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At the beginning of Emperor Wu's accession to the throne, on the one hand, the political situation was relatively stable and the national economic situation was quite good. On the other hand, the separatist factors of vassal States still exist, and the potential threat is not small. Therefore, while continuing to implement the policy of Emperor Jing, he took a series of measures to strengthen the centralization of absolutism. Politically, first, the promulgation of the "favor decree" allowed the captaincy to enfeoffment more children and carve up the fiefs of the kingdom, further weakening the influence of the captaincy and subtly eliminating the threat; Secondly, the establishment of China and North Korea weakened the relative strength and consolidated the sacred position of imperial power; Another 13 secretariat departments were established, which strengthened local control. On the military side, it is mainly to concentrate military power and enrich the central military power; On the economic front, we should rectify the finances, issue the orders of "liquidation" and "admonition", levy a tax on businessmen's assets, and crack down on wealthy businessman dajia; Sang Hongyang suggested that smelting iron and boiling salt should be returned to the official camp, and it is forbidden to cast money in counties and counties; The establishment of leveling officials and loss-sharing officials, as well as the government's management of transportation and trade, have greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, building water conservancy projects, emigrating to the northwest, and implementing the "land substitution law" ideologically are beneficial to the development of agricultural production, adopting Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, ousting a hundred schools of thought, and worshiping Confucianism alone, making Confucianism the dominant ideology of China society and having a far-reaching impact on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to the cultivation of talents. He established an evaluation system, which is the origin of China's talent selection system and has a great influence on later generations.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conducted the first population statistics in human history.
On the one hand, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ended the pro-Xiongnu policy since the Battle of Mayi in 133 and began to formally declare war on Xiongnu. Li Guang, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to conquer, which relieved the threat of Xiongnu, expanded the territory of the western regions, put Xiongnu in a passive position and ensured the economic and cultural development of the north. At the same time, Yelang and Nanyue regimes in the south were eliminated, and seven regimes were established in the southwest. At the same time, he sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, which opened up the famous Silk Road, further strengthened his rule over the Western Regions and developed economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. In the northeast, he sent troops to destroy Weishi Korea (now northern Korea), and set up four counties, namely Le Lang, Xuantu, Lintun and Fan Zhen, and the territory of the Han Empire was basically formed.
In the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to the constant use of troops against Xiongnu and the Western Regions, as well as the profligacy of meditation and worship of gods and immortals, the corvee was aggravated and taxes were increased, which led to the bankruptcy and exile of a large number of farmers. In the second year of Tian Han (the first 99 years), peasant uprisings of different scales broke out in Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Nanyang. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who knew his destiny, also felt the consequences of his political decision-making mistakes in his later years. At the same time, appease the refugees and award the "crime of wheel platform" on the wheel platform. "Since I acceded to the throne, what I have done is crazy and makes the world sad. I can't regret it. Let those who have harmed the people and ruined the world from today! " Admit a mistake. Therefore, the world is gradually returning to harmony. It laid the foundation for the prosperity of Zhao Xuan Zhongxing.
Qin Shihuang:
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When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north and south. In history, it is said that "a hundred miles of land bows down" and "a thousand miles north". According to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory is almost twice that controlled by the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only paid attention to conquest but not to system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Today, the English name for China, China, also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire from one side.
Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today.
Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). It's all cloth, only according to the military). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries.
The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. China, the so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "Since Qin, its system has not changed" and "Hundreds of generations still follow the Qin law and govern", basically followed the Qin system in the political system for two thousand years in the imperial power era.
Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks at him!" Sang Hongyang's exposition affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China. Zhang Taiyan of the Qing Dynasty also praised Qin Shihuang in his Qin Zhengji written in 19 13.
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Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China promoted the Confucian theory with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on.
"Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" Qin Wang was greedy for money, self-motivated, did not believe in merit, did not kiss the gentry, abolished the royal power, established private rights, prohibited documents from cooling the law, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny.
Jia Yi's "On Qin": One person is in trouble for seven temples, and his body is dead and his hands are dead. What is the joke of the whole world? Be merciless, and the offensive and defensive trends are different.
Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians, and he would do anything for power [14].
The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all huge in scale, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounced that many people were killed or injured in the construction process, but on the other hand, it further developed the transportation in various places and made contributions to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of various ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.
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Commentator: mxy 535546283- probationary period level 1
Dear classmate: When the senior high school entrance examination arrives, you are going to answer a question and write this. Is it expensive? This is all summed up by our teacher, but you don't have to ... can you read the trouble? How much can you read?
Commentator: Murong Xueer-Magician Level 4
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Qin Shihuang: 1 Main achievements: A. Established the first unified centralized feudal country.
B. the centralization of feudal autocracy was established.
C. Harmonizing currency, writing and weights and measures
D. Settle in the north and build the Great Wall of Wan Li.
2. negligence: a. enacted a harsh criminal law b. implemented heavy corvee C. burned books to bury Confucianism.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: 1. Main achievements: He was a rough-minded feudal emperor, and his unification strengthened centralization and brought the Western Han Dynasty into its heyday.
2. Neglect: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used soldiers year after year, which brought great pain to people's lives.
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Responder: Murong Xueer-Trainee Magician Level 3 1 1-24 22:29
Achievements of Qin Shihuang:
Unified measurement based on the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang;
Based on the common characters of Qin Dynasty, Li Si was ordered to simplify, formulate characters, promulgate and unify them nationwide.
Abolish the common currency of the six countries, unify the currency used, and use Qin "half Liang" money as the circulation currency;
On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, it absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws.
He abolished the enfeoffment system since the Shang and Zhou dynasties, implemented the county system and established a whole set of bureaucracy from the central government to the counties.
Meng Tian was sent to attack the Huns and connected with the Great Wall built by other countries during the Warring States Period to form the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li.
The development of South Vietnam made the territory of China include Guangdong and Guangxi today, and even extended to northern Vietnam today. Making China the largest empire in the world at that time.
The achievements of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty:
First, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented some political systems to strengthen centralization, which consolidated the unity and development of the Western Han Dynasty.
When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first ascended the throne, his grandmother Dou Taihou held the power. In 135 BC, Dou Taihou died, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to hold all power in his own hands to show his political ambitions. He first attacked the consort Tian, the prime minister, and then strengthened the position of the minister who sent and received documents around him, making the prime minister a nominal position. Since then, Zhongshu and Shangshu have become the central institutions that give orders.
In order to strengthen centralization and thoroughly solve the problems of vassal States, he ordered the kings of vassal States not to pass on the fiefs only to the eldest son who succeeded to the throne, but also to set aside some of them for other sons, and they were not unified. As a result, the land of the vassal States is getting smaller and smaller, and their strength is getting weaker and weaker, so they can't compete with the central authorities. This is a clever move by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also strengthened the original supervision system and established a new system of selecting officials. He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, ordered each county and township to honor one person's loyalty every year, and adopted the method of "writing a letter on the bus" so that officials and people could write a letter to the emperor and suggest state affairs. If the opinion meets the requirements of governing the country, it will be awarded an official position according to the author's specialty.
Second, in order to strengthen and consolidate his rule, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which consolidated the unity and centralization of the country and had a long-term impact on later history.
Dong Zhongshu believes that the emperor manages the people according to God's will, and God has given him the power to rule the people, which can never be violated. This statement just catered to the wishes of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who regarded this thought as a tool for ruling ideology and maintaining the feudal system. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took the exam, he did not take other schools of thought, but only took the exam of Confucian scholars. Therefore, if you want to be an official, you have to accept Confucianism, and scholars have become Confucian scholars.
Third, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to crusade against the Huns, which made the regime of the Western Han Dynasty more consolidated and the country more unified, and created extremely favorable conditions for the economic and cultural development of the Western Han Dynasty.
From 133 BC to 1 19 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to carry out many large-scale battles with the Xiongnu, and finally won an all-round victory over the Xiongnu, which fully reflected his great talent and excellent military command ability. In the process of fighting against Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also enriched the frontier defense and developed production through a large number of immigrants.
Fourthly, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the West.
In BC 138, Zhang Qian, a famous and great explorer in the history of China, was ordered by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to go to the Western Regions, with the purpose of uniting with the Dayue family to defend and attack the Xiongnu forces. In BC 1 19, Zhang Qian was ordered to go to the Western Regions for the second time. Subsequently, countries in Central Asia and the Western Regions often visited and traded in Chang 'an in the name of tribute. The exchange of personnel and trade between China and other countries in the western regions lasted for more than 1000 years, starting from the Western Han Dynasty, passing through the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and finally the Tang Dynasty.
Fifth, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened up the southern and southwestern territories, which made the Yue ethnic group, the southwest ethnic groups and the Han nationality better integrated.
After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty assigned the three tribes of the Yue nationality to the Han Dynasty, they moved to the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, South China Sea and other places, and lived together with the Han nationality for a long time, and gradually merged with each other, forming a "great unification" situation that has not been completed since the pre-Qin period. In the process of developing southwest China, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty spread iron tools and high Han culture to these areas, which more or less broke the occlusion of these areas and promoted the development of local economy and culture.
Sixth, vigorously build water conservancy and develop agricultural production.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Cao Canal, Bai Canal and Longshou Canal were built, and six auxiliary canals were opened next to Zheng Guoqu, which was opened in the Qin Dynasty, to irrigate highlands. In BC 109, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited tens of thousands of soldiers to block the breach of the Yellow River. After this operation, there was no major flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow River for about 80 years.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also vigorously promoted reclamation and other major measures to develop agriculture. He also vigorously promoted Daitian Law and