"The Book of Songs·Wei Feng·Papaya"
Original text
You gave me papaya,
You gave me Qiongju in return.
The bandits are rewarded,
Always think it is good!
Give me peaches,
give me Qiongyao in return.
The bandits are rewarded,
Always think it is good!
You gave me wood and plums,
You gave me Qiongjiu in return.
The bandits are rewarded,
Always think it is good!
Translation
You give me papaya,
I will give you Qiongju in return.
It’s not to thank you,
Treasure your affection and stay with me forever.
You give me the wooden peach,
I will give you Qiong Yao in return.
It’s not to thank you,
Cherish your affection and stay with me forever.
You give me the wooden plum,
I will give you the Qiongjiu in return.
It’s not to thank you,
Cherish your affection and stay with me forever.
Appreciation
There is a sentence in "The Book of Songs·Daya·Yu" that "throw me a peach and repay you a plum". In later generations, "throw a peach and repay a plum" became an idiom, a metaphor for giving to each other. Answer, courtesy reciprocates. In comparison, although the article "Wei Feng·Papaya" also has the idiom "throw wood to repay gold" (such as "throw wood to return gold") derived from "throw in papaya (peach, plum), repay with Qiongju (Yao, Jiu)" There is a record in Song Dynasty You Miao's "Full Tang Shihua" of "throwing wood to repay the beauty, and the righteous general will be safe"), but the frequency of use of "throwing wood to repay the beauty" cannot be compared with "throwing the peach to repay the plum". However, if you think that "Yi" is recited to a higher degree than "Papaya" based on this, it would be a big mistake. After a little research, you will know that "Papaya" is the most widely recited "Book of Songs" today. 》One of the famous articles.
For such a well-known pre-Qin ancient poem with uncomplicated sentences, there are actually as many as seven ways to analyze its gist throughout the ages (according to statistics from Zhang Shubo's "Collection of Guofeng"), which is really a mystery. Very interesting thing. According to the "Preface to Mao's Poems" written in the Han Dynasty, it says: ""Papaya" is also a beautiful poem by Duke Huan of Qi. In the state of Wei, the Di people were defeated in Cao. Duke Huan of Qi rescued and sealed them, leaving behind the chariots and horses. The Wei people were defeated. People think about it and want to repay it generously, so they write poems." This statement was supported by Yan Can ("Shi Ji") and others in the Song Dynasty, and Wei Yuan ("Shi Gu Wei") and others supported it in the Qing Dynasty. According to Chen Qiaochong's "Research on the Remains of Lu Poems", the poems of the Three Families that are roughly at the same time as Mao's theory, the Lu poems "were written as tributes to the ministers". Wang Xianqian's "Collection of Poems of the Three Families" by Wang Xianqian has the same opinion. Starting from Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty, the theory of "men and women giving each other gifts" became popular. "Collected Poems" says: "If someone gives me a small thing, I should repay it with a big treasure, but it is not enough to repay it, but I hope it will last long. Thinking it is good will not forget it. Questioning is also a poem for men and women to answer each other, such as "Jing Nu". This reflects the innovative spirit of questioning the ancients in the Song Dynasty's "Poetry" school. However, this statement was refuted by Yao Jiheng, one of the important representatives of the independent thinking school of poetry in the Qing Dynasty. The General Theory of the Book of Songs said: "It is also ridiculous to treat (it) as a friend to give and answer, why must it be a man or a woman!" Modern scholars generally follow Zhu Xi's theory, and more clearly point out that this poem is a love poem. To be fair, since the textual semantics of the poem are very simple, there is a greater degree of freedom in exploring its theme. Just as the smaller the connotation of a concept, the greater its denotation. Therefore, it is not easy to deny a certain family theory easily. Very desirable. In view of this, the author tends to understand this poem in a broader sense and regard it as a poem that expresses deep affection through giving and answering.
The poem "Papaya" is very distinctive in terms of its chapter and sentence structure. First of all, there is no four-character sentence, the most typical sentence pattern in the Book of Songs. It's not that you can't use a four-character sentence (for example, if you use a four-character sentence, it becomes "throw me a papaya (peach, plum), and repay Qiongju (Yao, Jiu); the bandit will repay you, and you will always think it's good", it's the same), but The author intentionally or unintentionally uses this sentence pattern to create an ups and downs charm, which is easy to achieve the effect of both voice and emotion when singing. Secondly, the sentences have a very high degree of overlapping. Not to mention that the last two sentences of each chapter are exactly the same, even the first two sentences are only one word different, and although the words "Qiongju", "Qiongyao" and "Qiongjiu" have slightly different meanings, they have the same meaning, while "Papaya", "Papaya" According to the textual research of Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Prunus wood" and "Wu plum" are also plants of the same genus. The difference between them is roughly like the difference between tangerines, tangerines and oranges. In this way, we might as well say that the three chapters are basically repeated, and such a high degree of repetition is not very common in the entire "Book of Songs". The format looks like the song "Yangguan Sandie" written in the Tang Dynasty based on Wang Wei's poems, - -Of course this is determined by the duality of music and literature in The Book of Songs.
You give me fruit, and I give you beautiful jade in return. It is different from "reciprocating love" in that the value of what is given in return is much greater than what is received. This reflects a noble human emotion (including love). , also includes friendship). This kind of emotion is about heart-to-heart connection and spiritual agreement. Therefore, the things given back and their value actually only have a symbolic meaning here. They express the cherishment of others' affection for oneself, so it is said that " Bandits report."
"You gave me papayas (peaches, plums), and I repaid you with Qiongju (Yao, Jiu)", its deep meaning should be: Although the thing you gave me was papaya (peaches, plums), your affection is really more valuable than anything else. Qiongju (Yao, Jiu); I can't repay you with Qiongju (Yao, Jiu), but I can't fully express my gratitude to you. Niu Yunzhen of the Qing Dynasty commented on these words in his "Poetic Records": "For those who benefit more than papaya, using papaya as a metaphor is a way of lowering one frame to set off; Qiong Yao is enough to repay, but saying that bandit retribution is a way of peeling off another level." His words are not unreasonable, but it is obvious that he takes the basically abstract objects such as papaya and Qiong Yao too seriously. Other interpreters of this poem seem to have the same problem. In fact, the author is so broad-minded that he no longer has the heart to weigh the thickness and weight. What he wants to express is: cherishing and understanding the affection of others is the noblest affection.
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The Book of Songs·National Style·Peach Blossoms
Original text
The peach blossoms ① are as bright as their flowers ②.
The son will return to ③, and it will be suitable for his family ④.
The Tao Zhi Yao Yao has ⑤ truth.
When the son returns home, it is suitable for his family.
The peach is young, its leaves are pure.
When the son returns home, it will be a good time for his family.
Translation
The peach trees are full of buds on their branches,
The flowers are blooming as brilliantly as red clouds.
The girl is about to get married.
A harmonious couple is one family.
The peach trees are full of buds on their branches,
The fruits are falling from the trees.
The girl is about to get married.
A harmonious couple is one family.
The peach trees are full of buds on the branches,
The peach leaves are dense and green.
The girl is about to get married.
A harmonious couple is one family.
Interpretation
A simple and simple song that sings a woman’s hope and longing for married life when she gets married. It uses the lush branches and leaves and abundant fruits of a peach tree to metaphorize married life. of happiness. There is no heavy color in the song, no exaggeration, just plain and simple, just like the songs we are familiar with now and can be sung by anyone, such as "A Letter from Home", "My Deskmate" and "Xiao Fang". The charm lies precisely in this.
It conforms to a basic truth between heaven and earth: simple is good.
Just like a woman's makeup, the light makeup applied lightly with pink and white always has infinite charm. Where it is not there, it always feels like it is present, and where it is not there always feels like it is not there. Heavy makeup, thick powder and thick cream are not only gaudy, but also alienating. It makes people wonder how much real stuff is underneath the heavy makeup. Maybe after taking off the makeup, she looks like an old lady or has a face full of freckles.
Simplicity is simplicity, authenticity, reality, intimacy, and a lingering emotion that cannot be forgotten. Deliberate modification is kitsch, hypocritical, superficial, superficial, annoying, and vulgar as the ancients often said.
Simplicity and simplicity is not only a state of life, but also a state of art, and it is the highest state.
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Original text "The Book of Songs·National Style·Tang Style·Cricket"
The cricket is in the hall,
The years are full of joy. ①
I am not happy today.
The sun and the moon will take care of me. ②
No one has a great fortune, ③
Think of your job and where you live. ④
There is no waste of happiness, ⑤
The good scholar Qu Qu. ⑥
Crickets are in the hall,
The years are passing away. ⑦
I am not happy today,
The sun and the moon are advancing. ⑦
If you don’t have a good life,
Think about other things.
There is no waste of happiness,
A good man is in trouble. ⑧
The crickets are in the hall, and the carts are resting. ⑨
I am not happy today.
The sun and the moon are miserable. ⑩
No one has a great fortune,
Think about his worries.
There is no waste of happiness,
A good man will rest. ⑾
Translation
The cricket is in the main room,
The year is almost over.
I am not looking for fun today,
Time will never come back.
Don’t enjoy too much,
You have to shoulder your responsibilities.
Good things come true,
Wise men should take precautions.
Crickets are in the main room,
The year is coming to an end.
I am not looking for fun today,
Time is gone and will not stay.
Don’t enjoy happiness too much,
Seek other things as well.
Good things come true,
A wise man should strive.
The cricket is in the main room,
The chariot will be collected.
I am not looking for fun today,
Time cannot catch up.
Don’t enjoy your blessings too much,
think more about your worries.
Good things come true,
A wise man should be kind.
Appreciation 1
As far as poetry is concerned, the meaning of this article to encourage people to be diligent is very obvious, but the "Preface to Mao's Poems" says that it is "to assassinate Duke Xi of Jin. Frugality is not enough." "Etiquette, I wrote this poem out of compassion for it, hoping that it would be timely to use etiquette to entertain myself." Fang Yurun of the Qing Dynasty refutes it well: "In today's view of poetry, there is no such thing as 'thorn', nor does it mean 'frugality and lack of propriety'. How can I see that it must be for Duke Xi? The "Preface" is easy to follow, but it is unreasonable. It is often like this, so it must not be done. From "(The Original Book of Songs)", it was Wang Zhi of the Song Dynasty who first corrected the "Preface to Poems", and his "Poetry General Wen" pointed out that "this doctor is the one who warns", and the content of "warning" is " There is no harm in taking pleasure, but not doing so would be too much. Don't be too well, always think about your duties; don't be desolate, always have the attitude of a good person, and then do good." The explanation is reasonable and reasonable and consistent with the original poem. It is better than what he said. My "Selected Annotations to the Book of Songs" defines this chapter as "a poem that encourages people to be diligent", which was inspired by Wang Zhi's theory.
The three chapters in this article have the same meaning, and the first two sentences are sentimental. The poet moved the crickets from the wild to the house. The weather was getting colder and colder, and he thought that "seasons suddenly change again", and this year has reached the end of the year. The ancients often used the response of migratory insects to climate change to express the time sequence more easily. "The Book of Songs·Binfeng·July" writes: "July is in the wild, August is in the sky, September is at home, and in October crickets come under my bed." "September at Home" and "Crickets in the Hall" in this poem should refer to the same time. "July" uses the lunar calendar, while this poem uses the weekly calendar. The ninth month of the lunar calendar is the eleventh month of the weekly calendar. The poet in this article is feeling the crickets entering the house in November and lamenting that "the year has passed so badly." The first sentence in Fengfang's "Shi Shuo" is regarded as "Xing", while Zhu Xi's "Collected Poems" is regarded as "Fu". The understandings are from different perspectives and each has its own truth. As "Xing", it is different from some "Xing" containing "bi" in the Book of Songs. It has no direct meaning connection with the following, but it is inseparable from the deep emotional level, that is, it plays an emotional role. Therefore, from the perspective of "telling the story directly", it is "fu". From the perspective of triggering emotions, it is "Xing". This writing method of expressing feelings about things and cherishing them has a great influence on the poetry of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. It is often used in "Nineteen Ancient Poems" and is also commonly seen in Ruan Ji's "Eighty-two Songs of Huai", such as the fourteenth poem (according to "Ruan Ji Ji Collector's Notes" No. 1):
The cool air comes with the beginning of autumn, and crickets chirp on the bed curtains. Feeling things with deep sorrow, quietly making my heart sad. There are many words to tell, and the words will tell the truth...
The beginning is inseparable from the following, which is in the same vein as the starting sentence of "Cricket", but here the meaning of "sensing things" is clarified, and the three chapters of "Cricket" The fourth sentence directly introduces the narration: "Sui Mo" arouses the poet's emotion about the passage of time. He declares that he must seize the opportunity to have fun, otherwise it will be a waste of time. In fact, this is nothing more than retreating because of the desire to advance. The next four sentences are in response to the third and fourth sentences. The fifth and sixth sentences of the three chapters of the poem together mean: Don’t pursue pleasure excessively, you should think carefully about the work you are responsible for, and you should not be indifferent to extraneous matters. In particular, you should not just focus on the present, but also think about the worries that may arise in the future. . It can be seen that the word "thinking" is the main focus of the whole poem, and the "three precepts" have profound meaning. This repeated warning contains the poet's valuable life experience, and is a warning to himself and others. The last two sentences and three chapters are connected to say: If you like to have fun, don't waste your career. Like the wise men, you should always remind yourself to be diligent and progressive. Although the last four sentences are preaching, they are very measured. The poet affirms "good joy", but requires restraint within limits, that is, "good joy has no waste." This warning is still relevant today.
Some people judged the author of this poem to be a farmer based on the sentence "he rested on his cart". This was actually a misunderstanding. The poet did not say that he "rested on his cart", but only used the things he saw to arouse his emotions, because " The carts are resting, which means that the farmers and workers have nothing to do" (Kong Yingda's "Mao Shi Zhengyi"), so it is used to express the change of time sequence, which has the same meaning as "years of change." It is difficult to determine the identity of the author of this poem. Yao Jiheng said: "The word 'good scholar' in the poem is neither a king nor a noble person, but a poem by a scholar-bureaucrat." ("The Book of Songs") explain.
The whole poem is blurted out with feelings, straight from the heart, frank and sincere, expressed repeatedly in heavy chapters, and the language is natural and mid-section, without any modification. The rhyme is different from most articles in the Book of Songs. Two rhymes in one chapter are interlaced. The first, fifth, and seventh lines of each chapter have the same rhyme; the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth lines of each chapter have the same rhyme. The latter is a regular interline rhyme. The translated poem retains the original rhyme pattern.
(Jiang Lipu)