Zhu Yijun, Emperor Wanli of Ming Shenzong, was the 13th emperor of Ming Dynasty, the third son of Mu Zong Zhu Zai _ in Ming Dynasty, and was made a prince in 1568. In the sixth year of Qin Long, Mu Zong died and Zhu Yijun succeeded to the throne. In the second year, it was renamed Wanli. Ming Shenzong was also the longest-serving emperor in the Ming Dynasty. There has been no good evaluation of Wanli, and the book Zongshen Jing also has a conclusion: "So, critics say that the Ming Dynasty died in Zongshen." Among them, the most criticized by historians is that Emperor Wanli can "dismiss from office" for 27 years without going to court and hiding in the palace.
I have never had a good impression of Emperor Wanli. In fact, there were no good emperors in the Ming Dynasty. Mao Zedong, who liked reading Ming History at that time, said, "I was most angry when reading Ming History. There were two illiterate emperors in the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu and Ming Chengzu did better, Ming Wuzong and Ming Yingzong did better, and the rest were not good, and they all did bad things. " . In fact, Mao Zedong's evaluation is not necessarily correct. Among them, the "better" emperor should be Wu Zongying, not the so-called "Ren Xuan rule". Unfortunately, both of them have been in power for too short a time. The worst emperors may have the same judgment, that is, Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty and Emperor Wanli of Ming Shenzong. Mao Zedong once deposed Emperor Jiajing, saying that he was "an alchemist, fatuous and old-fashioned, and had no job after sitting for more than 40 years". Haha, this Wanli emperor is similar to me.
However, gold alone is not enough, and no one is perfect. After reading the history of Ming Dynasty, I found that Emperor Wanli also had advantages. In addition, this advantage does not seem to exist among emperors. This advantage lies in his leniency towards the words of courtiers and his unique attitude towards counselors. According to historical records, during the Wanli period, ministers made suggestions directly, seemingly ignoring the emperor, opposing them one by one, and even mocking the emperor's imperial concubine with abusive tone. Strong words, tough attitude, empty back and forth. However, although Emperor Wanli was very unhappy, he didn't kill anyone because of inappropriate suggestions.
We might as well record the "critical scale" of ministers during the Wanli period and see their excessive words.
For example, on the question of the "accumulation of wealth" by Emperor Wanli, Li Sancai, the governor of Cao Yun, the capital of Shi Yu, said: "There are a lot of dissatisfaction among the people today, and the root of your illness is his addiction to wealth." Wang, an engineering student, said, "Why did people lose to you? And fish will be eaten in this extreme situation! " Hook condemned Nakata No.1: "Your majesty drives away tigers, wolves and flies, eats people, and makes the world peel and suck marrow. Natural disasters will kill them and landslides will make them exhausted. " . As for the fact that Emperor Wanli "pretended to be sick" and didn't go to court, Lu Hongchun, the minister of rites, said, "Are you really sick? Then we should give priority to the community instead of taking happiness as the basic disaster; If you are not sick, give the imperial edict first, don't doubt it. " . Regarding the establishment of the reserve, the royal historian Feng Congwu wrote: "It is said that the Eucharist destroys peace. You want to use it to protect yourself. Can you bully future generations? "
There is also a judge named Zuo in Dali Temple. His name is Luo. In December of the seventeenth year of Wanli, Luo ascended the throne, criticizing Emperor Wanli for "excessive drinking", "lust", "greed for money" and "hatred for drugs" and proposing "four relatives", hoping that Emperor Wanli would review and correct them. Violent words, angry emotions, just swearing. I'm afraid this kind of words can't be tolerated by emperors of any dynasty. Emperor Wanli is a man, of course he is angry. He called Shen Shixing's record and vowed to punish him severely. As we all know, this Shen Shixing is a cautious man. He is always proud of his mistakes and regards inaction as his achievements. Unexpectedly, such a timid person refused the decision of Emperor Wanli. We'll see how far it goes then. The final result of this matter can only be to belittle Romania, roll with the punches and end it hastily. If Mao were still alive, it would not be too much for such people to condemn the "Nine Factions" and "Ten Factions".
China feudal dynasty, the emperor praised the Ninth Five-Year Plan. I am the world and the truth. Why is Wan Li so? Is this gentle and kind? Or is there another reason? Think about the "second guessed" of Emperor Wanli to Zhang, which is miserable enough. Why did he only show mercy to the minister who recommended him?
Actually, everyone does everything for a reason. Emperor ab Wanli has his own personality. One person may have an important influence on the "kind words" of Emperor Wanli, and that is his grandfather, Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty. Emperor Jiajing is also an alternative figure. Its biggest feature is "arbitrary" and never listens to suggestions. Besides, whoever can't think of the audience will be killed, and whoever wants to convince them can be described as heartless. The most telling thing is the sensational so-called "big etiquette" incident.
"Ming History" said: Emperor Jiajing "taboo, his ancestor is Sun. My father presented Wang Hao and Lu. " Obviously, he didn't inherit his father's career as emperor. In March of 52 1 year, in the 16th year of Zhengde in Ming Dynasty, Wuzong of Ming Dynasty died. The title of the emperor is Zheng De, the grandson of Ming Xianzong and the only son of Xiaozong in Ming Dynasty. Became dissolute after getting a high position, died young at the age of 3 1 and had no children. A country cannot live without a monarch for a day. Therefore, following the ancestral home system of "brothers and brothers", the court believed that Xing, who was far away in Anlufu, Huguang, was his son, that is, the cousin of Ming Wuzong. Zhu Hou _, who was only fifteen years old at that time, hurried to Beijing and became emperor. The following year, it was renamed Jiajing and became Emperor Jiajing. He reigned for 45 years and was also the longest-serving emperor in the Ming Dynasty.
According to the ancient etiquette system, the royal family strictly requires the adopted son to respect his parents in concept, and can no longer treat his biological parents as "gifts". Therefore, Emperor Zhu Hou of Jiajing is the son of Ming Xiaozong in etiquette, that is to say, he will call Ming Xiaozong his father. And Zhu Hou _ was perverse and stubborn by nature, so he just ignored it. In A.D. 1524, Emperor Jiajing proposed to mourn his biological father Xing with the "Imperial Examination for Men and Women", respect his biological mother as the queen mother, and build a new palace for her. In addition, he seems to have neglected his ancestors Ming Xiaozong and Ming Wuzong, calling them "Huang Bokao" and "brothers". The incident shocked the government and the public, and the ministers expressed their opposition. Yang Shen, his son, led hundreds of civil and military officials from Yang Tinghe, Laozheng Township, and gathered outside the palace to cry and make suggestions until they cried to death. However, Zhu Hou _ not only refused to listen, but also caused an unknown fire. He ordered the arrest of all those who cried the most, and 134 ministers were arrested at the same time. The next day, another 90 people were arrested, not counting. He ordered the beating of the court to teach these pedantic ministers a lesson. Results 19 people died. After three years of argument, the ministers still gave suggestions. However, Emperor Jiajing was unmoved. His reaction is also simple: beheading, dismissal. So everyone in the world knows the stubbornness of Emperor Jiajing, so "don't say anything". In the next few decades, no one dared to speak directly. The minister's carelessness at that time was likely to bring disaster. It was not until the last years of Jiajing that a strange figure, Hai Rui, appeared to explain the story of "Hai Rui dismissed from office". This matter will be dealt with separately.
Later, Jiajing died and Mu Zong acceded to the throne. Mu Zong died after only six years in office, so Emperor Wanli became emperor at a young age. Wanli has two teachers, one is Zhang and the other is his biological mother. Emperor Wanli was even a little afraid of these two men. He said, "The emperor only cares about the Empress Dowager, and those who serve the Empress Dowager tend to hold them too high." According to historical records, Li Taihou often taught Emperor Wanli not to learn from his grandfather, Emperor Jiajing. Obviously, Li Taihou regarded Emperor Jiajing as a negative example. He once said, don't learn from your grandfather, don't listen to the advice of loyal ministers, and kill all the ministers who give advice. This is destined to be a bad reputation. She also suggested that Emperor Wanli learn from Emperor Taizong, listen to opinions and become a monarch. Perhaps, the story of Harry's dismissal was familiar to Emperor Wanli from an early age, and his childhood education may be remembered all his life. Therefore, when dealing with the way of speaking, Emperor Wanli went from one extreme to the other.
During the reign of Emperor Wanli, a great event happened, which was also related to the royal family. This is the so-called "state-owned assets" dispute in the fourteenth year of Wanli. According to China's absolute monarchy, sons born to emperors and queens are sons, and sons born to other concubines are concubines. The eldest son is of course the heir to the throne. If there is no son, the oldest concubine is the Crown Prince. Also called "having your own office, but not your own office". Queen Wanli has no son, that is, she has no official position. In the tenth year of Wanli, a girl in Wang Xing Palace gave birth to her eldest son, Zhu Changluo. This story was vividly described by teacher Tai Chang and was called "the son of heaven in January". In the fourteenth year of Wanli, Zheng, the concubine of Emperor Wanli, also gave birth to a son named Zhu. Emperor Wanli was very happy and immediately conferred the title of Zheng Fei as the imperial concubine. Wan Li's meaning is clear. He wanted to make Zhu a prince, but he was opposed by Manchu. In February of the same year, Cabinet Minister Shen Shixing put forward the title of Prince. Then, the battle for the crown prince began.
It stands to reason that it is the emperor's own business to establish a prince. He can tolerate whoever he wants. However, the ministers of the Ming Dynasty were completely pedantic and determined to intervene. This matter should be handled by Emperor Jiajing. He would fly into a rage and start killing people, but Emperor Wanli didn't. Because he knew Jiajing's method was wrong, he received such education from an early age. So his method is to play dumb first, and then drag on, which is really annoying. He was very angry. He's just your official. So, the ministers of the Ming Dynasty wrote letters to Emperor Wanli one after another. As a result, people are constantly being fired and punished. However, Wanli has only one principle. He didn't kill anyone. Of course, many people are still unwilling. Finally, Wanli felt that this endless struggle for justice was too boring to see the minister. Therefore, the way he took was not to go to court. If we hadn't met or heard someone waiting for you, we wouldn't have to go. Perhaps the precedent of Wanli not going to court for more than 20 years may be related to this matter.
Since then, Emperor Wanli has been hiding in the deep palace, eating, drinking, and practicing the art of immortality. He even practiced beheading. He always uses two words to express the various suggestions of the rulers: no delivery, no report, and sometimes three words: "I know." Of course, he doesn't care about any political affairs. According to historical records, Emperor Wanli lived in seclusion for many years and personally handled state affairs. For example, he commanded the "three major battles" of the Ming Dynasty, for example, he reused Xiong Tingbi to guard Liaodong military affairs, and so on. In my opinion, what Emperor Wanli hates most is the "national standard" dispute among ministers. My favorite son can't be a prince, and I don't like people, but you must insist. It was not until twenty-nine years of Wanli that the "national standard" dispute of 15 years came to an end. This year, Emperor Wanli was dissatisfied with Zheng Guifei because of some trivial matters. Emotional problems are always the most elusive, and the emperor is no exception. He finally decided to make Zhu Changluo a prince.
Perhaps, historians are orthodox people, and they all want to prove the correctness of feudal ethics, so they have fabricated many stories, indicating that the establishment of Zhu Changluo by Emperor Wanli was an act of God. For example, unofficial history said that Emperor Wanli had written a written evidence for Crown Prince Zhu and asked her to seal it with a gold box. But when she opened it a few years later, the bug ate all the words. Emperor Wanli could not help but sigh: "This is an act of God." This kind of story is naturally incredible. Since it is sealed, how can bugs survive in it? However, in my opinion, the final decision of Emperor Wanli seems to be wrong. He has only been emperor for a month, and he is free and indulges himself every day. Of course, his favorite Zhu is not a good bird either. This man became famous in Luoyang, was killed by Li Zicheng, and the meat was cooked. He is considered loyal to the Ming Dynasty.
Reading this history is nothing but to show that Emperor Wanli was lazy and ruined Daming's future. This is a fact; However, it is also true that Emperor Wanli showed unprecedented leniency. Of course, some people extended it inappropriately, saying that if Emperor Wanli continued to be wise, the Ming Dynasty could create the future of constitutional monarchy in China. This is not a correct historical materialism.