Zhu Ziqing, formerly known as Zihua, with the courtesy name Peixian and the nickname Qiushi, was born on the ninth day of October in the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu (November 22, 1898) and died on August 12, 1948. Modern Famous essayist, poet, scholar, and democratic fighter. Originally from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.
Because three generations have settled in Yangzhou, and he graduated from Jiangsu No. 8 Middle School in Yangzhou at that time, and worked as a teacher in Yangzhou, he calls himself a "Yangzhou native". He is a famous modern writer and scholar. Zhu Ziqing's grandfather, Zhu Zeyu, was named Jupo and his original surname was Yu. He changed his surname because he inherited the Zhu family name. He was a cautious person and served as a judge in Donghai County, Jiangsu Province for more than 10 years during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty. His father's name is Hongjun, also known as Xiaopo. He is married to Zhou and is a scholar. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (1901), Zhu Hongjun went from Donghai to Shaobo Town, Yangzhou Prefecture, and took office. Two years later, the family moved to Yangzhou City and settled in Yangzhou ever since. In 1948, Zhu Ziqing participated in the movement to refuse to accept relief food from the United States because he opposed the U.S. government's pro-Japanese policy. He was already suffering from lung disease and became even more frail. He finally died of poverty and illness at the age of 50.
Zhu Ziqing and Chen Zhuyin. Zhu Ziqing, whose original name was Zhu Zihua, also named Peixian and Qiushi, was born on November 22, 1898 and died on August 12, 1948. Originally from Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Because three generations have settled in Yangzhou, and he graduated from Jiangsu No. 8 Middle School in Yangzhou at that time, and worked as a teacher in Yangzhou, he calls himself a "Yangzhou native". He is a famous modern writer and scholar. Zhu Ziqing lived in Yangzhou for 13 years and spent his childhood and adolescence here. His feelings about this period of life in the ancient city were subtle and complex. Probably because life was too monotonous, he later said that only "thin shadows" of childhood memories were left, "like being washed away by a flood of water, so lonely that it was shocking!" However, in the long and tortuous journey of life, , after all, it was the first "inn" when I was a child.
Zhu Ziqing has 27 kinds of works, totaling about 1.9 million words, including poetry, prose, literary criticism, academic research, etc. Most of them were included in the 4-volume "Collected Works of Zhu Ziqing" published by Kaiming Bookstore in 1953. In 1988, Jiangsu Education Press once again comprehensively collected, organized and published Zhu Ziqing's Complete Works in six volumes. Although Zhu Ziqing began to compose new poems after the May 4th Movement, "Qinhuai River in the Shadow of Oars and Lanterns" published in 1923 showed his talent in prose writing. From then on, he devoted himself to prose creation and made remarkable achievements. The collection of essays "Back" published in 1928 made Zhu Ziqing a famous prose writer at that time.
Zhu Ziqing's prose is mainly narrative and lyrical essays. The themes of his works can be divided into three series: the first is a group of essays whose main content is to write about social life and criticize the dark reality. Representative works include "The Price of Life-Seven Cents" and "Caucasians-The Proud Son of God". ” and “The Massacre of the Ruling Government”. The second is a group of prose represented by "Back", "Children" and "Mourning for the Dead Wife", which mainly describe personal and family life, express the human relations between father and son, husband and wife, and friends, and have a strong human touch. Third, there is a group of lyrical sketches focusing on natural scenery, such as "Green", "Spring", "Qinhuai River in the Sound of Oars and Shadows of Lights", "Moonlight over the Lotus Pond", etc., which are his representative masterpieces. The latter two types of prose are the most outstanding ones written by Zhu Ziqing. Among them, "Back View" and "Moonlight over the Lotus Pond" are even more popular. His prose is simple and meticulous, clear, meaningful and melancholy. It is refined with language and is famous for its clear and beautiful writing style, which is full of true feelings.
[Edit this paragraph] Famous Masters on Peixian
Mao Zedong commented that he "exhibited the heroic spirit of our nation"
During the Kuomintang rule in Beijing, prices soared , the professors at Peking University cannot survive. The Kuomintang distributed relief food from the US military to people. However, a group of professors represented by Mr. Zhu would rather starve to death than receive relief food. At that time, Zhu Ziqing was already swollen and weak from hunger, but he still told his family "Don't go" while lying in bed. So, Mr. Zhu passed away like this.
Yu Dafu's "Second Collection of Prose in the New Chinese Literature Series·Introduction": Although Zhu Ziqing is a poet, his prose can still be full of poetic flavor. Among the prose writers of the Literary Research Association, apart from Ms. Bing Xin, he is the most beautiful in his articles.
"Mr. Zhu Peixian" by Ye Shengtao: When it comes to the perfection of style and the ability to write words, Mr. Zhu should be mentioned first.
Every time I re-read Brother Pei Xian's prose, I recall the pleasure of listening to his chats. The sea and the sky are vast at all times and in all countries, and they are full of interest without pretending to be profound. I often think, haven’t I also had his experience and thoughts like this? When I was just fleeting, he held on tightly. He can also express it appropriately, whether it is light or strong, and the taste is extremely positive and mellow. "
Lin Fei's "Notes on Sixty Modern Prose Masters": Zhu Ziqing's success lies in his ability to delicately express his inner feelings about natural scenery through precise observation.
Zhu Dexi's "Discussing Zhu Ziqing's Prose": Zhu Ziqing's prose is very particular about language, and he never relaxes even when it comes to one word or two. However, his emphasis on language is by no means a pile of words.
Wu Han
"Zhu Ziqing is seriously ill and would rather starve to death than receive 'relief food' from the United States" ("Selected Works of Mao Zedong", Volume 4, Page 1495) I am very concerned about this incident. I feel particularly kind, sad and indignant about the matter. More than ten years have passed since the incident, and now when I read these few sentences, the scene at that time is still vivid in my mind. The so-called "relief food" is this: In June 1948, the legal currency of the then Kuomintang government was depreciating all the time like the river eastward, and buying a pack of cigarettes cost tens of thousands of yuan. Professors' salaries are rising month by month, but the legal currency is depreciating faster and prices are rising faster. Professors who used to live a relatively comfortable life are now finding it difficult to survive just like the majority of the people. Especially for people with large families, life is even more difficult. The Kuomintang government is also aware of the resentment of the people, especially the intellectuals in colleges and universities, who cannot stand this situation. So they used a trick and issued a purchase certificate, which allowed them to buy "US-aided flour" at a lower price. At this time, the U.S. government was actively supporting Japan, and U.S. Ambassador to China Leighton Stuart made slanderous and insulting calls to the Chinese people. On the one hand, it is buying things at a low price, on the other hand, it is supporting Japan and insulting the Chinese people. Some of us discussed that we should expose the Kuomintang government's conspiracy, protest against the insults of the US government, and issue a public statement.
The statement is as follows:
In order to oppose the U.S. government’s pro-Japanese policy, and to protest against the slander and insult of the Chinese people by the U.S. Consul General in Shanghai, Robert Cabold, and the U.S. Ambassador to China, Leighton Stuart, In order to show the dignity and integrity of the Chinese people, we categorically reject all charity materials from the United States that have the nature of buying souls, whether purchased or given. The following people agree to refuse to buy affordable flour from the US aid and unanimously return their shopping certificates. This is hereby stated.
June 17, 1937
The statement was written and signatures were collected. As usual, it was decided that each person would be responsible for contacting a number of people, including older professors. Most of them are for me to run errands for. I took the manuscript to Mr. Zhu Ziqing. At that time, he had severe stomach problems and could only eat very little. If he ate more, he would vomit. His face was thin and his voice was deep. He has many children and his life is more difficult than anyone else. But as soon as he read the manuscript, he immediately signed it without hesitation. He has always written in a well-behaved manner. This time, he still signed his name meticulously with trembling hands. Here, it should also be explained that after returning to Tsinghua University from Kunming in 1946, his attitude changed significantly and he was no longer silent. He opposed the civil war and hated the Kuomintang. His views on the Communist Party also began to change. He once recited poetry from the liberated areas at public meetings, and sometimes even performed yangko in disguise with the students, making his head covered with sweat. I always came to him in the struggle against some of the United States' manifestos, telegrams, statements, etc., against the Kuomintang. As soon as he saw me, he understood the purpose of my visit and said, "Is it signed?" After reading the manuscript, he wrote his name. As far as I can remember, probably eight or nine times out of ten he signed it. There are also times when I don’t sign because the words are too irritating. This time, I also found some other professors, all of whom I knew well or lived nearby. Most of them signed up, but they also encountered difficulties. There was a professor who only had three children, but his answer was simple: "No! I still want to live!" Zhu Ziqing's stomach disease was caused by hunger, and he had to feed his large family. In the later years of Kunming, someone calculated that the salary of people like us was only about ten yuan in pre-war silver dollars. Zhu Ziqing is concerned about politics, but he rarely expresses his opinions. He can be said to be gentle and not angry. During the Anti-Japanese War, the news was blocked by the Kuomintang. People in the rear area did not know the true situation of the Kuomintang's passive resistance to Japanese imperialism but active friction against the Communist Party, setting off several anti-Japanese upsurges. He believes that as long as he resists, he should live a harder life and complain less. Although he sympathized with many political activities in Kunming, he rarely participated in them. When the Kuomintang reactionaries assassinated Wen Yiduo, he felt extremely indignant. After he was demobilized and returned to Peiping, he saw the U.S. imperialists helping the Kuomintang to launch a civil war and fight fiercely. His attitude changed and he stood up in front of the U.S. imperialists and their lackeys, the Kuomintang reactionaries, with few exceptions. , he joined our ranks. There are several things worth mentioning. One is his efforts in compiling "The Complete Works of Wen Yiduo". I pointed out in the postscript of the complete works:
Mr. Pei Xian has been an old friend of Yiduo for more than ten years. Together with his colleagues, he spent a year collecting posthumous documents, editing and correcting them for this book. A table of contents was drawn up... In a word, without Mr. Pei Xian's efforts, this collection would not have been edited.
At that time, the act of compiling and printing the complete works of Yiduo was a protest and condemnation of the Kuomintang reactionaries. On the contrary, compared with some people, these people were once classmates or old classmates of Yiduo and had friendship for 20 or 30 years. However, after Yiduo's death, they never cared about it and did not write a commemoration. text. Another thing is his love for young students. To give an example, there was a fight between two students in his department, one from the Democratic Youth League and the other from the Kuomintang’s Three Youth League. The reason for the fight was of course political, and both men complained to the teacher. Mr. Ziqing was afraid that his classmate Minqing would suffer a loss, so he secretly persuaded him to give in. After I learned about this incident, I wrote a letter to express my opinion, asking him to consider who was right and who was wrong politically. I probably said it in a sharper tone.
He came to my house the next day and explained his intentions very seriously. Chunqiu reproached the sage. He said a few words about the progressive students in order to protect him from the revenge of the Three Youth League. At the same time, He also agreed that my opinion was correct. Afterwards, I told my classmate from Minqing about this situation, and this classmate was also very moved. Although he did not express his opposition to the Kuomintang's spy rule loudly, it can be seen from an incident that I personally encountered. At this time, in order to save the fate of being on the verge of death, the Kuomintang reactionaries strengthened their spy control over colleges and universities. In order to protest, I wrote an academic paper "Schools in the Early Ming Dynasty", which was about the early Ming Dynasty and criticized the Kuomintang reactionaries, and sent it to the school publication "Journal of Tsinghua University" for publication. Some of the editors of the journal were members of the Kuomintang. Of course they refused to publish it because they thought it was not an academic article. I talked with Mr. Ziqing, who is also an editorial member of the journal. He wrote to the editor-in-chief and strongly advocated publication, and finally published this article. From this incident, we can see the changes in his thoughts and feelings.
Because he had been suffering from stomach problems for a long time, his body was too weak, but he also understood that daybreak was coming, the dark clouds were about to pass, and good days were coming. He felt relieved and wrote two poems under the glass plate on his desk: "But the sunset is infinitely good, so why should I feel melancholy as it approaches dusk." This was adapted from the Tang Dynasty poet Li Shangyin's poem "The sunset is infinitely good, but it is only near dusk." . These two lines of poetry express his mood at that time very aptly.
On July 23, a symposium on "Today's Tasks of Intellectuals" was held in the Gongzi Hall of Tsinghua University. This was the last political event he participated in. I personally went to his house to invite him and walked with him from the North Courtyard to the I-shaped Hall. He walked for a while, stopped for a while, and said to me intermittently: "You are right, we are on the right path. However, people like me are not used to it yet. To educate us, we have to do it slowly. This is the same as I'm going to fuck you." He also made a speech during the meeting, and the main point was the same. He said: "There are two paths for intellectuals: one is to accomplice and climb up, both in feudal society and capitalist society. This kind of people. One thing is downward. Intellectuals can move up or down, so they are a class rather than a class. It is not easy for many intellectuals to live a mass life now. /p>
It’s not like you’re unwilling to accept it rationally. You know you should accept it rationally, but you can’t change it out of habit.”
Mr. Ziqing knows rationally. He has taken another step forward to put aside his vested interests and live a life of the masses. This is a big step forward. He refused to buy US-aid flour. After signing, he recorded the incident in his diary that day: June 18. This matter required a monthly loss of 6 million French currency, which greatly affected the family, but I still decided to sign. Since the rest of the group opposes the United States and supports Japan, they should directly start from themselves. This shows his determination.
Not only that, the day before his death, he also told his wife: "One thing you have to remember is that I signed the document rejecting the US aid of flour!" Mr. Ziqing was an old man. A typical figure among the intellectuals of the times, he was once a liberal. He did not like to participate in political activities, especially more intense and combative political activities. However, he has a sense of justice. As the Kuomintang and U.S. imperialism intensified their enslavement and oppression of the Chinese people, and launched armed provocations, massacres, and suppression of the Chinese people, he couldn't stand it anymore. He spoke and acted, expressing his attitude through cultural life, reciting poetry and performing Yangko.
On the other hand, he resolutely refused to take the middle line, the third way. At that time, someone asked him to join the middle line publication "New Road" run by the Kuomintang, but he resolutely refused. But he attended our symposium despite being ill.
He could distinguish between right and wrong, likes and dislikes. In his declining years, he finally took a clear stand. He raised his head and straightened his spine. He would rather starve to death and resolutely refuse the enemy's "relief". This kind of moral character , this kind of integrity is worth learning from us today. "We Chinese have backbone. Many people who were once liberals or democratic individualists stood up in front of the American imperialists and their lackeys, the Kuomintang reactionaries." ("Selected Works of Mao Zedong" Volume 4, page 1499 ) Comrade Mao Zedong praised the integrity of Wen Yiduo and Zhu Ziqing and said, "We should write an ode to Wen Yiduo and an ode to Zhu Ziqing." This is the responsibility of our surviving comrades, especially Mr. Yiduo and Mr. Ziqing. Such an ode to the heroism of our nation remains to be seen in the future. This article can only be regarded as some memories caused by re-reading "Farewell, Stuart" [Edit this paragraph] Introduction to the work
Zhu Ziqing's prose is mainly narrative and lyrical essays. The themes of his works can be divided into three series: the first is a group of essays whose main content is to write about social life and criticize the dark reality. Representative works include "The Price of Life-Seven Cents" and "Caucasians-The Proud Son of God". ” and “The Massacre of the Ruling Government”. The second is a group of prose represented by "Back", "Children", "Mourning for the Dead Wife" and "Spring", which mainly describe personal and family life, express the human relations between father and son, husband and wife, and friends, and have a strong human touch. Thirdly, a group of lyrical sketches based on natural scenery, such as "Green", "Qinhuai River in the Sound of Oars and Lights", "Moonlight over the Lotus Pond", etc., are his representative masterpieces, accompanying the joys, sorrows and joys of generations after generations. .
The latter two types of prose are the most outstanding ones written by Zhu Ziqing. Among them, "Back View" and "Moonlight over the Lotus Pond" are even more popular. His prose is simple and meticulous, clear, meaningful and melancholy. It is refined with language and is famous for its clear and beautiful writing style, which is full of true feelings.
The emotional sincerity of Zhu Ziqing's prose is even more well-known. His "Back View", "Mourning for the Dead Woman", etc. are known as "the first-class love literature in the world". In the light pen and ink, there is a deep feeling, without any pretense, but with touching power. Especially in "Back View", the depth of Zhu Ziqing's feelings for his father Zhu Hongjun makes readers feel a little nostalgic and moved. In his articles such as "On Realism and Picturesqueness", "On Slogans", and "Preface to Zhong Ming's "The Heart-wrenching Lip Record"", he emphasized that "truth" and "is nature", emphasized that "rhetoric establishes its sincerity", and emphasized that " Both publicity and writing cannot lack...a sincere attitude." It is this "sincere attitude" that makes him pour his true feelings into every word. And this kind of joy, anger, sorrow, and joy revealed from the depths of the soul is more likely to arouse readers' screams. Zhu Ziqing embarked on the road of literature and was initially famous for his poetry. He published the long poem "Destruction" and some short poems, which were included in "Snow Dynasty" and "Traces". Since the mid-1920s, he has devoted himself to prose creation, and has authored the collections of essays "Back", "Miscellaneous Notes on European Travel", "You and Me", "Miscellaneous Notes on London" and essay collections "Standards and Measures" and "On Elegance and Popularity" *Rewards" etc. His prose includes landscape essays, travel notes, lyrical essays and essays. First, there are the meticulous and fluent and beautiful poems describing the scenery such as "Qinhuai River in the Shadow of Oars and Lamps" and "Moonlight over the Lotus Pond", which show the achievements of vernacular literature; followed by the most affectionate works such as "Back View", "Children", and "Mourning the Dead Wife" , established a model of "conversational style" prose that is rich in quality, natural and friendly; finally, it achieved the unity of poet, scholar, and fighter with a mixed essay with subtle talk and full of rationality. He contributed to the construction of modern prose in a simple, lyrical and authentic style.
As a scholar, he has made achievements in research on poetry theory, classical literature, new literature history and Chinese education. His treatises include "Miscellaneous Discussions on New Poetry", "Poetry Commentary", "Classics", "Teaching Chinese Language" (co-authored with Ye Shengtao) and the lecture notes "Outline of Research on Chinese New Literature", etc. His writings are included in "The Complete Works of Zhu Ziqing" (Jiangsu Education Press). .
"Snow Dynasty" (a collection of poems) was published in 1922 by Business
"Back" (a collection of prose) was published in Kaiming in 1928
"Traces" (a collection of poems and prose) was published in Yadong in 1929 Library
"Miscellaneous Notes on Travels in Europe" (a collection of essays) was published in Kaiming in 1934
"You and Me" (a collection of essays) was published in 1936, Business
"London Miscellaneous Notes" (collection of essays) published in 1943, Kaiming
"Chinese Language Teaching" (collection of essays) published in 1945, Kaiming
"Classics" (collection of essays) 1946 Published by Wenguang
"Shi Yan Zhi Bian" (Poetry Theory) published in 1947, Kaiming
"New Poetry Miscellanies" (Poetry Theory) published in 1947, Writer's Bookstore
p>"Standards and Standards" (a collection of essays) was published in 1948 by Wenguang
"The Chinese Language and Literature" (a collection of essays) was published in 1948 by Mingshan Bookstore
"On "Appreciation of Refined and Popular Essays" (collection of essays) published in 1948 by Observation Society
"Collected Works of Zhu Ziqing" (Volume 1-4) published in 1953 by Kaiming
"Essays on Zhu Ziqing's Classical Literature" Collection" (volumes 1 and 2) published in 1981, ancient books
"Collection of Zhu Ziqing's prefaces and postscripts" (collected essays) published in 1983, triplex
"Selected Prose of Zhu Ziqing" published in 1986, Baihua
"The Complete Works of Zhu Ziqing" (Volume 1-3) was published in 1988 by Jiangsu Education (not yet published)
[Edit this paragraph] Prose collection:
1 "Hurry"
2 "Singing"
3 "Qinhuai River in the Sound of Oars and Shadows of Lanterns"
4 "Traces of Wenzhou"
< p> 5 "Back View"6 "Civilization of Ships"
7 "Moonlight over Lotus Pond"
8 "The Woman I Love"
9 "Postscript to
10 "Caucasians - God's Proud Son"
11 "Embrace Wei and Hold Qingjun"
12 "Ahe"
13 "Children"
14 "Ai Wei Jie Sanjun"
15 "Travel Notes"
16 "Wandering"
17 "Talking about Dreams"
18 "Bai Cai"
19 "A Letter"
20 " Preface"
21 "Spring"
22 "Green"
23 "Miscellaneous Notes of Hai Xing"