First, the status quo of foreign research
(A) put forward the people-oriented theory of land resources development, utilization and protection
With regard to the development, utilization and protection of land resources, many scholars have studied and put forward various theoretical viewpoints with different emphases, such as environmental determinism, population-centered theory and the core theory of the transformation of growth mode. For example, the Cairo Conference 1994 put forward that "people are the center of sustainable development", which aroused strong repercussions in academic circles. This new concept of development has gradually evolved into a people-oriented theoretical system of sustainable development. Its basic points are: the purpose of economic and social development is to meet the needs of people's all-round development in physiology, psychology, communication and culture; The way of development is to realize the rational and effective allocation of resources, pay special attention to the development and utilization of human resources, and gradually transition to the development with the accumulation and concentration of human resources as the main means; The basic model is that population, resources, environment, economy, society and science and technology promote each other and develop in harmony, so the theoretical framework of sustainable development is the theory of moderate population comprehensiveness, the theory of resource scarcity, the theory of ecological system, the theory of overall economic benefit and the theory of social coordination.
(two) put forward the theory of sustainable development of economy, society, environment and resources.
Theory of sustainable development of economy and society. Since 1990s, the theory of social development has been deepened in various international documents and a series of conferences (such as Quito Expert Conference on "Overall Development Concept" and Beijing International Conference on Social Development), emphasizing the sustainable development of society. People realize that economic development means meeting people's basic needs, while social development means "better survival".
In the 20th century, with the rapid development of human material civilization, the ecological environment suffered the most serious damage. Three far-reaching changes have taken place in the world: first, the great improvement of productive forces and the unprecedented expansion of economic scale have created unprecedented highly concentrated material wealth, thus rapidly promoting the process of human civilization; Second, the population has exploded. In the 20th century, the population quadrupled, exceeding 6.2 billion, and continued to surge at the rate of 78 million per year. Third, due to the over-exploitation and consumption of natural resources, a large number of pollutants are discharged, leading to global resource shortage and environmental degradation. Population expansion, resource shortage, environmental deterioration and polarization between the rich and the poor have become the shackles that plague the progress of human civilization in 2 1 century, which shows that the current lifestyle of human society is unsustainable, and the vicious circle of the four has dug a grave for the old industrial production mode. The traditional development model of "pollution first and then treatment" and stimulating growth with high consumption has come to an end.
People gradually realize that the development of human society and economy is closely related to natural resources and environmental ecology. Human activities must follow the laws of nature, and the principle of human sustainable development must be incorporated into population, resources, environment and ecosystem. Only in this way can the human social system and the earth's natural system co-evolve and have a virtuous circle. 1992 183 representatives from countries and regions gathered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, among which 102 heads of state or government attended and discussed and adopted the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 2 1 century, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Development and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
(C) the development model of the utilization and protection of social resources
Western society also realized from the previous development model that social development must be "holistic", "comprehensive" and "coordinated". Many western developed countries have issued policies, formulated laws and regulations and taken measures to relocate, develop and utilize land resources. From consuming a lot of resources to gathering wealth and then reducing consumption, we follow the development model of circular economy. In 2003, the British energy white paper "Our Energy Future: Creating a Low-carbon Economy" put forward a new theory and development model of "low-carbon economy", that is, under the guidance of the concept of sustainable development, we should reduce the consumption of high-carbon energy sources such as coal and oil and reduce greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible through technological innovation, institutional innovation, industrial transformation and new energy development.
Generally speaking, from the research results of comprehensive utilization and protection of land and resources abroad, all countries have put forward theories and formulated targeted development models according to their own national conditions. Although there are few foreign researches on the comprehensive utilization and protection of land resources in frontier minority areas such as China, the evolution and laws of foreign development theories provide a good research sample and theoretical basis for this book, which has certain reference significance. However, it must be pointed out that these studies often lack in-depth analysis of social background and social system, and various development models ignore the huge differences in social and economic development stages and regions within countries, thus weakening the expected guiding significance of theories and models.
Second, the domestic research status
China's understanding of the comprehensive utilization and protection of land resources and the coordinated development of social economy is gradually realized through the input of western development theory and the double-layer extrusion of social practice in China, and has been partially applied in land planning and other research practices.
(1) The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has pointed out the direction for the study on the comprehensive development, utilization and protection strategy of regional land resources.
Based on the strategic planning of China's resources development and protection, following and drawing lessons from foreign development theories and methods, and according to China's national conditions, it is proposed that the comprehensive utilization and protection of China's land resources should be coordinated with the sustainable development of society, and some details should be enriched, improved and developed. For example, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee adopted "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Proposal on Formulating the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development", which regards the implementation of the western development as a strategic task and emphasizes: "Implementing the western development strategy and accelerating the development of the central and western regions are related to economic development, national unity, social stability, regional coordinated development and ultimately achieving * * * common prosperity. When discussing "the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way", the report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward a new concept of "the period of important strategic opportunities", holding that "building a well-off society at a higher level that benefits more than one billion people in an all-round way" must make the society more harmonious. In the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way and the whole modernization process, we must further establish a comprehensive development concept, always adhere to overall planning and pay more attention to the coordinated development of economy and society, urban and rural areas, regions, man and nature. The Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee put forward the concept of "all-round, coordinated and sustainable" until the Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee explicitly proposed to build a "harmonious society". The Proposal of the Central Committee on Formulating the Eleventh Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee, puts forward the main goal of improving the efficiency of resource utilization on the basis of optimizing the structure, improving efficiency and reducing consumption. The energy consumption per unit GDP is about 20% lower than that at the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan. The Fifth Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out that the focus of the policy will shift to increasing residents' income, narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor, and promoting coordinated regional development and common prosperity.
The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly stated that great progress has been made in building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. Optimize the pattern of land spatial development. Promote the formation of a spatial pattern of resource conservation and environmental protection. Promote resource conservation in an all-round way and promote the fundamental transformation of resource utilization mode. These discussions point out the direction for the study of regional coordinated development strategy of comprehensive development, utilization and protection of land resources in China.
(B) regional land planning and development model and practical results
Judging from the development model and practical effect, in the early stage of reform and opening up, China generally adopted the "step-by-step" model for the comprehensive development, utilization and protection of land resources. There is nothing wrong with adhering to the principle that some regions and some people get rich first and finally achieve common prosperity. However, the traditional concept of development emphasizes regional development, but ignores the coordination and sustainable development between regions.
China's 11th Five-Year Plan takes the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions as a whole for the first time, and fully expounds the strategic layout of the four regions, namely, the eastern region takes the lead in developing, the western region is greatly developed, the central region rises, and the northeast is revitalized. This brand-new adjustment of regional development strategy fully embodies the consistent thinking of "one chess game for the whole country", "all regions * * * develop together, and * * * prosper together", which is also the concrete embodiment of implementing Scientific Outlook on Development. At the same time, the government and academic circles have attached great importance to the development and utilization of land resources in the western region of China, especially in the economically underdeveloped areas of border ethnic minorities, to promote the coordinated development of regional economy and society as a whole.
Related research results of main functional zoning in China. 20 10, 12, 2 1, the State Council issued the National Major Functional Zones Planning, which is actually the first national land space development plan. Fan Jie et al. (2009) made an in-depth study on the scientific basis of main functional areas in China. These results provide a reference for the development and utilization of land resources and protection zoning in Altay region.
(C) Related theoretical research
From the perspective of relevant theoretical research, the representative research results are as follows: Research on the Index System of Sustainable Development of Land Resources by the Information Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, which, starting from the actual situation of current land resources management, focuses on land resources, solid mineral resources and energy minerals, designs the overall framework of the index system of sustainable development of land resources in China, as well as the basic framework of sustainable utilization of land resources, sustainable development of mineral resources and energy security evaluation; Six comprehensive indexes, such as cultivated land grain productivity index, urban land intensive use index, mineral product price index, international competitiveness index of mineral resources, oil safety and land and resources management performance, were established in China. Starting from the theory and practice of land and resources planning, China Institute of Land and Resources Economics mainly expounds the land and resources planning system, theoretical basis of land and resources planning, compilation and implementation of land and resources planning, focusing on the compilation of five-year land and resources planning and the evaluation of comprehensive carrying capacity of land, resources and environment. Li Xinyu's book Land Resources and Regional Economic Development mainly analyzes the regional characteristics of the development and utilization of land resources, mineral resources and marine resources in China, summarizes the problems existing in the spatial layout, gives full play to the comparative advantages of regional resources, comprehensively utilizes regional land resources, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures in land resources investigation, evaluation, planning, participation in world economic division and cooperation, legal system construction and technological progress. National Language Development, Development Strategies and Countermeasures in Northwest China, Backward Effects and Advantages and Innovative Countermeasures in Western China, Development Strategies and Countermeasures in Gansu Ethnic Areas, Western Development and Gansu Regional Economy, Social Stability and Social Development in Northwest Ethnic Areas, and Social Development of Northwest Hui People by the National Situation Analysis and Research Group of China Academy of Sciences.
In addition, there are many scattered research results. These studies effectively combined with the actual situation of China society, and contained a lot of theoretical viewpoints, which enriched and improved the theoretical research on the utilization and development of land resources and social and economic development in ethnic areas of China, and had certain guiding significance and reference value for the smooth development of this project.
(D) Relevant research results in Altay region
In recent years, there have been some papers and monographs on the development, utilization and protection of land, minerals, water, grassland, animal husbandry and tourism in Altay region. These achievements have unique insights on the development and utilization of single resources and the protection of ecological environment in Altay region, and provide reference for the research of this project.
There are few research results on land resources, mainly including the overall land use planning in Altay region and some materials formed by the application of land consolidation projects in this region, such as the Demonstration Materials of Major Land Development and Consolidation Projects in Altay Region at the Northern Foot of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang (20 10). In addition, there are some practical experiences and materials of nomadic settlement projects in Altay region, which mainly expounds the present situation and existing problems of land use in Altay region. The above results have reference value for the development and utilization of land resources.
Mineral resources and mining development achievements. There are many related research achievements in Altay region, mainly including Research and Exploration on the Construction of Altay Mining Special Zone in Xinjiang (20 10) and Research on Mining Economic Management in Altay Region in Xinjiang (20 12). The main papers are as follows: Thoughts on accelerating the sustainable development of mining economy in Altay, Xinjiang; Effectiveness of mineral resources in the vicinity of Altay, Xinjiang: The research report includes the Master Plan of Mineral Resources in Altay (2008 ~ 20 15), etc. These achievements have studied and explored the general situation of mineral resources and the development of mining economy in Altay region. It played an important role in the compilation of this book.
The works on sustainable utilization of grassland animal husbandry resources in Altay region include: Helplessness and Expectation of Altay Grassland (2009), Fission of Altay Grassland (2009), Research on Classified Management Mechanism and Sustainable Development of Grassland Resources in Altay Pastoral Area of Xinjiang (2008) (master's thesis) and so on. These documents provide research support and reference for the rational development, utilization and protection of grassland animal husbandry resources in Altay region.
Altay region is an important tourist area in China, which is rich in tourism resources. Altay region has successively compiled and implemented the "Eleventh Five-Year" and "Twelfth Five-Year" plans for tourism development. This paper expounds the guiding ideology, principles, objectives and tasks of tourism development in Altay region, the analysis of tourism resources and environment, the overall objectives and safeguard measures. In 2006, the National Tourism Administration and Xinjiang Tourism Bureau organized Sun Yat-sen University to compile the Master Plan of Grand Kanas Tourist Area (2006-2020) and so on. In 2009, China Urban Planning and Design Institute and Altay Regional Tourism Bureau completed the Master Plan for Tourism Development in Altay Region (2009-2020) (draft for comments) and so on.
(v) General comments
Judging from the research results of comprehensive utilization and protection of land resources in China, there are relatively many research results related to the comprehensive utilization and protection strategy of land resources in a fixed region of China, and there are few studies on the comprehensive utilization and protection of regional land resources, especially for border minority areas. Looking at the research results related to this project, the shortcomings mainly lie in:
(1) Most studies classify land resources into different ways of development, utilization and protection for each resource, focusing on the development, utilization and protection of a single resource, but they are not considered as a whole with other related resources, lacking certain systematicness and comprehensiveness.
(2) Most of the research on border ethnic minority areas in China focuses on the present situation, difficulties and ways of economic development in ethnic minority areas, especially poverty alleviation, basic education, transfer payment, etc., while there is little comprehensive strategic research on the utilization and protection of land resources in such areas, and there is no systematic summary research. In fact, China's border minority areas are rich in natural resources and have great potential. The research on the utilization and protection of land resources will be more conducive to promoting the local social and economic development, thus narrowing the regional gap, shortening the imbalance of regional development and protecting the relatively fragile ecological environment.
(3) The essence of sustainable and coordinated development is to explore the problems of economic and social development with the viewpoint and method of social system, and any development needs realistic material foundation. As an important guarantee for the sustained and coordinated development of social economy, land resources should be paid attention to. At present, the academic research on the comprehensive development, utilization and protection of land resources and the coordinated development of economy and society in China's border ethnic areas is still scattered and unsystematic, and it is urgent to produce relatively systematic and perfect results in order to comprehensively develop, utilize and effectively protect land resources in border ethnic areas and promote the rational development and protection of land resources in border ethnic areas.
Therefore, how to combine the western social development theory with the reality of China's border minority areas, draw lessons from practical and effective theoretical achievements, put forward development strategies, choose paths and models suitable for the development of such areas, comprehensively utilize and effectively protect land resources in border minority areas, which is the primary issue of this project and the important content of this book.