The Tang Dynasty is the mature period of ancient architecture in China. On the basis of inheriting the achievements since the Han Dynasty, the buildings in this period absorbed and melted the influence of foreign buildings and formed a complete architectural system. This system consists of urban architecture, palace architecture and Buddhist architecture. As far as palace architecture in Tang Dynasty is concerned, Daming Palace, Xingqing Palace and Huaqing Palace are the most representative, each with distinct and different cultural characteristics.
Daming Palace in Tang Dynasty is located in front of Longshou Hospital in the northeast of Chang 'an, Tang Dynasty, with high terrain. According to archaeological excavations, the plane of Daming Palace is trapezoidal in the north and rectangular in the south. In addition to the three main halls in Miyagi-Hanyuan Hall, Zheng Xuan Hall and Chen Zi Hall, there are other buildings where ministers are close-fitting and confidential, such as imperial academy, Yushitai and Mingmu Academy. At the same time, Tang Xuanzong also placed a "left and right teaching workshop" on the edge of Penglai Palace. Miyagi takes Danfengmen to Chenzitang as the central axis. There are three halls on the central axis, and there are symmetrical attic platforms on both sides of the central axis. There is Taiye Pool in the middle of Miyagi, and the temples around Taiye Pool are the residence of the Emperor and Empress. Miyagi, on the other hand, has a beautiful garden area, the Inner Garden, which is exclusively for the royal family. This way of building groups makes Daming Palace have obvious architectural divisions-namely, the office area of the emperor's office, the residential area of the royal family and the amusement area. The palace in the office area is solemn and elegant, the residential area is built along the Taiye pool, and the amusement area is dominated by gardens. This architectural grouping mode, which not only clearly distinguishes regions, but also constitutes a unified overall layout, with clear master-slave relationship and left-right symmetry, embodies the unique design style of the architects in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and also embodies the cultural characteristics of the palace architecture in the Tang Dynasty, which focuses on the main hall and highlights the characteristics of the palace garden.
The layout of Daming Palace in Tang Dynasty has obvious characteristics: there are three main halls, the Hanyuan Hall is the place where the emperor met foreign envoys and held national celebrations, which was built in front, followed by the Zheng Xuan Hall in Japan and the Chen Zi Hall in Tang Dynasty. This arrangement not only meets the actual needs, but also embodies the feudal hierarchical concept; Linde Hall is the main hall for state banquets and entertainment activities. It is located in a high and open place on the west bank of Taiye Pool, only 90 meters away from Zuoyintaimen and Hanlin Academy. This not only facilitates the entry and exit of civil and military officials and the royal family, but also highlights the authority of the royal family. At the same time, the noise of the banquet does not affect the office and residence, which shows the closed "space" artistic layout of Daming Palace.
Hanyuan Palace is the main hall of Daming Palace and the most magnificent building in Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty. From the analysis of composition and layout, this hall takes the faucet as the base, which highlights the height of the base. The pavilion base is higher than the temple base, just like the wings of the wind. The setting of the so-called dragon tail road on the ramp of the upper temple adds a sense of volley and grandeur to the temple. The whole Hanyuan Temple complex faces the open square, just like a giant eagle descending from the sky, showing the grand, majestic and atmospheric style of palace architecture in the heyday of China feudal society. In addition, from archaeological excavations, we can know that the walls of the Han and Yuan Dynasties Hall are white, the roof tiles are black, the roof is green, the pillars are red and the arches are ochre yellow. This kind of TINT makes the building look solemn and simple, and highlights the national cultural tradition that China's architecture is famous for its "massiness".
Linde Hall consists of front, middle and back halls. There are the West Pavilion and adjacent buildings in the west, and the East Pavilion and the first floor in the east. The three halls are connected, with two pavilions on the second floor on both sides, which are closely surrounded and exquisitely conceived. This combination of pavilions and pavilions against nave reflects the layout of ancient courtyards and buildings in China, which is balanced and symmetrical, and highlights the architectural characteristics of nave. This is also reflected in the Tang Dynasty murals in Dunhuang, Gansu. At the same time, the construction of Linde Hall has also created an architectural form in which three halls are connected.
In a word, Daming Palace has many innovations in architectural art, which embodies the cultural characteristics of China's medieval palace architectural art in pursuit of grandeur, harmony and unity, and can be called a landmark building in the architectural history of China.
Xingqing Palace was built in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, covering an area of 20 16 mu. It is a model of the combination of gardens and palace buildings in Tang Dynasty. The main buildings in the palace, such as diligent office building and Calyx Building, are mostly pavilions. The artistic image displayed by these pavilion-style buildings is a high pedestal and a big roof. The vertical ridge of the big roof is curved, the eaves are slightly tilted, and the whole slope is in the shape of a "wheel line". The spinning line is the steepest descent line. In case of rainstorm, the accumulated water on the roof can flow away as quickly as possible. At the same time, the "cycloid" shape not only has a beautiful roof image, but also plays an important role in balancing, strengthening the stability of columns and benefiting the building structure. This is a clever combination of art and science, and a high degree of unity of form and content. The two ends of the roof are decorated with "owl tails", which makes the whole building more spectacular and full of energy. The building of Xingqing Palace also adopts huge bucket arches, tall and straight columns, colored paintings and high platform bases, which are organically combined into a whole, showing noble, luxurious, rich and elegant architectural cultural characteristics.
Huaqing Palace was a palace for emperors' entertainment in the Tang Dynasty, so it was chosen in Lishan Building on the outskirts of the capital Chang 'an. The palace is surrounded by mountains and waters, with beautiful natural scenery. On the plane layout, many temples and pavilions are distributed in the mountains and under the mountains, hidden among flowers and trees, which highlights the beauty of natural scenery and gives people a relaxed and fresh feeling to meet the needs of the royal family to rest here. This detached palace was mainly built for the royal family to come here to soak in hot springs. Therefore, there are many Tang Chi baths in the palace, as Lu Guimeng, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, wrote: "There are dozens of warm baths where the soup flows, and the jade canal smells the fine waves." In order to highlight the wild interest of the mountains and forests, these baths are exquisite and beautiful in appearance and small in scale, while the exterior decoration of the baths is extremely luxurious.
From this, we can see the architectural differences between the imperial palace and the detached palace in the Tang Dynasty: the imperial palace highlights its majestic momentum and solemn style; However, leaving the palace highlights the garden scenery and the buildings are scattered, mostly small and beautiful. But they all achieved the perfect unity of content and form, which reflected the wisdom and creativity of the working people. Today, we study the cultural characteristics of palace buildings in the Tang Dynasty, hoping that people can learn more about Xi 'an ancient city, and also provide information for Xi 'an buildings today, so as to highlight the style of the ancient city and let Xi 'an ancient city show the charm and elegance of a world famous historical and cultural city. Palace Gardens and Amusement Places in Tang Dynasty
The national strength of the Tang Dynasty was strong, and Chang 'an Palace was magnificent. There is Tai yuechi county in the north of Daming Palace, Penglai Mountain is isolated, and there are more than 400 cloisters around the pool. Xingqing Palace is centered on Longchi and surrounded by several courtyards. Xiyuan is the most beautiful of the three inner gardens. There are rockeries, lakes, swamps and canals in the garden. There are Furong Garden and Qujiang Pool in the southeast corner of Chang 'an City, which are open to the public within a certain period of time. It is actually an ancient public amusement park.
In the Tang Dynasty, Jiucheng Palace of the Summer Palace in Tiantai Mountain, linyou county was famous. Huaqing Palace at the foot of Lishan Mountain in Lintong County is a winter palace to avoid the cold.
Daming Palace
The site is located on Longshouyuan in the northeast of Xi City, Shaanxi Province. In the eighth year of Zhenguan in Li Shimin (634), Emperor Taizong built Yong 'an Palace in the forbidden garden in the northeast corner of Chang 'an Miyagi, and renamed it Daming Palace the following year. In the second year of Longshuo (662), Li Zhi, Emperor Gaozong, expanded and changed its name to Penglai Palace, which later became the main place where the Tang emperors lived and listened to politics in Chang 'an. Destroyed by war at the end of the Tang Dynasty. 196 1 year, and its site was designated as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Daming Palace stands at the top of the dragon's head, far away from Zhong Nanshan, overlooking Chang 'an, with a grand scale and magnificent momentum. Miyagi plane is an irregular rectangle, wide in the south and narrow in the north. The length of the north wall is1135m, and the length of the south wall (that is, a section of the north wall of Chang 'an) is1674m. The west wall is perpendicular to the north and south walls, with a length of 2256 meters. The east wall twists and turns. There are three parallel things in the palace wall of Miyagi. All palace walls are rammed earth walls, and only the inner and outer surfaces at the junction with the city gate and the corner of the city wall are paved with bricks. The width of the city foundation is 13m, the depth is 1m, and the width of the city wall bottom is 10m. Outside the east, north and west walls in the north of Miyagi, there are parallel walls. The west and east sides of Jiacheng are 55 meters away from Miyagi, and the north Jiacheng is 0/60 meters away from Miyagi/KLOC. The Danfeng Gate in the center of the south wall of Gongcheng is the main entrance, Yan Gate and Wang Xianmen in the east, and Fu Jian Gate and Xing 'an Gate in the west. There is the right Yintai Gate in the middle of the western wall and the Jiuxian Gate in the north. There is a left inkpad door on the east wall; In the middle of the north wall is Xuanwu Gate, in the east is Han Yin Gate, in the west is Xiaoqing Gate, and in the north of Xuanwu Gate is a heavy Xuanmen. At that time, the area around Beimen was the residence of the imperial army in Beiya, which was related to the safety of the imperial court. Therefore, there are three doors within a distance of less than 200 meters (including the heavy doors in Xuanwu Gate), and the base addresses of these doors still exist.
According to records, Daming Palace is divided into two parts: the outer dynasty and the inner dynasty. The foreign dynasties followed the three dynasties system of Taiji Palace in Tang Dynasty, and along the north-south axis there were the Han and Yuan halls of the great dynasty, the Zheng Xuan hall of the Japanese dynasty and the Chen Zi hall of the long dynasty. There are several halls and attics on the east and west sides of the three halls. Some official institutions are attached to overseas Korean parts, such as Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province, Hong Wen Museum and History Museum. Part of the palace is centered on the Ether Pool. Penglai Mountain is built by the pool, and a winding corridor is set around the pool. Around the main hall, pavilions and sleeping halls are in the south of Chi. This is the place where the emperor and queen live and rest. The specific location of each hall needs further archaeological excavation to determine.
Hanyuan Palace, the first palace in the central axis of Daming Palace. This is where important ceremonies are held. Hanyuan Temple uses the original highland of Longtou as the temple base. Now the remaining sites are more than 10 meters higher than the south terrace. The east, north and west sides of the temple are rammed earth walls with white ash. The width of the hall is 1 1, and each room is more than 5 meters wide and 4 rooms deep. The north wall is 5 meters away from the center of the north inner trough column, and the north-south span of the inner trough column is 9.8 meters. The temple is surrounded by secondary corridors. There is a square column foundation on the temple site. The length and width of the lower square part are 1.4m and the height is 0.52m. The upper convex basin is 10cm in height and 84cm in diameter. Only from the size of this component, we can see the scale of the Han and Yuan temples. Weilong in front of the temple is 75 meters long, with plain square bricks on the pavement, lotus square bricks on the slope, bluestone goulan on both sides, stone pillars and decapitated heads. There are two pavilions, Xiangluan Pavilion and Qifeng Pavilion, in front of the east and west sides of the Han and Yuan Dynasties Hall, which are connected with the Han and Yuan Dynasties Hall by a rectangular corridor. This huge palace complex embodies the vigorous style of architecture in the Tang Dynasty and has become a model for later palaces.
Linde Hall is the place where the emperor holds banquets, watches acrobatic dances and makes Buddhist works. It is located on the highland west of Taiye Pool, 90 meters away from the western wall of Gongcheng. The abutment of the palace ruins is made of rammed earth and surrounded by brick walls. It is rectangular, with a length of130m from north to south and a width of about 77m from east to west. The upper and lower floors, the temple and the porch are built on the upper abutment. Linde Temple consists of a front hall, a middle hall and a back hall. The middle hall is the main hall, with 9 rooms wide from east to west (except one with two gables). The front hall is also 9 rooms wide from east to west. The two mountains are flush with the nave, and there is no wall before and after. There are 4 rooms at each end, of which 7 rooms are deep and 3 rooms are deep, and the ground is also paved with slate. The back hall is separated from the middle hall by a wall, and the two mountains are aligned with the middle hall, with a depth of 3 rooms. The ground is paved with square bricks, and there are cloisters around the hall. The back side of the temple is the first floor in the east, and the adjacent buildings are in the west. There are East Pavilion and West Pavilion in front of the two floors. Buildings and pavilions are built on rammed earth platforms, and pavilions and cloisters set off the three halls, forming a group of large-scale architectural combinations with Tang characteristics.
Xingqing palace
Located in the eastern suburb of Xi City, Shaanxi Province, the site is one of the three palaces in Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. The other two are Daming Palace and Taiji Palace. In the second year of Kaiyuan (7 14), Xingqing Square, the former residence of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was built. The layout of the palace is asymmetric, and there is a large flower garden in the south, which is separated from the palace. The first year of Tang Tianyou (904) was destroyed.
According to records, Xingqing Palace is divided into north and south parts by an east-west horizontal wall. The northern part is the palace area, and the main entrance is the western wall Xingqing Gate; The south is a garden area. The east is connected with Daming Palace through Jiacheng. The main hall is Xingqing Hall, and the main buildings are Datong Hall, Nanxun Hall and Xinshe Hall. Longshou Canal runs through the palace area, across the east and west horizontal walls of Yingzhoumen, and flows into Longchi in the garden area. The garden area is centered on Longchi, and there is an agarwood pavilion in the northeast corner. There are Qinzheng Building and Hexianghui Building in the southwest of the palace, which are the places where Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty announced amnesty, changed the Yuan Dynasty, accepted surrender, received congratulations, met and hosted banquets. The whole palace has no overall central axis, which is rare in ancient palace buildings. The length of the site is1250m from north to south and1080m from east to west. During the period of 1958, excavations were carried out in the site, including a gate site with a width of 5 rooms, a length of 26.5 meters, a depth of 3 rooms and a width of 19 meters. In the middle room, there is a rammed earth platform on the deep west side, and the outer side of the earth platform is connected with the Nangong wall. In the open room, except for the bay road. This place was once considered as the location of diligent office buildings. However, some people think that it is inconsistent with the position and scale contained in the literature.
Qujiangchi
China's famous scenic spot in Tang Dynasty, located in the southeast corner of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty, was named after the winding water flow. In Qin Dynasty, it was called Kaizhou, and the palace was built as "Yichun Garden". In the Han Dynasty, canals were dug here, and "Yichun Hou Yuan" and "Leyuan Garden" were built. When Sui Ying was the capital (Daxing City), Yu Wenkai carved it into a pool. Emperor Wendi called the pool "Furong Pool" and the garden "Furong Garden". When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty restored the name of Qujiangchi, the garden was still called "Furong Garden". According to records, the induced labor water of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was injected into Qujiang from outside the city through Huang Qu, and a pavilion was built for the Furong Garden. Furong Garden occupies a square in the southeast corner of the city, protruding outside the city, surrounded by walls, with a total area of about 2.4 square kilometers. Qujiangchi is located in the west of the park, with a water surface of about 0.7 square kilometers. The whole park is dominated by water features, natural scenery and winding coastline, which can be used for boating. Aquatic plants such as lotus and calamus are planted in the pool. Pavilion, building, hall and pavilion are looming among the flowers and trees. Qujiang Lake, as a scenic spot in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty, is open regularly and everyone can visit it, especially Zhonghe (the first day of the second lunar month) and Shangsi (the third day of the third lunar month). The Central Plains (July 15), Chongyang (September 9) and the dark day of each month (the day at the end of the month) are also very lively. Now the pool site is still there, and the garden facilities are gone.