Di Bao, also known as Di Bao (also known as Di Bao), also known as "Newspaper" and "Miscellaneous Newspaper", all use the word "newspaper", which shows that it is a kind of public news for notification and a news copy specially used by the court to spread documents and political information about Zheng Chao. According to historical records, both the county countries in the Han Dynasty and the buffer towns in the Tang Dynasty set up "stations" in Beijing, which are equivalent to news agencies stationed in Beijing today, focusing on transmitting news of state affairs. All imperial edicts, courtiers' meetings, and the appointment, removal and transfer of relevant officials are the contents that officials need to collect and copy.
"Dibao" was originally copied by the imperial court and then posted at the palace gate for the public to copy, so it was also called "Gongmen Copy" and "Yuanmen Copy", which was actually the earliest way of news release.
About the Song Dynasty, there appeared a businessman who copied and sold Fu Bao for profit. To save trouble, officials are willing to spend some money on it. Probably come later, because you can buy it at cost, so you don't need to copy it. Therefore, in addition to official copying, there was Beijing Daily in the late Qing Dynasty. Beijing Daily has a special newspaper room management and operation, and has become a distribution department with a certain scale, taking shape.
The General Political Department of the Ming Dynasty was responsible for the dissemination of official newspapers. /kloc-After the middle of the 6th century, the Ming government allowed people to run their own newspapers. Under the supervision of the feudal government, some manuscripts copied from the relevant departments of the cabinet were published and sold. Most of these newspapers are located in Beijing. The newspaper they publish is generally called Beijing Daily (sometimes mixed with Dibao). The newspaper is in the capital, and it was sent from the capital. The content includes three parts: imperial edict, government affairs and officials' memorial. The Beijing Daily published in the newspaper room has a title. After the eleventh year of Chongzhen (AD 1638), movable type printing was widely used (movable type printing in the late Ming Dynasty was a great progress in news communication technology in China). Since the mid-Ming Dynasty, publishing and delivering Beijing newspapers has become an open profession. In the late Ming Dynasty, Beijing Daily published social news. Merchants selling treasures have formed a larger sales scale, and even printing bureaus and newspapers have appeared. Until the Wanli period, there were many newspapers in the north and south, and most of them were run by the people. These businessmen compete with each other, and even directly bribe some officials, attendants or eunuchs of Si Li Jian to disclose the contents of the memorial in advance for sale. They are the earliest paparazzi that can be tested so far. The rapid development of original newspapers such as Shenbao ensured the information transparency of the Ming government and the participation of non-governmental organizations in the discussion of state affairs to a certain extent.
According to historical records, the cabinet of the Qing Dynasty had a special organization called "Copy Room" outside the Donghua Gate in Beijing. Every day, the newspaper sent people there to copy the news released that day, which was called "palace document", which was the place where the Qing government issued the "palace imperial edict" at that time. After the newspaper reporter got the manuscript, he printed it immediately in order to gain time. Except for all government affairs, dynamic reports and imperial edicts called "palace gate copy", the number of memorials was selected because of the large number. This kind of "newsprint" printed on a single page without a cover is called public copy, which is often sent out at night and sent to read. It is very similar to the current evening paper, and it is similar to the big reference of senior cadres, the nature and level of internal reference. Beijing Daily consists of three parts: palace gate copy, imperial edict and memorial. Because of the large number of words to be memorized, printing and binding are time-consuming, which needs to be completed in the evening and published the next day. This two-page printed Beijing Daily is very similar to the daily newspaper published now. However, under the strict control of the Manchu government, most of the "Beijing Daily" in the Qing Dynasty could only publish some documents and news allowed by the government. After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, there were more than ten newspapers in Beijing, and the newspapers they published were still called Beijing Daily. The content is similar to Beijing Daily in the late Ming Dynasty. (There are similarities between Bao Jing and Jinshi Bao in the late Qing Dynasty)
Land tenure reform in Song Dynasty;
(1) Strengthen centralization. Song Taizong merged all the theaters into a general theater, which was later called the theater directly. The central government directly controls the right to release the theater and official news, and all publicly released government statements must go through the theater. It became a central newspaper.
(2) Content: The content of the copy newspaper is only a briefing on North Korea's political affairs, the issuance of imperial edicts and the memorial of ministers, and there is no news written by officials themselves. The manuscript of this kind of official document is the treasure, also called the report of Zou Jin Institute or Zou Jin Institute. The central release is more authoritative and spreads quickly.
(3) Management: In the Song Dynasty, a fairly complete manuscript review system was formed. The "fixed edition" system is the earliest news censorship system in China, and it also serves for centralization.
Some understandings of newspapers in Ming Dynasty
(1) The journalism in China feudal society developed to a new stage in the Ming Dynasty, and the distribution system of feudal official newspapers was more perfect. Private newspapers, which originated from the tabloids in the Song Dynasty, were allowed to be published publicly, and running newspapers became an open profession in society, and newspapers printed with movable type appeared.
(2) The reproduction and distribution of official newspapers in the Ming Dynasty experienced three links: the general political department, the six departments and the support hall.
(3) After the mid-Ming Dynasty, newspapers in the Ming Dynasty were allowed to open, and people who took "delivering newspapers to households" as their profession and "newspapers" who made big profits in running newspapers began to appear.
(4) The readers of Shenbao in Ming Dynasty are mainly literati and intellectuals in the ruling and opposition parties.
(5) The feudal rulers in the Ming Dynasty mainly controlled the treasure by restricting property grabbing.
(6) In the Ming Dynasty, the uprising peasants used the news media such as posting, flag newspaper and post newspaper to transmit information and fight against the enemy. These news media have played a role similar to newspapers to a certain extent.
Some understandings of newspapers in Ming Dynasty
(1) Journalism in China feudal society reached its final stage in the Qing Dynasty and completed its final course. The distribution system of feudal official newspapers tends to be stereotyped.
(2) The reproduction and distribution of official newspapers in Qing Dynasty, like that in Ming Dynasty, experienced three links: the general political department, the six departments and the support hall.
(3) Sports hall played a very important role in journalism in Qing Dynasty.
(4) The folk newspapers and periodicals in Qing Dynasty were mainly concentrated in Beijing.
(5) Besides Beijing, the journalism of local provincial capitals in Qing Dynasty also developed to a certain extent.
(6) The Qing court strictly controlled the newspaper publishing activities of the topic hall and folk newspapers: it was forbidden to spread newspapers without wholesale, to spy on, write, record and copy news, to falsify newspapers and to forge titles and comments. The purpose is to prevent the leakage of imperial secrets and maintain the feudal system. Strict control makes the newspapers run by newspapers increasingly rigid and lack vitality, and gradually decline in the fierce competition with modern newspapers.
China is the first country with a newspaper in the world. The earliest official newspaper appeared, that is, the official newspaper. There are different opinions about the appearance of ancient newspapers in academic circles, but the contemporary press generally affirms that the most representative book originated in the Tang Dynasty, with the famous news historian Mr. Fang Hanqi. He believes that newspapers originated in the Tang Dynasty. In the 1980s, among the existing Dunhuang cultural relics, historical researchers found two copies of the Drama Building of the Tang Dynasty, which is the oldest newspaper in China and the oldest original newspaper in the world.
Since the Tang Dynasty, an ancient newspaper called "Dibao" began to appear and develop continuously. The main means of spreading news and information in this feudal dynasty didn't quit the historical stage until the last dynasty of China, the Qing Dynasty, perished.
Di Bao: China ancient newspapers were generally called Di Bao, and different dynasties had different names, such as Xiang, Di Bao, Di Bao and Ge Bao.
The bulletin of the central government of the Tang Dynasty distributed outside the palace gate was the earliest form of ancient newspapers. The earliest extant document of this feudal official newspaper is the article Reading Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper in Jingwei Collection of Sun Qiao in Tang Dynasty. This article by Sun Qiao was written in the 5th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 85 1). In this article, he recorded that there was a news bulletin about state affairs outside the palace gate every day during the Kaiyuan period, and called it "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper". It was copied at that time and sent to other places. Sun Qiao (also known as "Sun Kezhi", who studied under Han Yu) saw this manuscript circulating in Xiangfan. Sun Qiao also compared the contents of Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper with the chronicle Kaiyuan Record, and found that every article was well founded, which affirmed the authenticity of the contents contained in Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper. According to Sun Qiao's account of the contents of Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper, in the 13th year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 725), there was an event in which the emperor closed his meditation. As you can see, before this, this kind of political bulletin has been published, and in the five years since Sun Qiao wrote this article, it is still published every day, and the content is completely court news. Sun Qiao called this kind of state briefing "the person who reported to the DPRK", so there was no fixed name at that time. It was not until the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty that this kind of briefing on state affairs was generally called "Bao Chao". As a tool for the central government to publicly release palace news, it is quickly released to the people. This news dissemination tool did not die out with the collapse of the Li and Tang Dynasties. Bao Chao in Song Dynasty and Gongmenchao in Ming and Qing Dynasties are the continuation of the political briefing in Tang Dynasty in both content and form.
After the mid-Tang dynasty, the separatist forces in the buffer regions formed, and only a few areas were controlled by the central government. The residence of the buffer zone in Kyoto has actually become an intelligence agency, and the central government generally dares not ask about spies entering and leaving the residence. The leader of the government is called "the government envoy", who is held by Pan Zhen's capable general, and his subordinates are called "government officials", all of whom are appointed by the local governor. In the 12th year of Tang Daizong Dali (A.D. 777), all the residences of various factions studying in Beijing were renamed as "Enjoying the Academy", and "Leaving the House for Later" was referred to as "Knowing the Official" for short, but the Enjoying Official was still appointed by local time. In addition to submitting, transmitting documents and inquiring about local government affairs, the tasks of officers also include providing news about the capital to our festivals, collecting military and political information, and checking the performance of local envoys and clerks in Beijing. Official reports on festivals are called official newspapers or official newspapers. Judging from the existing physical objects and the relevant historical records of the Tang Dynasty, it is a kind of official document, which provides the reading report of our time, including the official news released by the central government, such as the dismissal of officials, imperial edicts, military news, royal dynamics and so on. , and the news information collected by the theater itself, such as the honor and goodwill of our family members in Beijing, the representations of local time envoys to the court, and even the notification to the court in Pan Shuai.
Although there is a lot of news content in the Tang Dynasty, it is only sent to me. In some areas, the chief executive only sends it to observers, without a copy, and does not copy it to state-level organs. If there are things that need to be known by state and county officials, they will inform the subordinate institutions through the second part of the Taoist temple called the observer and spread it in the officialdom. Therefore, judging from the single line of the nature and transmission mode of official documents in the Tang Dynasty, it is only a semi-official information, which is very different from the nature of the Song Dynasty.
In the Tang Dynasty, imperial edicts, a common form of communication in Qin and Han dynasties, continued to exist all over the country. If the news content is beneficial to feudal rulers, the court will release it to the public in the form of imperial edicts. It takes about half a month for a news to be notified to local officials and officially announced to the public. In the Tang Dynasty, the method of releasing news to the people of the whole country was that the county magistrate assigned a scribe to copy the imperial edict on a large page and ask the way to the village. Observers also sent staff to check whether there were any omissions or spelling mistakes in the copied imperial edicts, so as to find and correct them in time and report them to the Central Committee as an inspection content of the diligent performance of county magistrates and county magistrates.
Social function of subsistence allowances:
At first, the readers of Adi Newspaper were mainly local officials at the road, state and county levels. Later, some officials and nobles in Beijing could see it, and then Di Bao flourished and its readers gradually increased.
B As a media, Dibao's main social function is to spread the information people need (mainly political information).
C treasure was used by feudal dynasties as a tool to publicize kingship, reward kindness, reward officials and implement policies.
D Dibao has also become a must-read textbook for feudal intellectuals who entered the official career.
E Feudal dynasties regarded treasure as an important reference material for compiling history.