There have been different opinions about the death of Nurhachi in the history circle. The main focus of the debate is whether he died of depression or toxic gangrene after being injured by Yuan Chonghuan's gunfire.
The theory of birth, old age, illness and death comes from the draft of Qing history. According to records, the destiny is eleven years, "I don't go to school in July and autumn", and I go to college in the afternoon of August and return by boat. Geng Xu, the beloved chicken fort, is collapsing. "
The serious injury and death came from the Sun and Moon Record of Chunpotang written by Korean Li. According to the book, Korean translator Han Yuan happened to meet Yuan Chonghuan when he came with the delegation the next day. Yuan liked him very much and took him with him during the Ningyuan War, so Han Yuan was able to witness the whole process of the battle with his own eyes. After the war of Ningyuan, Yuan Chonghuan once sent envoys with gifts to Houjinyingzhai to "apologize" to Nurhachi, saying that "the veteran (according to: referring to Nurhachi) has been running wild all over the world for a long time, and today he was defeated by the boy (according to: referring to Yuan Chonghuan), and the list is endless!" Nurhachi was seriously injured first. At this time, he prepared a gift and thanked the famous horse, asked for a date to fight again, and finally "died because of his embarrassment." This historical data clearly records that Nurhachi was "seriously injured" in the battle of Ningyuan, and because of Ningyuan's defeat, he was mentally traumatized and did not feel complacent all day. In the case of physical and mental trauma, the battlefield veteran finally died of depression.
However, in the book The Rise of the Manchu Dynasty and the Establishment of the Qing Empire, Li Hongbin, an expert in the history of Qing Dynasty, questioned the key evidence of Nuerhachi's gunshot wound death, Chunpotang Sun and Moon Record, and put forward a third view, that is, "angry death".
Doubt 1: Since the North Korean translator won first knew that Nurhachi was "seriously injured", Yuan Chonghuan, the supreme commander guarding Ningyuan, should know better, not to mention that Yuan Chonghuan sent envoys to inspect Houjin Camp. If Nurhachi is really "seriously injured", it is certainly a great contribution of Yuan Chonghuan and a great victory of the Ming army. Not only Yuan Chonghuan himself, but also officials at all levels in the imperial court, civil and military officials will write a masterpiece on this matter to boost the morale of the military and civilians. However, neither Yuan Chonghuan's own report on Ningyuan's victory, nor the imperial court's commendation of Yuan Chonghuan's imperial edict, nor the courtiers' congratulations on Yuan Chonghuan's victory in Ningyuan, made no mention of Nurhachi's injury, which was obviously said by later generations.
Doubt 2: Nurhachi defeated Ningyuan, 1626, and died on August 20, during which more than eight months passed. According to a large number of historical records, in these eight months, Nurhachi did not go to cure diseases, but "renovated boats and cars, tried to practice firearms" and "shot armor from the far side", actively preparing to attack Ningyuan again to avenge the past. In April, he led a large army to levy Khalkha, Mongolia, and "entered Silla Wood Wheel and got his livestock". In May, Mao attacked Anshan, and the rear was tight, so he returned to Shenyang. In June, Barghoorn of Mongolian Horqin Department came to the DPRK in Taiji, and he personally "greeted him ten miles out of the country", unlike anyone who was "seriously injured".
Therefore, Li Hongbin believes that it is doubtful whether Nurhachi was "seriously injured" or "killed" in the battle of Ningyuan.
Li Hongbin believes that after Nurhachi returned to Shenyang, because Ningyuan was defeated, the famous battlefield veteran was defeated by the early young generals, and his spirit was traumatized and he was unhappy all day long. Second, because I am old and weak, I have been riding on the battlefield for a long time and the pommel horse is tired. In the middle of July of the same year, Nurhachi suffered from gangrene, not a gunshot wound, and went to Qinghe Tangquan for rest on the 23rd. On August 7, his condition suddenly worsened. Five days later, on August 1 1, he took a boat down the Taizi River, turned to Hunhe River, joined princess royal Urnala who came to meet him, and went to Laojibao, 40 miles away from Shenyang, and died.
In AD 1629 (the second year of Chongzhen), although Yuan Chonghuan could contain the Qing army with Dongjiang Mao, Mao spent too much money and food. Yuan Chonghuan wrote to ask the court to send someone to manage Mao's salary, but Mao didn't like to have a civilian producer to supervise himself, so he wrote to argue. Then Mao came to visit Yuan Chonghuan, and Yuan Chonghuan treated Mao as a guest of honor, but Mao was not humble, so Yuan Chonghuan decided to kill Mao.
In November of A.D. 1629 (the second year of Chongzhen), the Qing emperor transferred hundreds of thousands of soldiers to Longjingguan and Daankou respectively. When Yuan Chonghuan heard this, he led Zu Dashou and He to guard the pass, passing through Jizhou, Funing, Yongping, Qian 'an, Yutian Zhucheng, all of which were separated and left behind. Zhu Youjian was very happy when he learned that, so he ordered to reward Yuan Chonghuan's men and put Yuan Chonghuan in charge of commanding reinforcements all over the country.
But before long, Zunhua and Santun Daying were all breached by the Qing army, and Zhao Lvjiao was also killed in the battle of Zunhua. Governor Wang Yuanya and company commander Zhu committed suicide. The Qing army crossed Jizhou to the west. As the capital, Yuan Chonghuan was busy leading the troops to escort the capital. Zhu Youjian summoned Yuan Chonghuan and gave Yuan Chonghuan a royal dining table and a mink coat. Yuan Chonghuan, exhausted from the long journey with the army, requested to enter the city to have a rest, but was rejected. So Yuan Chonghuan was stationed outside the city, fighting with the Qing army, winning and losing each other. Yuan Chonghuan made Dai Chengen array in Guangqumen, Zu Dashou array in the south, Wang array in the northwest, Yuan Chonghuan array in the west, ready to go to war. At noon, the Qing cavalry attacked from the southeast, Zu Dashou led the troops to fight hard, and Wang withdrew from the south. The Qing army fought against Zu Dashou, so it retreated. Ming led Liu Yingguo, Luo and others to pursue and annihilate more than a thousand Qing soldiers, and the Ming army suffered heavy casualties. After the retreat, Emperor Zhu Youjian rewarded the army with wine and food. Yuan Chonghuan sent Ren Shouzhong to lead 500 people to attack the Qing army camp with fire, and the Qing army retreated, thus solving the influence of Kyoto.
But after the retreat of the Qing army, Yuan Chonghuan was found guilty. When the Qing army entered the customs, it was under the jurisdiction of Liu Ce, the Prime Minister of Hebei and Liao, but Yuan Chonghuan learned that the Qing army entered the customs and matched the capital, so he came all the way to the rescue, thinking that he was innocent. However, many ministers in the DPRK believed that Yuan Chonghuan had let the Qing army enter the customs, so he slandered Yuan Chonghuan for colluding with the Qing army, and Emperor Zhu Youjian was also very skeptical about this. At this time, the Qing army also designed alienation, saying that Yuan Chonghuan had a secret agreement with the Qing army. In December, Zhu Youjian imprisoned Yuan Chonghuan.
Wei Zhongxian's followers Wang Yongguang, Yuan Hongxun and others wanted to take the opportunity to avenge Wei Zhongxian, and sentenced him to death for making peace with the Qing army and killing Mao without authorization. 1630 (the third year of Chongzhen) In August, Yuan Chonghuan was executed, his family was exiled for 3,000 miles, and his property was confiscated.
Yuan Chonghuan's deeds and remarks have been debated for hundreds of years. As Meng Sen mentioned in "The Postscript of Liang Tingdong, a soldier of Ming Dynasty, Please Cut Yuan Chonghuan", the historical records in the late Ming Dynasty are very chaotic, even those related to their eyes and ears are particularly complicated. Among them, the focus of controversy is mainly whether Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao and betrayed the Ming government.
Zhu Shunshui, known as one of the five great masters in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, participated in the "Anti-Qing and Restoration" activities. Yuan Chonghuan is called "traitor" in The Collection of Zhu Shunshui. Xu, a general in the late Ming Dynasty, also believed that Yuan Chonghuan was ostensibly fighting for peace, but actually wanted to win the trust of the Qing court by capturing and killing Mao alive. Zhang, a bachelor of the Qing Dynasty, thinks that Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao of the Ming Dynasty. Ji thinks that although Yuan Chonghuan died, he listed twelve counts to kill Mao, just like killing Yue Fei with twelve gold medals.
Letters from Ye Gongchuo and others to Mao Zedong and Mao Zedong's reply.
Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty felt that Yuan Chonghuan's death was regrettable. In the early years of the Republic of China, Liang Qichao praised Yuan Chonghuan in his Biography of Yuan Chonghuan, believing that he was a figure who could influence national security and the rise and fall of the nation. 1952, Beijing was undergoing a large-scale urban reconstruction, and others jointly wrote to protect Yuan's tomb. In his reply, Mao Zedong called Yuan Chonghuan a "patriotic leader in the late Ming Dynasty".
Yuan Chonghuan once made Sun Chengzong, who valued him, furious because of his style, claiming that it was Yuan Chonghuan who wanted to capture and kill Mao alive. His colleague Wang Zaijin thinks that although Yuan Chonghuan died in the national law, his contribution cannot be drowned, but at the same time he also thinks that Yuan Chonghuan's death was suicide.