The purpose of calligraphy and painting appraisal is mainly to serve the research of art history and museum science. Art history is not only an art history with written records, but also a communication history of art works. Compared with written records, artworks are more intuitive, authentic and credible first-hand materials. But since there are artworks, there are fakes of artworks. Therefore, it is necessary to identify calligraphy and painting.
The object of calligraphy and painting appraisal refers to the calligraphy and painting written by the late painter and hand-painted on paper, silk, silk and other materials, such as vertical shaft, hand scroll, picture album, fan, mirror center and so on. , excluding murals; The rubbings and rubbings in calligraphy belong to another discipline, and Qi Gong and Qin Gong are experts in this field. As for New Year pictures, reproductions of paintings and calligraphy, and works of living painters and calligraphers, they do not belong to the scope of painting and calligraphy appraisal.
The age of unearthed paintings and calligraphy is basically clear at a glance, and there is no need for too much identification. The time of Shenshan Chess Manual and the Bamboo Bird and Two Rabbits Map unearthed from Liao Tomb should be similar to that of tombs, that is, from the end of 10 to the beginning of10.
The identification of calligraphy and painting contains two meanings: one is to identify the authenticity, and the other is to determine the quality. The former is a "mirror" and the latter is a "reward". Whether a work is original or not is the most important thing, otherwise no matter how good it is, it is meaningless. Zhang Daqian, a master of calligraphy and painting, is not only good at poetry and painting, but also a master of counterfeiting. There are a considerable number of fake paintings and calligraphy in his life, and the quality is also very high. His forgeries of Shi Tao, Xu Wei and others are more handy and lifelike. Even a master like Huang was cheated by him.
On the one hand, it shows that Zhang Daqian has a high level of forgery; On the other hand, it also shows the difficulty of painting and calligraphy identification. This is just an example of modern counterfeiting, and the fakes made by ancient masters are even more difficult to identify.
Therefore, the task of calligraphy and painting appraisal is to restore the true colors of calligraphy and painting works handed down from generation to generation: to judge the authenticity, define the age and prove the authenticity.
Calligraphy and painting appraisal is basically an empirical science. A person's appraisal level is directly proportional to the original calligraphy and painting he has contacted, the knowledge of calligraphy and painting he has mastered and related knowledge. For example, a person we know very well will know that he is coming as long as he hears his cough from a distance. In the same way, if we read more works of a certain era and a certain painter, we will have a certain understanding and sum up some characteristics. Then we can draw an analogy from others and recognize other works of this painter. ? t； BR> calligraphy and painting appraisal research has a long history. Identification is linked to collection. The earliest collection of scroll paintings in China can be traced back to the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Since then, books such as calligraphy and painting instructions and notes have emerged one after another. Although it is not officially named as identification, it contains identification knowledge, but it is not systematic. For example, in Zhang Yanyuan's "Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties", there is a chapter on "Appraisal, Collection, Purchase and Appreciation", which talks about the method of identifying the age of calligraphy and painting through clothing and architecture; In Song Dynasty, there appeared a large number of works about the identification of collectors and calligraphy and painting, among which Mi Fei's History of Books and History of Painting are the representatives.
In the Ming Dynasty, with the development of economy, folk collections flourished, specialized folk collectors appeared, and a large number of calligraphy and painting collections and notes appeared. In his He Qing Shuhua Fang, Zhang Chou described the "learning of discrimination" in depth: "Appreciating two ideas is different in essence", and pointed out various methods of discrimination. He thinks that we should first look at the spiritual temperament, and then look at the records of the royal collection and the inscriptions of unknown people; Buy paper paintings, not silk paintings, because "paper lives for a thousand years". Wait a minute.
In modern times, calligraphy and painting appraisal has gradually become a specialized knowledge. In the 1920s, there was a museum for the public. Many scholars participate in the study of art history and calligraphy and painting; Since then, a large number of professional and systematic works on calligraphy and painting appraisal have appeared, such as How to Appraise Calligraphy and Painting, Introduction to Calligraphy and Painting Appraisal by Wang Yikun, Miscellaneous Notes by Xie, Introduction to Calligraphy and Painting Appraisal, etc.
Since 1950s, with more and more ancient paintings from China flowing into the west, western scholars have also taken a keen interest in China's paintings and calligraphy. They began to apply western methods to the study of China's paintings and China's calligraphy and painting, and made great contributions. There are several representative figures in calligraphy and painting appraisal, such as Wen Fong, Gao Juhan and others. & ampl？ After the liberation of BR>, the state attached great importance to cultural relics. Due to the increasing collection of paintings and calligraphy in the museum, the appraisal team was organized to conduct appraisal work in various places at that time, which was interrupted by the Cultural Revolution. 1983, the Ministry of Culture established the China Ancient Painting and Calligraphy Appraisal Group to conduct a comprehensive and systematic investigation and appraisal of the existing ancient paintings in the country, and compiled catalogues, picture books and large picture books.
With the acceleration of the whole social modernization process, relatively speaking, the ancient art of painting and calligraphy, as well as the identification of painting and calligraphy, has been getting farther and farther away from people's daily life. On the one hand, the progress of society brings a lot of convenience to the appraisal of calligraphy and painting; At the same time, the changes in social situation and cultural environment make people engaged in the collection and appraisal of calligraphy and painting need more "determination" and make more efforts.