It can be seen that Mozi started from the perspective of practical learning, and this spirit of practical learning runs through the whole book of Mozi and is in the same strain. Mozi regards "promoting the benefits of the world and eliminating the harm of the world" as the general purpose of Mohism. It can be said that all Mozi's main propositions, such as universal love, non-aggression, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality, unhappiness and unhappiness, are based on this purpose.
Second, "universal love", that is, "love everyone equally", is undoubtedly the core proposition of Mozi. Further study of Mozi, we find that the original meaning of Mozi's so-called "universal love" can be more accurately described as "love your neighbor as yourself".
This is contrary to the "pushing love" advocated by Confucianism, and it is "pro" and "respect". The key to the disagreement lies in the problem of "loving the poor and not being poor". Confucianism insists on it, but Mohism thinks it is not.
To be fair, the ideal taste of "universal love" is a bit too strong, and I'm afraid it's hard for a great sage like Mozi to practice it. When we read the second and second books of All-in-One Love, we saw that Mozi spent a lot of time refuting the accusation that all-in-one love was difficult, but it was difficult to convince readers. Mozi defended his claim for two reasons: the first one came from the realistic level.
Mozi said that if you don't love other people's relatives, others won't love your relatives. The different results of love can only be "mutual evil", so the way of "universal love" must be adopted.
This is closely related to a concept of Mozi, that is, "those who love must love it, and those who are evil must hate it", and the journey of love and evil will be rewarded accordingly. In fact, this is not correct, but it is emphasized that only selfless love can summon love, and only when the whole society establishes the fashion of mutual love can people live happily in it, which cannot but be said to be Mozi's painstaking efforts.
The second reason has a strong religious meaning. Different from other schools, Mohism believes in a personalized "heaven", which has its own sacred will.
This will, according to Mozi, requires people to "love each other and benefit each other." The way of argument is unique, to the effect that God raised us equally, which shows his love for mankind. He won't want to see the world killing each other, but he is bent on making people love each other and benefit each other.
This reminds people of Christian teachings. On this basis, the ideal of universal love and the idea of universal love are interlinked. Looking at these two reasons together, we find an extremely important feature of Mozi: he is a figure who combines extreme pragmatism and extreme idealism, but these two theories usually cannot coexist, and they form a tension in Mozi's thought. It was under this tension that Mozi put forward the "difficult" moral standard at that time and put it into practice wholeheartedly.
This is not an easy task, only a saint can endure all difficulties and hardships to complete it. Thirdly, "non-aggression" is probably the most well-known proposition of Mozi except "universal love".
"Non-aggression" directly stems from the ideal of "universal love". Mozi, with the idea of "non-attack", tried his best to persuade kings of all countries to stop fighting and fighting, so as to save the people of the world from suffering. Mozi was indignant at some war apologists who talked about benevolence, righteousness and morality, and criticized them for "knowing small things but not big things".
In order to make his claim more convincing, Mozi not only used strict logical reasoning to prove that the attack was against heaven, but also cited examples of defeat caused by aggressive wars in history, explaining the essence of harming others and benefiting themselves. These words were said by Mozi to the rulers from the standpoint of the civilian class, which reflected the aspirations of the civilians.
But he was keen on annexing monarchs of various countries, but he didn't listen to the preaching of "non-attack", and Mozi's efforts had little effect. In fact, Mozi is doing something that he knows he can't do, but his humanitarian spirit and indomitable will to struggle are very valuable.
Four Mozi's ideological system contains a complete theory of governing the country, which can be represented by Shang Xian and Shang Tong at the specific administrative level. In fact, this is the unanimous opinion of all pre-Qin schools except Taoism. Mozi's Shang Xian is more thorough than Confucianism in breaking the concept of family status and employing people in an eclectic way, so it can't be regarded as distinctive.
Shang Tong's idea is the most distinctive. "Shang Tong", as an image metaphor, is like when we go out for a military parade, we all look up at the platoon leader, and then the platoon leader looks up at the first person in his column, and so on, and finally the queue is uniform.
Mozi asked the people at the next higher level to "keep up" with the people at the next lower level, and the people at the next lower level "keep up" with the people at the next lower level until the son of heaven and heaven. This kind of "alignment" is all-round, and people's ideas, emotional attitudes, behaviors and stand standards are all-encompassing.
Why are you so eager to unify people's thoughts and behaviors so as not to be suspected of tyranny? It is to curb "chaos." Mozi, who was in troubled times, witnessed the disaster brought by "chaos" to the people and was deeply bitter about it. Therefore, it is inevitable to launch radical ideas and pay for them.
This is something we can understand but disagree with. From the viewpoint of Shang Xian and Shang Tong, we also found an internal contradiction of Mozi's thought, that is, the conflict between elitism and the position of civilians.
On the one hand, Mozi is almost a spokesman for the interests of the civilian class, and his egalitarianism ideal is very obvious; On the other hand, he realized that governing the country must rely on elites and maintaining social order requires a strict hierarchy. It seems that the opposing sides of this contradiction have not been logically unified in Mozi's thought, but the existence of contradiction is also beneficial to prevent Mozi from slipping into the position of populism or discriminating against civilians.
The most direct embodiment of pragmatism in Mozi's thought should be the ideas of "frugality", "frugality" and "unhappiness", and the concept of "frugality" is very strong among the hard-living civilians.
Mozi has to stand on the standpoint of civilians and insist on this proposition. He regards all useless "clever, flashy" things as waste, and asks those who are powerful to live a poor and simple life like him.
No matter how he appeals, he won't get a response from the dignitaries. Let's study it carefully.
2. What Mohist thought advocates: universal love, non-aggression, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality, frugality, unhappiness, ambition, ignorance, and doomed to ten o'clock.
But the above are all skins, and the main purpose is "profit".
"Profit" is not what we use to belittle businessmen, but to benefit people all over the world.
So; In a book, it is often said: in addition to the harm of the world, it is beneficial to the world.
Thought is just a tool, and Mohism is characterized by practicing their thoughts and main points to achieve that result.
Universal love and complete fraternity (compared with Confucian kissing, the father is kind, the son is filial, the brother is friendly and the brother is caring. . And so on, to other strangers. )
Do not attack the war against aggression. The damage caused by war to the losers, the loss of life and talent, are meaningless acts of sabotage. For the winner, only a few cities and taxes have been harvested, but in general, the damage and losses are also huge, so the war is meaningless. )
Shang Xian is a meritocracy, regardless of rank.
Shang Tong is committed to serving the people and benefiting the society. (There is a saying that "Shang Tong" means that the son of heaven is the head of a hundred officials, while the people listen to the officials and are the same. This means "Shang Tong". )
Tianzhi grasps the laws of nature. (There is a saying that the emperor replaces heaven. Inferring from the same concept, the people act according to God's will. )
Ming ghosts respect the wisdom and experience of their predecessors. There is a saying that Mohism says that ghosts and gods are not superstitious, hoping to alert Chinese people to evil with the theory of ghosts and gods. )
Take control of your own destiny through hard work.
Non-music got rid of the shackles of hierarchical music and abolished the tedious and extravagant manufacture and performance of chimes. (Ancient music is time-consuming and expensive, and the country has no production, so it is useless. )
Save money to expand production. Oppose luxury and pleasure.
Holiday burial will not waste social wealth on the dead. (Confucian burial costs money, but it takes three years. After three years, people are weak and need help to start, which affects the productivity of the country. This is a waste. )
In addition, there is logic and so on. Mozi is also an outstanding scientist. He has made great contributions in mechanics, geometry, algebra and optics, which are beyond the reach of contemporary philosophers. Mohism's achievements in science have been praised by many scholars. Cai Yuanpei, the first director of education in the Republic of China, said: "Mozi was the only person who managed science in the pre-Qin period." Yang Xiangkui, a historian, said, "The scientific and technological achievements of Mohism in ancient China are equal to or exceed those of ancient Greece."
3. In the contention of a hundred schools of thought, the representatives of Confucianism, Taoism, France and Mohism, their thoughts and views, advocate Confucianism: the core of Confucius' Analects of Confucius is "benevolence", which means "love". He regards "benevolence" as the norm and purpose of benevolence, so that "benevolence" and "courtesy" can be used mutually, and advocates that rulers should be "Tao" to the people. And then realize the ideal of "great harmony" that he yearns for wholeheartedly. Mohist school: Mozi does not attack Mozi, and his ideas include: universal love, non-attack, frontier, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality and other Taoists. In politics, Laozi put forward the idea of "governing by doing nothing", which put forward the idea that "man should govern the land, the land should govern the sky, the sky should pipeline and the Tao should be natural"