There are many wars in modern times. Do you know the Battle of Nomenham that broke out in 1939? Below I have compiled the knowledge related to the Battle of Nomenham in 1939, hoping to be useful to you.
background of war
due to geopolitical conflicts, Japan and Russia went to war many times in modern times. In 194, the two countries broke out a full-scale Russo-Japanese war in the northeast of China. As a result, Japan won, the northeast of China fell into Japan's sphere of influence, and Russia was forced to cede the southern part of Sakhalin Island to Japan.
In 1921, Outer Mongolia of China declared its independence.
In 1931, the Japanese Kwantung Army launched the September 18th Incident, which occupied the three northeastern provinces of China in an all-round way. Later, in 1932, the puppet Manchukuo, which obeyed Japan, was established. The Puppet Manchukuo is adjacent to Mongolia, and there are Japanese and Soviet troops stationed there. There are border disputes between the two sides in many areas.
since 1935, the troops of the Japanese Kwantung Army stationed in Hailar and the Xing 'an cavalry have been left over from history. Border? Problems as an excuse, constantly provocative in the border area between China and Mongolia, in order to test the military strength of the Soviet Union and Mongolia.
from January 1935 to October 1938, there were many military conflicts in * * *, and the scale escalated gradually.
on March 3, 1936, 1,5 people from various detachments of the Japanese Kwantung Army invaded the Adagdolan area in Mongolia by 5 cars, 12 armored vehicles and 4 tanks, and were defeated by the Soviet troops. On March 12 of the same year, Su Meng signed a mutual assistance agreement to continuously strengthen border defense.
in July 1938, the 23rd Division of the Japanese Kwantung Army entered Hailar. In October of the same year, the 57th Special Army of the Soviet-Mongolian Far East Army entered Mongolia to garrison, and the two sides negotiated an armistice agreement.
The incident passed through
the first stage
The Battle Map of Nomenkan
From May 11 to September 16, 1939, an event that shocked the world broke out in the Nomenhambuzide area in Xinbarag Zuoqi and on both sides of the middle and lower reaches of the Halaha River in Mongolia. Full? The Mongolian border war is a large-scale military conflict between Japan, the puppet Manchukuo and the Soviet Union, the Mongolian people and China.
in may, 1939, the Japanese kwantung army decided to attack the Mongolian people * * * and the Republic of China in Nomenham first, and occupy the eastern territory of Halaha, as a springboard to invade the far east of the Soviet Union in the next step, so as to realize the long-planned plan? Northward plan? . On May 11th, the 24th Border Guard of Mongolian Army waded from the Shanxi coast to graze in the area east of the Haraha River. A group of soldiers from the 3rd Company of the Pseudo-Xing 'an Guard Cavalry stationed in Xilin Taulagai post immediately shot and intercepted, mounted their horses and chased them back to the west bank. More than 5 cavalry from the 7th frontier post of Mongolian Army captured the puppet Manchuria Xilin Tolagai post in the disputed area.
at 21: p.m. on may 13th, the captain of the search team of the 23rd division of the Japanese Kwantung Army, Nakazo Dongbai, was ordered to lead 14 cavalry and 9 armored soldiers to the Ganjul Temple, which is more than 8 kilometers away from Nomenham, and sent scouts to prepare for the battle. The Kwantung Army Command will command and use 1 transport vehicles of the 1th Flying Reconnaissance Team, the 24th Flying Team of Hailar and the Kwantung Army Automobile Team in Qiqihar under the command and use of the 23rd Division.
Battlefield
On May 14-15, Dongbai Tibetan troops, with the cooperation of five Japanese planes, attacked the Mongolian Army's 742 highland east of the Halaha River. The Mongols were at a disadvantage (more than 3 casualties) and took the initiative to retreat to Hexi. On May 17th, Dongbaizang led his troops back to Hailar. The Soviet government intervened in accordance with the Soviet Union-Mongolia Mutual Assistance Agreement, and immediately sent the 11th tank brigade to the Haraha River area. At the same time, it ordered the 36th division of the motorized infantry stationed in Ulan-Ude to assemble at the Haraha River, and moved the 57th special army command from Ulan-Bator to Tamchak Prague, which is 125 kilometers away from the Haraha River. Soviet planes also kept assembling in the war area and flew in the Nomenham area for reconnaissance. The 6th Division of Mongolian cavalry crossed the Haraha River again and set up a pontoon bridge.
at dawn on may 28th, 1939, the 64th United, commanded by the general commander of Wuguang, Shanxian county, consisted of about 1,58 men, the search team of Zhongzuo in Dongbeizang, about 2 men, and the 1st, 2nd and 8th regiments of the Puppet Manchurian Xing 'an Cavalry, which besieged the Mongols in three directions. As a result, they were defeated by the Soviet Mongols, and the Japanese search team was killed by 115 people and 81 people were missing, almost completely annihilated. However, 151 Japanese troops in Shanxian County were killed and 92 people were unknown, with a casualty rate of 2%.
the second stage
the battle site of nomenham
on June 18th, zhukov was appointed as the commander of the 57th special army by the Soviet high command. After zhukov arrived in Tamchak Prague, he began to gather troops, store and transport military supplies, and opened field military airports in Tamchak Prague, Sambes (now choibalsan) and other places. Soviet fighters began to deal with Japanese planes in the air. On June 19th, Soviet planes bombed Arxan, Ganzhuer Temple and the Japanese assembly area near Gulang, A Mu, and 5 barrels of gasoline were blown up and caught fire. On June 2th, all the 23rd divisions were dispatched, and Komatsubara headed for Nomenham with 2, people. The Kwantung Army Command transferred the 1st Tank Regiment and the 2nd Flying Regiment to support the 23rd Division, with 12 infantry battalions, 7 tanks and 18 aircraft.
on June 21st, the head of the 2nd flight group of the Japanese army moved his headquarters from Xinjing (now Changchun) to Hailar, and transferred 4 flight groups to concentrate 17 squadrons of combat bombing and reconnaissance planes. On June 22nd, the Soviet army dispatched 15 planes to attack the Japanese assembly area and the field airport in Ganjul Temple and Gulang Temple in A Mu, and Japanese planes also rushed out. From 22nd to 24th, the two sides fought over Nomenham for three days, and nearly 6 planes were shot down on the grassland. Since then, the number of Soviet planes has been increasing, and new fighters have appeared. The Japanese army has gradually lost the initiative and is in a passive position.
at 3: a.m. on June 27th, 137 Japanese planes took off at Hailar Airport, forming a formation all over Hailar. At 6: 2, the Japanese fleet arrived over the Tamchak Prague airport and carried out indiscriminate bombing. The airport was suddenly covered with black smoke. Japanese combat troops reported to the Kwantung Army Command that 99 Soviet planes were shot down and 25 ground planes were destroyed.
Japanese soldiers
In late June, the commander of Kwantung Army ordered the 23rd Division to launch a ground offensive as soon as possible. Troops * * * more than 2, people, 84 tanks, 18 planes and 4 cars.
On July 1st, under the command of Kobayashi, the Japanese army attacked the west bank of the Haraha River with 6, troops, and captured the Shertolagai highland on the east bank of the river at noon. Zhukov organized 15 tanks, 154 armored vehicles, 9 cannons, all planes and other troops to counterattack in three ways. Because the Bayin Chagang Highland is surrounded by open spaces, it is very beneficial for aircraft and chariots to fight, and all Japanese troops are exposed in front of Soviet tanks and armored vehicles.
at 7 a.m. on July 3, the first batch of Soviet bombers and fighters bombed and strafed the Japanese army. At the same time, the artillery of the Soviet army violently bombarded the Japanese cluster. These two firepower immediately stopped the Japanese army from marching, and the Japanese army could not carry out firepower, so it just dug personal bunkers in the sand in a hurry. At 9: a.m., 15 tanks of the 11th Soviet Tank Brigade opened fire on the Japanese troops holed up in the sand dune bunker.
On July 11th, the Kwantung Army Command ordered to stop the offensive and rectify the front line, and decided to transfer troops to the front line of Nomenham. The independent field heavy artillery wing was transferred from the mainland, and the anti-tank rapid-fire artillery squadron was transferred from Fengtian (now Shenyang), Bei 'an and Qiqihar, etc., to supplement the 23 rd division with weapons and troops and increase aircraft and vehicles.
From the beginning of the war, the Kwantung Army Command instructed Ishii troops to draw up a germ warfare plan in Nomenham area.
On July 13th, Ishii Bacteriological Corps, led by Shigeyoshi Shaozuo and 22 death squads, sprinkled 22.5 kilograms of typhoid fever, cholera, plague, malleolus and other bacteria into the water in two rubber rafts on the Haraha River, and waged a bacteriological war against the Soviet Union. Actually, 1,34 Japanese troops were infected with typhoid fever, dysentery and Huo disease, and more than 4 military doctors and death squads of Unit 731 were killed by bacteria.
the third stage
Japanese artillery positions
On July 23rd, after half a month's replenishment and rest, the Japanese army concentrated 25, troops and launched a general attack on the whole line with 82 cannons. On the 24th, the Soviet army launched a counterattack, and the Japanese army returned to its original place. On the 25th, the Kwantung Army Command issued? Stop attacking and build a position? Instructions.
on August 4th, in order to implement unified command, the Japanese army set up the 6th Army in Hailar (under the jurisdiction of the 23rd and 8th Frontier Guard, with the commander of the state soldiers), with about 25, troops.
In order to solve the war in Nomonhan area at an early date, the Soviet High Command decided to expand the 57th Special Army in Tamtsag Prague into the 1st Army. This is a temporary organization with independent combat functions of a variety of synthetic large corps. The Soviets assembled the 1st Army (more than 6, people, covering three infantry divisions, namely the 57th Division, the 82nd Division and the 152nd Division), the 36th Division of Motorization, the 5th Brigade of Mechanization, the 7th Brigade, the 8th Brigade and the 9th Brigade of Armor, the 6th Brigade, the 7th Brigade and the 11th Brigade of Tank, the 212th Brigade of Airborne, the 5th Brigade of Machine Gun and the 185th Regiment of Artillery. The 63rd, 66th and 15th air defense battalions and other units (including the 6th and 8th divisions of the Mongolian cavalry) have a mechanized army of more than 1, people (in addition, 18, tons of artillery shells, 6,5 tons of bombs, 7, tons of fuel, 4, tons of grain, 4, tons of materials and 3, trucks are transported around the clock by railway ... On July 15th, zhukov was appointed as the commander of the group army.
the fourth stage
the general staff of the Soviet army decided that the general attack time would be Sunday, August 2th, because according to the usual practice, half of the officers of the Japanese frontier troops would take turns to go to Hailar for vacation. The order to attack reached the first-line company at 2: 45 a.m. on the 2th, and the Japanese position on the opposite side was silent, and the Soviet counterattack achieved the greatest suddenness.
in the early morning of August 2th, the Soviet army launched a general attack campaign. Su Meng's army began to hold a large-scale counterattack with three divisions of the Outer Mongolian Army, two cavalry divisions, five armored brigades, one machine gun brigade, one airborne brigade and a large number of planes and artillery. Although the Japanese army didn't have a tank, it was bombarded by thousands of tons of shells from the Soviet army and surrounded by Soviet armored forces. However, the Japanese army was fearless and fought bravely with the Soviet army in the position. The fortifications of civil institutions built in the Mongolian wilderness were quickly flattened by the Soviet bombardment, and the Japanese army relied on the simple individual bunker dug by individual soldiers with engineers' shovels to fight.
On August 24th, the Japanese army even launched a counterattack. 3, Japanese infantry without artillery cover were stopped in front of barbed wire, field fortifications and artillery. Then Soviet tanks began to attack and the Japanese army retreated. By August 26th, the 23rd Division of the Japanese Army had been completely encircled. Under the heavy bombardment of Soviet heavy artillery, tanks and aerial bombs, the 23rd Division of the Japanese Army suffered heavy losses. In this campaign, the Soviet army severely damaged the search team of the 23rd division of the Japanese army, adowa the 1st brigade of the 26th wing of the 7th division, the 64th wing of the Japanese army and the 13th wing of the artillery were mostly annihilated by the Soviet army, and the 64th wing of the Changshan County, Wuguang Dazuo and the 13th joint captain of the artillery, Yi Shi Gaoxiu Dazuo, were all killed, and the 71st joint captain of the 23rd division, Morita Tetsuzo, was also killed, and all the only 22 cannons of the Japanese army were lost.
On August 31st, 11th day after being bombarded by tens of thousands of tons of artillery shells, the 23rd Division of the Japanese Army, which had run out of ammunition, decided to
break through the puppet Manchurian Xing 'an Army
. More than 2, soldiers of the 23rd Division fought their way through melee with grenades, and broke through the tight encirclement. The Japanese troops also broke through.
on August 29th, in view of the unfavorable situation of the Japanese army in Nomenkan area, the Japanese army base camp decided to assemble in the battlefields inside Shanhaiguan Pass in China: the 5th Division (stationed in Qingdao), the 14th Division (stationed in Kaifeng and Xinxiang, Henan), the 9th and 1th wings of field heavy artillery, 9 squadrons of rapid-fire artillery, 16 field anti-aircraft artillery teams, 1 flying team and 22 automobile squadrons arrived in the northeast of China.
At the same time, the Kwantung Army Command mobilized 1, men from the 2nd Division, 9,8 men from the 4th Division and 8, men from the 7th Division, and the main forces of the anti-aircraft artillery unit and the frontier garrison to March towards Nomenkan in an attempt to defeat the Soviet army. However, it was stopped by the Japanese base camp on September 3 before the offensive was launched.
On September 9th, Dongxiang Ambassador to the Soviet Union asked the Soviet Union for a truce in Nomenkan.
On September 15th, Japanese Ambassador to the Soviet Union Dongxiang signed an armistice agreement with Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov, and both sides stopped all actual military operations at 2 am on September 16th.
Battle Results
In mid-August 1939, the situation in Europe changed dramatically. The Soviet Union and Japan also stepped up diplomatic negotiations after the end of August. Although the Soviet army won the battle in the Far East, it had no intention of expanding the results. The two sides ceased fire on September 16, and the incident ended with Japan's concession and recognition of the existing border.
on June 9, 194, the Soviet union and Japan formally concluded an agreement.
the battle of nomenham lasted for 135 days. The two sides invested more than 2, soldiers in the battlefield, more than 5 cannons, 9 planes, thousands of tanks and armored vehicles, and more than 6, people died.
significance of the campaign
influence on World War II
Soviet troops inspect the spoils
Compared with other battles in World War II, Nomenham is an unknown war. However, it had a very far-reaching impact on the development of the situation in World War II.
before the war, the Tokyo authorities in Japan were still? Northward? And? South? To argue about the strategy. The northward plan is to launch an offensive by the army to Siberia, the Soviet Union, with the goal of attacking Lake Baikal. The southward plan is to seize the resources of Southeast Asia (especially the oil of the Netherlands Indonesia) mainly by the navy. The failure of the battle of Nomenham shows that the strength of the Soviet Red Army is still quite strong for the Japanese Army. To a certain extent, the battle of Nomenham led Japan to change to the strategic goal of advancing southward, which eventually led to Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, declaration of war on the United States and final defeat two years later.
in the battle of nomenham, zhukov commanded the armored forces to win the first victory with mobile warfare. Soviet hero? A reward for the title. The Soviet government got including spy Richard? Zorg's intelligence learned that Japan was advancing southward, so it should not immediately launch another offensive against Siberia. The Soviet army was then transferred to Europe; In December 1941, zhukov again commanded the Siberian troops to successfully launch a counterattack to defeat the Germans in the Moscow Defence War.
from the political point of view