When reading and studying classical Chinese, if we can master the knowledge of exegetics, we can analyze the works more deeply and understand the meaning of the article from the aspects of sentence reading, word interpretation and rhetorical interpretation. The application of exegetical method in classical Chinese teaching in middle schools The so-called exegetical method is a method to accurately explore and explain the meaning of ancient documents by using the theories, methods and achievements of China linguistics and other related social sciences.
It mainly includes: (1) the combination of exegetics and philology: seeking meaning by form; (2) the combination of exegetics and phonology: seeking meaning by sound; (3) The combination of exegetics and lexicology: finding the law and meaning; (4) The combination of exegetics and grammar: understanding grammar to find meaning; (5) The combination of exegetics and rhetoric: seeking meaning from rhetoric; (6) Combining exegetics with history: seeking justice according to historical materials; (7) The combination of exegetics and collation: textual research on different texts to find meaning; (8) The combination of exegetics and logic: using logic to find the meaning of words. Based on some problems existing in the annotation of classical Chinese in middle school textbooks and the above eight exegetical methods, this paper talks about the application of exegetical methods in classical Chinese teaching in middle schools.
1. Seeking meaning by form and seeking meaning by form is an exegetical method to explore and explain the original meaning of Chinese characters through the analysis of their physical structure. Two principles should be followed when using the method of seeking meaning by form.
First, to reflect the original meaning of the glyph, the original meaning should be consistent with the glyph, that is, to prove that the word was constructed according to this meaning when it was created. In order to achieve this goal, the font we rely on should be ancient Chinese characters.
Second, to explore the original meaning, we must refer to the document language, that is, the original meaning should not only be combined with glyphs, but also be used in the document language. Exploring the original meaning of words with reference to literature language can avoid looking at form and practicing.
Next, we discuss the annotation of a middle school classical Chinese by exegetical method. "Historical Records of Xiang Yu": "Pei Gongjun is on the top."
Note: "Army, garrison, verb." Yu, editor-in-chief of Ancient Chinese (Northeast Normal University Press, 1989 edition): "In non-judgmental sentences, nouns can be used flexibly as verbs if they are predicates.
For example,' Pei Gong Jun Tong', with' Jun' as the predicate, means garrison. Both Middle School Chinese and Ancient Chinese, edited by Yu, interpret "military" as "garrison", but the former thinks that "garrison" is the fixed meaning of "military", while the latter thinks that "garrison" is the temporary meaning of "military", that is, the temporary meaning when the noun "military" is used flexibly as a verb.
Right or wrong? In this regard, we can explain it by analyzing the physical structure of the word "military". "Shuo Wen": "Army encirclement.
4000 people are in the army. From the car, from the bag.
So are cars and personnel carriers. Zhu Fangpu's Interpretation of Words in Yin and Zhou Dynasties:' Words are from the car, from @ ①, knowing also.
The ancients fought with cars and stopped with cars. "Thus," Jun "is a verb, and its original meaning is" surrounding ".
Chariots in a circle, of course, means that the army is stationed and ready to camp. Therefore, the word "army" is extended to "stationed; "Righteous garrison. Who made the chariot round? The army, of course, so "army" means "army".
It can be seen that the meanings of "garrison" and "army" of the army both come from the original meaning of "encirclement". Since "army" is a verb, it is certainly not a verb when "army" means "garrison".
Therefore, the annotation of Chinese textbooks is correct, but the Interpretation of Ancient Chinese edited by Yu is inaccurate. Second, seeking meaning by sound is an exegetical method to explore and explain the meaning of words by analyzing the sound clues of Chinese characters.
It is mainly used to infer etymology, explain conjunctions and solve the problem of false words in the text. The method of seeking meaning by sound should follow two principles: first, it should be based on ancient sound, because most cognate words have been formed in ancient times, and it is also based on ancient sound to say that a word has the same sound or similar sound in exegetics; Second, based on the language of literature, avoid the abuse of phonological training and become subjective.
Let's use the exegetical method of seeking meaning by sound to verify a word meaning. Gui Youguang's "Ling Xuan Zhi": "Borrowing books is full of shelves, singing and sitting, and everything is noisy."
The word "borrowing" is not marked in the fifth volume 1984 and 1987 of senior high school Chinese, and other selected ancient Chinese texts are not marked. It seems that "borrowing" now is "borrowing".
Actually, it is not. Why are the shelves in Gui Youguang full of borrowed books? Does that make sense? According to the press, "borrowing" belonged to Tugu Hun Jing Niu in ancient times, and "borrowing" belonged to Tugu Hun Cong Niu in ancient times, so "borrowing" can be passed by "borrowing", which is a rhyme.
Such as "Poetry, Elegance and Regret": "It is unknown to borrow Japanese." The biography of Han Huo Guang quoted poetry as "borrowing"; Xunzi Outline: "If you don't teach it, you can steal food and borrow thieves and soldiers."
"Warring States Policy Qin Ce": "The so-called people who steal soldiers and food are also." The original meaning of "borrowing" is a cushion for displaying gifts when offering sacrifices to the imperial court in ancient times.
Shuowen: "Borrowing is also a sacrifice." Since it is a cushion, other things can be put on it.
For example, Selected Works of Sun Chuo: "Crossing the Grassland." Shan Li's Note: "Take the grass and recommend the ground and sit down."
It can be seen that "borrowing books full of shelves" means "borrowing books full of shelves" and literal translation means "putting books full of shelves". 3. Seeking the law of meaning Seeking the law of meaning is an exegetical method to explore and explain the meaning by exploring the internal structure of ancient Chinese, the generation and development of words and the evolution of meaning.
By exploring the internal structure of ancient Chinese vocabulary, we can avoid the phenomenon that two monosyllabic words in ancient Chinese are mistaken for one disyllabic word. By exploring the development and change law of ancient and modern words, we can understand the meaning of some ancient words; By exploring the law of the evolution of word meaning, we can understand what a word has in ancient times, why it has these meanings, the breeding of cognates, and the differences between ancient and modern word meanings. There are two principles to be followed in finding a way to explain the meaning of a word: First, it is based on ancient religion, which is because ancient scholars, especially "Han Confucianism is not far from ancient times, and the ancient religion spoken by students is often passed on from mouth to mouth, with high credibility" (Note: Wang Li's Collected Works of Dragon Insect Carving Zhai, Volume 1, Zhonghua Book Company 65438+).
; Second, pay attention to the significance of the times, because "ancient Chinese" is a very broad concept.
2. What is the important role of studying exegetics? 1. Guide Chinese teaching in middle schools.
The research object of exegetics is the meaning of ancient words, which is closely related to the teaching of classical Chinese in middle schools.
1, which helps to accurately explain the meaning of ancient books.
2. Help us make a decision when we encounter a difficult problem with different opinions. Exegetics can help us make a decision and choose, and avoid blind obedience.
3. Help make up for the lack of notes.
4. Help correct the wrong notes.
5, make it known, and know why.
Second, guide the collation of ancient books. The collation of ancient books is nothing more than collation, punctuation, annotation and translation of ancient books, and these tasks are inseparable from training knowledge.
1, exegetical collation is the premise of proofreading ancient books.
2. Exegetics and Punctuation A correct understanding of the meaning of ancient books is the premise of punctuating ancient books, and to correctly understand the meaning of ancient books, we must pass exegetics.
4. Exegetics and Translation Modern scholar Yan Fu put forward the translation theory of "faithfulness and elegance". The same is true of translating ancient Chinese.
Third, guide dictionary compilation.
1, reference style, absorption results, citation method.
2. Correct the errors in the old dictionary. By mastering some knowledge of exegetics and understanding the rules and methods of exegetics, individual mistakes in dictionary interpretation can be found and corrected.
3. Test and supplement the meaning of ellipsis. Exegetics is the study of words and meanings, and its research results can provide rich materials for dictionary compilation, so that dictionaries will not miss the meanings that should be enumerated; Omitted ones can be supplemented when reordering.
3. Illustrate the importance of exegetics with examples.
First, to guide Chinese teaching in middle schools
The research object of exegetics is the meaning of ancient words, which is closely related to the teaching of classical Chinese in middle schools.
1, which helps to accurately explain the meaning of ancient books.
2. Help us make a decision when we encounter a difficult problem with different opinions. Exegetics can help us make a decision and choose, and avoid blind obedience.
3. Help make up for the lack of notes.
4. Help correct the wrong notes.
5, make it known, and know why.
Second, guide the collation of ancient books. The collation of ancient books is nothing more than collation, punctuation, annotation and translation of ancient books, and these tasks are inseparable from training knowledge.
1, exegetical collation is the premise of proofreading ancient books.
2. Exegetics and Punctuation A correct understanding of the meaning of ancient books is the premise of punctuating ancient books, and to correctly understand the meaning of ancient books, we must pass exegetics.
4. Exegetics and Translation Modern scholar Yan Fu put forward the translation theory of "faithfulness and elegance". The same is true of translating ancient Chinese.
Third, guide dictionary compilation.
1, reference style, absorption results, citation method.
2. Correct the fallacies in the old dictionary definition. By mastering some knowledge of exegetics and understanding the rules and methods of exegetics, individual mistakes in dictionary interpretation can be found and corrected.
3. Test and supplement the meaning of ellipsis. Exegetics is the study of words and meanings, and its research results can provide rich materials for dictionary compilation, so that dictionaries will not miss the meanings that should be enumerated; Omitted ones can be supplemented when reordering.
4. Classical Chinese Rhetoric Classical Chinese-Classical Chinese Rhetoric in Junior High School
Like modern Chinese, various rhetoric is often used in classical Chinese to enhance the expression effect. Some figures of speech are often used. Understanding these special rhetorical devices will naturally help to improve reading ability. This paper focuses on several figures of speech that are not common in modern Chinese or have great influence on reading comprehension of classical Chinese.
(1), metonymy. Metonymy figures of speech are widely used in classical Chinese, and if translated literally, it will often cause misunderstanding. Such as: "I am dressed in cloth and cultivated Nanyang." (Zhuge Liang model) The "cloth clothes" here were not understood in ancient times, because in ancient times, civilians often wore linen clothes, and it was a metonymy to replace things with this feature. If you don't understand this, the literal translation is "the man in cloth", followed by "don't be mean to me." (Not because of my low status and shallow knowledge), people will wonder: How can "wearing cloth clothes" be "low status"? When translating such places, we should adopt the method of free translation and restore them (translated as "ordinary people"), otherwise it will often be confusing.
(2) intertextuality. As a rhetorical method, intertextuality is also common in classical Chinese. This kind of sentence with complementary contents can often get a concise effect. Such as: "don't be happy with things, don't be sad for yourself." Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower" originally meant "not to be happy or sad because of the external environment and his own experience". Here "happiness" refers to both "things" and "oneself", while "sadness" refers to both "oneself" and "things".
(3) Euphemism. In Chinese expression, for a certain need, we don't say anything directly, but put it another way, which is euphemism. Euphemism in classical Chinese is often used in diplomatic occasions. For example, Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Cao challenged and said, "Today, there are 800,000 water conservancy troops, and Fang and others will attack Wu." This is a euphemism. It was Enemy at the Gates, with high morale, but he deliberately spoke very easily. In the translation of such sentences, we must pay attention to maintaining the rhetorical color of the original text.
(4) Taboo. Taboo is actually a euphemism, which is often changed because of people's taboos. For example, for "death", the death of the emperor is called "landslide", "palace car driving" and "after a thousand years", and the death of ordinary people is called "ditch filling". Only by understanding the true meaning of these statements can we accurately translate classical Chinese.
5. Illustrate the rhetorical function of classical Chinese words and sentences in modern Chinese with examples, and compare the West Lake with the West Lake.
This song should only be heard in the sky. How many times will it be heard on earth?
The spring breeze in February is like a metaphor for scissors.
And Dabaishan, to the west, still has only one bird path, all the way to the peak of Emei. Once it was broken by an earthquake, some brave people lost it, and then the ladder stone pile was hooked. exaggerate
The stars are shining and the cosmetic mirror is on; Lv Yun came forward and combed Xiao Huan; Nutrient flow is greasy, and fat water is abandoned; The smoke is foggy and the pepper orchids are also burning. The thunder shook and the palace car passed; I don't know what I was doing when I was listening in the distance. parallel
Make the six countries love each other, enough to refuse Qin; Let the state of Qin love the six countries again, and give it to three generations to be king forever. Who wins and who dies? Qin people feel sorry for themselves, and later people mourn for them; Later generations grieved, failed to learn from it, and let future generations mourn for future generations. contrast
6. Rhetoric of classical Chinese in junior high school-The rhetoric of classical Chinese is the same as that of modern Chinese, and various rhetoric is also used in classical Chinese to enhance the expression effect.
Some figures of speech are often used. Understanding these special rhetorical devices will naturally help to improve reading ability.
This paper focuses on several figures of speech that are not common in modern Chinese or have great influence on reading comprehension of classical Chinese. (1), metonymy.
Metonymy figures of speech are widely used in classical Chinese, and if translated literally, it will often cause misunderstanding. Such as: "I am dressed in cloth and cultivated Nanyang."
(Zhuge Liang model) The "cloth clothes" here were not understood in ancient times, because in ancient times, civilians often wore linen clothes, and it was a metonymy to replace things with this feature. If you don't understand this, the literal translation is "the man in cloth", followed by "don't be mean to me."
(Not because of my low status and shallow knowledge), people will wonder: How can "wearing cloth clothes" be "low status"? When translating such places, we should adopt the method of free translation and restore them (translated as "ordinary people"), otherwise it will often be confusing. (2) intertextuality.
As a rhetorical method, intertextuality is also common in classical Chinese. This kind of sentence with complementary contents can often get a concise effect.
Such as: "don't be happy with things, don't be sad for yourself." Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower" originally meant "not to be happy or sad because of the external environment and his own experience". Here "happiness" refers to both "things" and "oneself", while "sadness" refers to both "oneself" and "things".
(3) Euphemism. In Chinese expression, for a certain need, we don't say anything directly, but put it another way, which is euphemism.
Euphemism in classical Chinese is often used in diplomatic occasions. For example, Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Cao challenged and said, "Today, there are 800,000 water conservancy troops, and Fang and others will attack Wu." This is a euphemism.
It was Enemy at the Gates, with high morale, but he deliberately spoke very easily. In the translation of such sentences, we must pay attention to maintaining the rhetorical color of the original text.
(4) Taboo. Taboo is actually a euphemism, which is often changed because of people's taboos.
For example, for "death", the death of the emperor is called "landslide", "palace car driving" and "after a thousand years", and the death of ordinary people is called "ditch filling". Only by understanding the true meaning of these statements can we accurately translate classical Chinese.
7. The relationship between exegetics and Chinese teaching in middle schools.
Introduction: the study of explaining the meaning of words according to their shapes and sounds. The emphasis is on the study of ancient word meaning, especially the study of Chinese phenomena such as word meaning, grammar and rhetoric in ancient books before Han and Wei Dynasties.
Exegetics (pronounced as "G", the same as "Gu") is a traditional discipline in China to study the meaning of ancient books, and it is a branch of traditional literature in China-primary school. Exegetics not only explains ancient meanings, but also analyzes grammatical and rhetorical phenomena in ancient books. He studies ancient documents from the perspective of language and helps people read classical documents.
The so-called "exegesis" is also called "exegesis", "exegesis", "exegesis", "explanation" and "exegesis", which explains the meaning in popular language and is called "exegesis"; Explaining ancient languages in contemporary terms is called "Yi". The combination of "exegetics" was first seen in the Book of Songs annotated by Mao Heng, a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. This book is called Biography of Poetry. There are three ways to annotate ancient prose: ancient, exegetical and biographical. The combination of exegetics began with ancient books in Han Dynasty.
classify
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Exegetics can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. In a broad sense, exegetics includes phonology and philology, while in a narrow sense, exegetics is only a discipline opposite to phonology and writing in primary school.
Some people also divide exegetics into old and new. Wang Li, a linguist, put forward in New Exegetics 1947 that "to truly become a department of linguistic history, the new exegetics must break the old concept that primary schools are vassals of Confucian classics." Zhou Dapu also said in the Outline of Exegetics that "the research object of Exegetics is word meaning and word meaning system, and his primary task is to study the law of semantic development and evolution." The new exegetics is relative to the old exegetics.
history
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Exegetics began in the pre-Qin Dynasty and basically formed in the Han Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, exegetics made great innovations. In Yuan and Ming Dynasties, exegetics declined, but in Qing Dynasty, it was the most brilliant time. Modern linguistics is adopted to develop exegetics.
research objects
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Every language in history is constantly changing, and many meanings in ancient books have changed, or grammar has changed. Historical linguists research the contemporary meanings of words in ancient books and compile annotated books for exegesis. The main research object of exegetics is the characters in ancient books before Han and Wei Dynasties. There are two kinds of exegesis books. One is to annotate an important book and explain the meaning of the whole book word by word, such as Annotations to the Analects of Confucius, Annotations to Shi Mao and Annotations to Everything is done by Han Feizi. The other is simple exegesis, which collects ancient Chinese characters and makes classified comments, such as Erya, Shuowen Jiezi and Dialect. In addition, there are books that supplement, textual research and explain exegetics books, such as Dialect Shuzheng.
research method
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The research methods of exegetics are:
Mutual training, using synonyms to explain each other, such as "old, test also"; "Take the exam, Lao Ye."
Phonetic training is explained by words with similar sounds and meanings, such as "Yi Ye Yi", which shows that this "Yi" is the meaning of "Yi" in ancient books.
Formal training, using glyphs to explain its source and significance, such as "small soil is dust", shows that the word "dust" means "small soil", and this simplified word is also produced.
Yi Xun explains the meaning of ancient words with contemporary meanings, such as "Mingming, Jinjin and Tea", which means "Mingming" and "Jinjin" means "Tea".
Anti-training, some words in ancient times have opposite meanings to those in modern times, so it is necessary to use antonyms to explain the word "chaos" and make it mean "governance" here.
Through training, explain it in a few sentences, such as "Who is mediocre?" What happened? "Bo Huang" cabin? Sickness insurance? What are the disadvantages of the dam? What's wrong with the stool? What's wrong with the mold?
Through training, explain it in a few words, such as "mediocre people, use it;" Use also, pass also; It can be seen that the word "Yong" comes from the word "Yong", but its meaning is actually the meaning of "Germany".
Exegetics (pronounced "Gu") is a traditional discipline in China to study the meaning of ancient books, and it is a branch of traditional literature in China-primary school. Exegetics not only explains ancient meanings, but also analyzes grammatical and rhetorical phenomena in ancient books. He studies ancient documents from the perspective of language and helps people read classical documents.