to serve the emperor is because I admire the emperor's high righteousness.
(2) Modal particles.
1． Placed at the end of a question sentence to express a questioning tone, etc. Which one? The power of a great country is to cultivate respect
18.
(1) Pronouns.
1． Third person pronouns: he, she, it (them). Sometimes it is used flexibly in the first or second person. The Queen Mother bowed her head in anger. ("Touching the Dragon and Talking about the Empress Dowager Zhao")
2. Demonstrative pronoun, this, this. The master desires it, but neither of my two ministers desire it.
(2) Particles.
1． It is equivalent to "的" in modern Chinese, placed between the attributive and the central phrase. If the tiger comes out of the coffin, and the turtle and jade are destroyed in the coffin, whose fault is it?
2. Place it between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence. The strength of my minister is inferior to that of others; now I am old and unable to do anything.
3． Placed between inverted verb (preposition) and object phrases as a sign of advance of the object. I don't know how to read a sentence, I don't understand it when I'm confused, I'm either a teacher or not. ("Teacher's Theory")
4. It is placed between the inverted attributive and the central phrase as a sign of postposition of the attributive. An earthworm does not have the strength of its claws and teeth, nor the strength of its sinews and bones.
5. It is used after time words or verbs (mostly intransitive verbs) to make up enough syllables and has no real meaning. After filling up the drum, he caught the weapon, abandoned his armor and followed the soldiers away. ("The Identity of the Country")
(3) Verb, to...go.
Why not, what else do you want to do?