Xia dynasty (about 2 146- about 1675)
Shang dynasty (BC 1675- BC 1029)
Western Zhou Dynasty (about 1029- 77 1)
Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770- 256 BC)-Spring and Autumn Period (770- 476 BC)-Warring States Period (475- 2265438 BC+0 BC)
Qin dynasty (22 BC1-207 BC)
Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 BC)
(New Dynasty) (9-23)
Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220)
Wei (220-265)- Shu (22 1-263)- Wu (222-280)
Western Jin Dynasty (265-3 16)
Eastern Jin dynasty (3 17-420)- Wuhu sixteen countries (304-439)
Southern and Northern Dynasties (386-556)
Sui (58 1-6 19)
Tang (6 18-907)
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-978 AD)
Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127) Liao (9 16- 1 125) Xixia (1038- 1227).
Southern Song Dynasty (1 127- 1279) Gold (115438+0234)
Yuan (1206- 1368)
Ming (1368- 1644)
Qing (1644-1911)
Three Sages King and Five Emperors —— Legendary Rulers of China in Ancient Times.
Pan Gu
Is the protagonist of the well-known story of Pangu's creation of the world. It is said that Pangu opened the world with an axe. This story spread to the Northern Wei Dynasty and then to the North via Li Daoyuan. Since then, Pangu has evolved from a myth spread among southern ethnic minorities into the legendary ancestor of the Chinese nation.
Youchao family
The legend of Youchao family has been recorded in ancient books in pre-Qin period. He is the legendary inventor of nesting. This legend reflects China's entry from cave to nest in primitive times.
Nu Wa's Family
The name of Nu Wa comes from Qu Yuan's Tian Wen: "Nu Wa has a body, who made it?" It means: Who made Nu Wa's body? Legend has it that Nu Wa made up the sky by refining stones and created human beings. This is a reflection of the myth of matriarchal society.
Suirenshi
Sui Renshi is a legendary inventor, which has been recorded in ancient books before Qin Dynasty.
Fu Xishi
Fu, also known as Bao, has made great contributions to the people. "Bao family gossip, understand the virtues of the gods, the feelings of all things." He also invented "tethered net fishing" to benefit the people.
Shennong
Shennong is the legendary Emperor Yan. Emperor Yan is the sun god of China, and it is said that he is also the god of agriculture, teaching people to farm, and also the god of medicine. According to legend, Shennong tasted a hundred herbs and made medicine. Legend has it that Shennong died of poisonous herbs he tried.
Yellow Emperor
The Yellow Emperor is the legendary ancestor of the Chinese nation. The surname is Gongsun, who lives in the hill of Xuanyuan, hence the name Xuanyuan. There are bears in China, also known as the Xiong family.
The emperor is flexible and eloquent, with noble moral sentiments, and is regarded as the leader of nomadic tribes in northwest China. He formed an alliance with Emperor Yan, defeated the invasion of Jiuli nationality led by Chiyou, and became the leader of the tribal alliance on behalf of Shennong, becoming the "Yellow Emperor". According to legend, there were many inventions during the Yellow Emperor period, such as sericulture, boating, writing, temperament, arithmetic, medicine and so on.
Yao, Shun, Xia, Shang and Zhou in history are all descendants of the Yellow Emperor, so they are called "descendants of Xuanyuan" and "descendants of the Yellow Emperor".
zhuanxu
Zhuan Xu, surnamed Ji,No. Lai. The grandson of the Yellow Emperor and the son of Changyi. At the age of twenty, the Yellow Emperor passed on the throne to him.
After the political reform, Zhuan Xu carried out an important religious reform. When they arrived in Zhuan Xu, the Jiuli people conquered by the Yellow Emperor still believed in witchcraft and worshipped ghosts and gods. Zhuan Xu banned witchcraft and forced them to obey the education of Huangdi clan, which promoted the integration between clans. He reigned for 78 years and died in his 90s. There are many descendants of Zhuan Xu, and Qu Yuan claimed to be a descendant of Zhuan Xu.
Di Ku
Last name is Ji, first name, great-grandson of Huangdi. When Di Ku was in power, he had a lot of talents and managed the country well. Di Ku ruled for more than 70 years.
Diyao
Yao Di, surnamed Yin Qi,no. Fang Xun. Because he was sealed in the Tang Dynasty, he was called "Tang Yao". Because of his high respect, people fell in love with Emperor Yao. He is serious and respectful, radiant, clear from top to bottom, can unite people's hearts and make all ethnic groups unite as one and live in harmony. Yao is simple, eating coarse rice and drinking wild vegetable soup. Nature is loved by the people.
In Yao's later years, on April 12th, Mu recommended the successor of the military leader of the tribal alliance, and everyone unanimously recommended Shun. Emperor Yao married his two daughters to Shun, made a long-term investigation on him, and finally gave up safely.
Dishun
Yao is called "Zhong Hua" because of his legendary eyes and double pupils. It is good to be at home, so it is called Yu Shun. Shun's father has a brother named Xiang. Due to the recommendation in April, Yao ordered him to take over his leadership position and married his two daughters. The main deeds of Shun recorded in Yao Dian are: ordering Hou Ji to plant hundreds of grains on time; Digging ditches for irrigation; Dredge rivers and control floods; Declare five punishments and destroy the four murderous families. Shun knows that people are good at choosing capable people. For example, Shun appointed many official positions: he appointed Yu as an agent in charge of water and soil; Abandoned as Hou Ji, in charge of agriculture; Life contract to Stuart, in charge of the five major religions; Hao Tao was ordered to administer five punishments and so on. When Shun was the leader of the League, he did all the work well, creating a harmonious situation in ancient times, so Shun became the most powerful ally of the Central Plains. As "Historical Records" said, "Virtue in the world begins with the emperor". In fact, when Shun was in power, the prototype of the state machine had already existed. Zen is located after death.
Most people think that Sui Ren, Fu and Shen Nong are also called "Three Yellows", while Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Yao Di and Shun Di are also called "Five Emperors". These views originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
summer
The Xia Dynasty (about 2 146 BC-0/675 BC) began and eventually became Jie Di, *** 17 years. In the summer, private ownership began to appear, and the demise system of clan society came to an end and was replaced by hereditary system. Society developed from primitive society to slave society. Xia dynasty's surname.
At the end of the Xia Dynasty, the internal affairs of the Xia royal family were not repaired, foreign invasion continued, and class contradictions became increasingly acute. Seeing that the time was ripe to attack valerian, Shang Tang called for the "mandate of heaven" and asked everyone to make an all-out attack and carry out God's will. In the Battle of Mingtiao, Shang Tang's army defeated the other army, and Jie escaped and died in the South Nest, and the Xia Dynasty perished.
Due to the lack of historical materials of the Xia Dynasty, many people doubt whether there was a Xia Dynasty in history. However, the lineage of Xia Dynasty recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji is as clear as that of Shang Dynasty recorded in Yin Benji, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Anyang Yin Ruins also confirmed the lineage of Shang Dynasty. In this way, on the basis of archaeologists' further understanding of the material and cultural remains of Shang Dynasty, such as Yin Ruins in Anyang and Zhengzhou Shopping Mall, etc. Put forward the research topic of Xia culture exploration, hoping to find the material and cultural remains of Xia dynasty through archaeological means, and then restore the history of Xia dynasty.
According to documents, ancient historians suggest that Xia people may have lived in two areas: one is Dengfeng, Yuxian and Luoyang Plain near Songshan Mountain in western Henan; One is the lower reaches of Fenshui River in the south of Shanxi.
business
The Shang Dynasty (about BC 1675-BC 1029), which started in Shang Tang and ended in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, enjoyed the country for 646 years. Because Shang Dynasty was once the capital of Yin, it was also called Yin Shang. Slavery developed greatly in Shang Dynasty, and reached a higher level in culture and bronze smelting. The surname of Shang Dynasty. Shang Wang is the first brother and the second son.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Shang Tang learned a profound lesson from the demise of the Xia Dynasty, abolished the tyranny of cruelly oppressing the people, and adopted the policy of "forgiving the people and governing the business", which eased the internal contradictions of the Shang Dynasty, stabilized the political situation, and became increasingly powerful. He conquered many countries around him, won a series of victories and became a powerful country. According to documents, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times. Archaeologists have found important remains of large palaces, tombs and workshops in these four sites, such as Palace No.1 found in the middle of Erlitou site, with an area of 10000 square meters. In the late Shang dynasty, domestic contradictions were very sharp, and the governors of the four sides also rebelled. Faced with this situation, Di Xin, King of Shang Dynasty, did not think about reform, did not listen to advice, and blindly pursued a life of extravagance and extravagance, further intensifying domestic contradictions. At the same time, militaristic, mobilized troops to conquer Dongyi, increased the burden on the people, and made the domestic forces empty. Zhou Wuwang's army attacked Konoha, a suburb of Shang Dynasty, but the army of Shang Dynasty had no fighting spirit, and "former disciples defected" cleared the way for the army of King Wu. Seeing that the tide was over, Di Xin fled to Lutai, took out the jade treasure, and set himself on fire and died. Shang dynasty is over.
Western Zhou Dynasty
The Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1097- BC 77 1) began with King Wen and ended with King You, Emperor *** 13. The ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty abandoned his name, and the descendants abandoned his agricultural teacher and worked as Yao and Shun. Zhou Chaoji's surname.
Zhou people have a long history and have been active in Shaanxi and Gansu for a long time. By the beginning of BC 1 1 century, the power of the Zhou clan was getting stronger and stronger. Its continuous eastward advancement aggravated the contradiction with Shang Dynasty. Political corruption in Shang Dynasty at this time. King Wen thought that the conditions for cutting merchants were ripe, and before he died, he asked Prince Fafa (King Wu) to actively prepare for cutting merchants. After King Wu ascended the throne, 300 troops, 45,000 infantry and 3,000 warriors (stormtroopers) marched eastward. Many small countries also led the troops to meet. Zhou Wuwang took an oath in Mu Ye, recounting the sins of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Shang Zhouwang sent170,000 troops to attack Zhou Jun, but the former army defected and led Zhou Jun to attack. Shang Zhouwang fled and died in Lutai. Since then, the history of China has entered the Zhou Dynasty.
After the negotiations between the King of Wu and Shang Dynasty, the clansmen and heroic advisers with the same surname were divided into different regions, and a vassal state was established. King Wu sealed Shang Zhou's son Wu Geng (Luf) in Shangdu to control the merchants; Appointed his brothers Guan Shu, Cai Shu and Huo Shu as Hou to supervise Wu Geng; Duke Zhou was sealed in Lu, Jiang Shang in Qi and Zhao Gong in Yan. After Zhou Wuwang's death, Duke Zhou was the Regent because he was a young king. Guan Shu and Cai Shu were dissatisfied with the Duke of Zhou, saying that the Duke of Zhou was interested in seeking a position. Soon, Wu Geng colluded with Guan and Cai to launch a rebellion. It took the Duke of Zhou three years to send his troops to the East, and finally put down the rebellion between Wu Geng and Guan and Cai. The overall victory of the crusade consolidated the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.
The social economy of the Western Zhou Dynasty was more developed than that of the Shang Dynasty. The extensive use of slave production has provided more surplus labor products for the society and promoted the development of various handicrafts. The production of bronze industry has been further expanded. Characters are also used more widely. There have also been many new advances in science and technology such as agriculture, animal husbandry, textile, metallurgy, architecture, astronomy and geography. These achievements have brought about changes in people's production and life. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, people had mastered the technology of artificial iron smelting.
* * * and the first year (84 BC1) are the exact dates in the history of China. After Zhou Xuanwang ascended the throne, in order to relieve the threat of Rong Di, he launched a defensive war against Rong Di and won. In the war against Jingchu and Huaiyi, it also won some victories, so it was called "Zhongxing". However, various contradictions still exist in society, and the whole society is still in turmoil. Wang You, son of Xuan Wang, loves and praises you. Shen Hou colluded with Dog Rong to attack Zhou Wang, and killed You Wang at the foot of Mount Li. Dog Rong took the opportunity to plunder a lot of treasures. The Western Zhou Dynasty is over. Appropriate mortar with the help of governors, ascended the throne, is for the king. He moved to Luoyi, and history entered the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 BC)
In 77 1 year BC, the dog Rong killed the king of seclusion and destroyed the Western Zhou Dynasty. The following year (770 BC), Prince Wang You announced moxibustion and moved the capital from Haojiang to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan), which was called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history. In the fifty-ninth year of Zhou Nanwang (256 BC), the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was destroyed by Qin, and * * * spread to twenty-five kings, which lasted for 5 15 years.
After Zhou Youwang's death, Prince Yi Jiu acceded to the throne for Wang Ping. In view of the ruin of Hao Jing and the threat of dog Rong, in 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi and established the Eastern Zhou Dynasty under the protection of princes such as Zheng, Qin and Jin. According to Zuo Zhuan, there were more than 140 countries in the Spring and Autumn Period. Among them, Qi, Jin, Chu, Qin, Lu, Song, Zheng, Wei, Chen, Cai and wuyue are more important.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was widely used in Niu Geng. The excavation of plowshare crowns in subways in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan and Hebei shows that plowing has been popularized in the Central Plains. Water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the climax of water conservancy construction focusing on farmland irrigation gradually appeared. There are many types of water conservancy projects, such as pond water storage, irrigation and flood diversion, canal irrigation and multi-head water diversion. The architectural technology of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty has reached a high level. The famous Luban, that is, Lu Guoren, is an outstanding representative of folk craftsmen, and later generations are honored as the founder. Most of the architectural relics of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty found in archaeological excavations are palace ruins, and the most common architectural components unearthed are tile-slabs, bronze bucket arches, bronze ornaments, bronze house models and so on. From this, we can imagine the grandeur of palace architecture in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, great powers fought for hegemony and wars were frequent. Due to the political, military and economic needs, the vassal States spared no effort to expand roads to more remote and dangerous places on the basis of the traffic trunk lines of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which objectively promoted the development of traffic. The Silk Road, which spread westward in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, even crossed Eurasia. At that time, the use of carriages was very common. At this time, the "Ji Wang" directly under the jurisdiction of the Emperor of Heaven was greatly reduced under the constant harassment of Emperor Rong and the constant encroachment of governors. In the end, there are only one or two hundred miles left in Chengzhou Fiona Fang, which is the site of the western corner of Henan today; At the same time, the emperor's power to control the vassals and his direct military power were increasingly lost. The son of heaven not only demands from the ruler economically, but also is often dominated by the ruler politically. But the son of heaven, in the name of the Lord of "* * *", still has appeal. As a result, some vassal States, which became stronger with the development of local economy, actively developed their own power under the banner of the royal family.
Qin dynasty
The Qin Dynasty (2265438-207 BC) began with the first emperor Ying Zheng and ended with the emperors Hu Hai and Qin Ershi. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified feudal empire in China. Although it is not long, its position is extremely important.
In the late Warring States period, after Shang Yang's political reform, Qin had entered a stage of rapid development, which created material conditions for the annexation of six countries. During the twenty-six years from his accession to the throne (247 BC) to becoming Qin Shihuang, the six countries of Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi were eliminated successively, and a unified multi-ethnic centralized state was established.
Qin Shihuang carried out a series of measures to strengthen centralization and consolidate national unity: the emperor has supreme power, and ministers only have the right to participate in and discuss state affairs, but have no decision-making power; The central government mainly includes prime minister, censor and Qiu, which are called three public offices, and are divided into administration, supervision and military affairs. The local county system is implemented, and the world is divided into 36 counties, with unified measurement, currency and writing; Construction of equator, straight road, water conservancy and lingqu throughout the country; Move ten thousand surnames to fill in the border and sentence criminals to guard the border; The Great Wall of Wan Li was built on the basis of the Great Wall built in the Warring States Period to prevent the Huns from invading. At the same time, Qin Shihuang practiced brutal rule, levied a lot of hard labor, built palace gardens and tombs, entrapped Confucian scholars and burned books to entrap Confucianism. At the end of the first emperor, people all over the country were already in general resentment and dissatisfaction.
After the death of the first emperor, II was fatuous, and under the control of Zhao Gao, the tyranny was even worse than that of the first emperor. In July of the first year of II (209 BC), a peasant uprising led by defenders Chen Sheng and Guangwu finally broke out. The flames of the uprising spread rapidly. The anti-Qin struggle was led by Xiang Yu, an old aristocrat of the six countries, and Liu Bang, a junior official of the former Qin Dynasty, respectively. By this time, Zhao Gao had killed Prime Minister Reese, then killed II, and made Sun Ziying the first emperor of Qin. In 207 BC, Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun, and Qin Jun was completely annihilated in the Battle of Julu. In 206 BC, Liu Bang entered the customs, Zi Ying left the city, and Qin died. History has entered the stage of Chu-Han War between Chu King headed by Xiang Yu and Hanwang headed by Liu Bang. In the first 202 years, Xiang Yu was defeated and Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor.