2 English reference brain stem [2 1 century bilingual dictionary of science and technology]
Chinese medicine terminology committee. Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004)]
Chinese medicine terminology committee. Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004)]
Brainstem [Chinese Medicine Terminology Examination Committee]. Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004)]
3. Overview of brain stem: 1. Name of anatomical structure; 2. Ear point name.
4 anatomical structure name brainstem brainstem is the name of anatomical structure. The brain is located in the cranial cavity and can be divided into brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon and telencephalon (left and right hemispheres). The brain stem belongs to a part of the brain.
The brain stem is the part of the spinal cord that extends to the cranial cavity. Its lower end is connected with the spinal cord at the foramen magnum, its upper end is connected with the diencephalon and covered by two hemispheres of the brain, and its dorsal side is connected with the cerebellum. The brain stem can be divided into medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain from bottom to top (some people advocate that diencephalon should also be included in the brain stem).
The upper part of the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata is bounded by the transverse sulcus and pons. The shape of the lower part of the medulla oblongata is similar to that of the spinal cord, and there are a pair of longitudinal bulges along both sides of the midline, which are called cones. There is an olive body outside the cone and a lower olive core inside. There is a hypoglossal nerve between the cone and the olive body, which comes out of the brain. The glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve and accessory nerve are distributed from top to bottom on the lateral side of the medulla oblongata and the dorsal side of the olive body. On the back of the medulla oblongata, its lower part is similar to the spinal cord. On its upper part, because the central canal is open like the fourth ventricle, it forms a wide fourth ventricle bottom with the back of pons. The fourth ventricle is connected with the central canal of spinal cord downwards and with the midbrain aqueduct upwards.
The ventral surface of pons is a broad protrusion called basal part, and the basal part of pons gradually narrows outward, which is called pons arm. The back is connected to the cerebellum. There is a trigeminal nerve root between the bridge arm and the base. At the junction of pons and medulla oblongata, there are abducens nerve, facial nerve and auditory nerve root in turn from inside to outside.
There are a pair of longitudinal protrusions on the ventral side of midbrain, called cerebral peduncle, through which thick longitudinal fibers pass. The oculomotor nerve originated from the medial side of the cerebral peduncle. There are two pairs of mound processes on the back of midbrain, which are called quadruple. The upper pair is called the upper mound and the lower pair is called the lower mound. The trochlear nerve sends out under the tetrad. The lumen in the midbrain is the midbrain aqueduct, which communicates with the upper third ventricle and the lower fourth ventricle.
4. 1 division of brain stem The brain stem includes medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain.
4.2 The brain stem is located in the posterior cranial fossa, from foramen magnum to sella turcica.
4.3 The shape of the brain stem is thin at the lower end, continuous with the fissure on the surface of the spinal cord, and wide at the middle and upper parts.
4.3. 1 ventral view (1) Medulla oblongata: The main structure is cone and cone crossing.
(2) pons: the boundary between pons sulcus and medulla oblongata. The main structure is basal sulcus.
(3) Midbrain: The main structure consists of two cerebral peduncle and interpedural fossa.
4.3.2 Posterior view of medulla oblongata (1): The main structures are fascicular nodules and wedge-shaped nodules.
(2) pons: There is a rhombic fossa between pons and medulla oblongata. There are cerebellar feet connected to the cerebellum on both sides of the rhombic fossa.
(3) Midbrain: There are four folds, namely two superior colliculus and two inferior colliculus. The superior colliculus is related to visual reflex and the inferior colliculus is related to auditory reflex.
4.4 Internal structure of the brain stem 4.4. 1 Gray matter The gray matter of the brain stem is no longer a continuous gray matter column, but a gray matter mass, called the nerve nucleus.
(1) brain nuclei
It is divided into somatic motor nucleus, somatic sensory nucleus, visceral motor nucleus and visceral sensory nucleus. Most of them are located in the deep layer of related cranial nerves.
1) Somatic motor nucleus: It includes special visceral motor nucleus, mainly including oculomotor nerve nucleus, trochlear nerve nucleus, abducens nerve nucleus, trigeminal nerve motor nucleus, facial nerve nucleus and sublingual nerve nucleus.
Somatic motor nucleus
The action of a suspected pair under the tongue of the trident is completed at the moving eye skating auto show.
2) Visceral motor nucleus: it mainly includes oculomotor nerve accessory nucleus, upper salivary gland nucleus, lower salivary gland nucleus and dorsal vagal nucleus.
Visceral motor nucleus
Eye accessory, upper and lower saliva vagus nerve parasympathetic nerve
3) Visceral sensory nucleus: There is only one nucleus of solitary tract.
4) Somatosensory nuclei: including special somatosensory nuclei and general somatosensory nuclei. The former has vestibular nucleus and cochlear nucleus, while the latter has trigeminal midbrain nucleus, trigeminal pontine nucleus and trigeminal spinal tract nucleus.
Sensory nucleus
The internal organs feel lonely, and the body is special and ordinary.
There are three special trigeminal senses in vestibulocochlear nucleus.
Note: Nucleus tractus solitarius
(2) Conduction relay core
It is mainly composed of fascicular nucleus and cuneiform nucleus, which receive the fibers of fascicular and cuneiform bundles respectively.
4.4.2 White matter is composed of ascending and descending fiber bundles, mainly including four hills.
(1) Medial colliculus: It is composed of fibers from the gracilis nucleus and the cuneiform nucleus, and conducts the deep feeling and fine touch of the trunk and limbs.
(2) Lateral colliculus: It is composed of fibers of cochlear nucleus and conducts hearing.
(3) Thalamic medulla: It is composed of anterior thalamic tract of spinal cord and lateral thalamic tract.
(4) Trigeminal nerve mound: It is composed of fibers from the sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve, and it conducts the superficial sensation of head and face.
White matter of brain stem
Sensory thalamotomy was performed in the four colliculus system of brain stem white matter.
On the medial side, it originated from the lateral nucleus of the thin wedge.
Trigeminal colliculus, trigeminal nucleus and spinal cord are combined into one.
4.4.3 Brainstem reticular structure in the brain stem, except cranial nerve nucleus and some nuclei (such as fine nucleus, wedge nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, red nucleus and substantia nigra, etc.), and long-distance fiber bundles, there are many fibers interwoven in some areas, and a large number of cells of different sizes are scattered among them, called reticular structure, which occupies a great position between midbrain and the central part of pons, the ventral part of the gray matter at the bottom of the fourth ventricle of the medulla oblongata and the inferior olivary nucleus. The reticular structure is relatively old in evolution and still maintains the characteristics of multi-neuron and multi-synapse in morphology.
The functions of the mesh structure mainly include the following aspects: 1. Adjust muscle tension through reticular spinal cord bundle. In the reticular structure, there are inhibition areas to reduce muscle tension and facilitation areas to enhance muscle tension. 2. It affects the excitability of cerebral cortex by upward projection of multiple synapses, that is, reticular upward activation system. This kind of projection is non-specific, projecting to a vast area of the cerebral cortex will not cause specific feelings, but make the cerebral cortex awake and alert, suitable for accepting all kinds of * * *. The damage of midbrain reticular structure can lead to drowsiness. 3. Regulating visceral activity: There are important centers regulating visceral activity in the reticular structure of medulla oblongata, such as respiratory center and cardiovascular movement center. These central injuries can lead to respiratory and heartbeat stops, leading to death. 4. The function of the middle seam or suture is related to sleep. Damage to this nucleus can lead to high insomnia.
4.5 Function of brain stem 1. transmit
2. Lower reflex center
3. Brainstem reticular structure can maintain cerebral cortex awakening.
5 The name of ear point is brain stem (n?ogàn at 3, 4i brain stem) [1][2]. At the notch of the wheel screen [1].
5. 1 Standard positioning of the notch of the wheel screen [1].
The brain is located in the gap of the wheel screen [2].
5.2 Indications Brain * * * is mainly used for headache and dizziness [2].
5.3 *** Method