Liu Tao, also known as Liu Taigong Tao and Taigong Art of War, is a part of the famous classic Taigong Art of War by Huang in the pre-Qin period in ancient China. As an important part of Chinese Han nationality's classical military cultural heritage, it embodies the essence of ancient Han nationality's military thought with rich content, profound thought and rigorous logic. There are records in Taoism in the Catalogue of Credentials of the Western Han Dynasty: "Taigong 237, Taigong 865,438+0 mou, Taigong 765,438+0 Yan, Taigong 85 soldiers." Ban Gu pointed out, "Lv Wang is Zhou Shi's father, and he has a way." However, since the Song Dynasty, people have been questioning this. From the analysis of the contents, writing methods and cultural relics unearthed in recent years, it can be roughly concluded that it was written in the name of Huang Yi at the end of the Warring States Period. This book has six volumes and sixty articles. The content of Six Towers of Tai Gong is very extensive, covering almost all issues related to war and so on. Among them, the most wonderful part is its strategic theory and tactical theory.
"Warring States Policy" Volume 22 "Wei Ceyi": "Perilla leads Zhou Shu to say,' What shall I do if I don't stop? Nothing can make you an axe. If you are not sure before, you will be in great trouble later. What would you do? "Perilla is Su Qin, and Zhou Shu here refers to the squire's golden chamber or squire's conspiracy. "Kaiyuan Zhan Jing" Volume VI, Volume 1 1 Quote "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber of Shangshu". According to Yao Zhenzong's textual research on Sui Shu Jing and A Brief Introduction to the Golden Chamber of Tai Gong, Yan Kejun said, "Doubt is another name for the Golden Chamber of Tai Gong. "The Warring States Policy" Volume III "Qin Ce": (Su Qin) got the meaning of Taigong Yin Fu and recited it, thinking that it was concise. " The scheming of Yin Fu, a squire, and Biography of Historical Records and Su Qin are both called "Zhou Shu Yin Fu". Sima Biao and Cui were quoted in Zhuangzi Xu Wugui Jie as saying: "Gold Edition and Six Fogs are titles. Bamboo Slips of the Han Tomb in Yinque Mountain also holds that "Taigong Book was called Zhou Shu in ancient times", and proves that "there is an article" Zhou Zhi Twenty-eight Countries "in Liu Tao's remnant copy written in Dunhuang, which is similar to Zhou Shu Historical Records. Zhou Shu's articles quoted in ancient books are quite different from those in Six Pagodas, Conspiracy and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber (see Yan Kejun's Quan Zhi of the Three Ancient Dynasties, Volume 7). "Zhou Shu" in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals also refers to Taigong Shu. "
Tai Gong Jin Kui, Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi, Yilin, Old Tang Book Jing Ji Zhi and Tong Zhi Lue all have two volumes.
Taigong Conspiracy, Sui Shu's Annals of Capital City: Taigong Conspiracy Volume I (Liu Liang Volume. Liang also has three volumes of "squire conspiracy", which is explained. "Old Tang Classics, Yiwenzhi, New Tang Books, Yiwenzhi" 3 volumes, "A Brief History of Yiwenzhi": "Taigong Conspiracy" has one volume and three volumes (Wei Wudi's note).
The clear descriptions of The Synopsis of the Golden Chamber of the Tai Gong and The Plan of the Tai Gong first appeared in the Annals of Sui Shu Classics, but actually in the Seven Laws and the Records of Han Shu Yi Wen. In the catalogue of credentials of Han Shu Literature and Art in the Western Han Dynasty, there are 13 military books, 259. The note reads: "There are 259 species of Yi Yin, Taigong, Guanzi, Sun, Guanzi, Kuai Tong, Lujia and Huainan kings in the province, and Sima Fa was also published as a gift." "A Brief Introduction of Taoism by Various Scholars" in History and Literature of Han Art: There are 237 articles in Taigong. Lv Wang is Zhou Shi Fu Shang. He has a good idea. Or the number of people who think Taigong is a doctor has increased recently. ) eighty-one "seeks", seventy-one "Yan" and eighty-five "soldiers". In the Qing Dynasty, Shen Qinhan said: the adviser is a conspiracy of the squire, the official is the golden chamber of the squire, and the soldier is the art of war of the squire.
There is no doubt that the "Art of War" in Han Yi Wen Zhi gambles on "saving the squire", and part of the "Art of War" comes from the squire recorded in Qilue. Gu Shi said, "For example, there are 81 Taigong articles and 85 soldiers. This edition of Guan Zi's Art of War, Xunzi's Theory of Soldiers and Huainan's Art of War are all among the 259 articles." The predecessors proved that the plot recorded in Han Art's history and literature is a conspiracy, that is, the conspiracy of the squire, the words are the outline of the squire's golden chamber, and the soldiers are the art of war or the six towers of the squire.
Qian Dajun said, "As far as 237 articles are concerned, Taigong is also a general term." Han yue: "the counselor is the plan of the squire, the speaker is the golden chamber of the squire, and all good words are printed in gold." They are called Jian You Pian, Lu Lan, Shu Xin, Huai Nan Zi and Shuo Yuan respectively. Soldiers are the Taigong Art of War, and "Five Essays on Yuan Zhi" quoted Taigong Art of War. " Gu Shi said [xxiv]: "Sui, Sui and Tong Zhi recorded a variety of Taigong books, while the general examination only contained Liu Tao, Zhuangzi was called the gold edition Liu Tao, and Huai Nan Zi was also called Tao Bao.
There are also six chapters in Six Chapters of Zhou History in History of Literature and Art of Han Dynasty, and there is a small note: "Between Hui and Xiang, you should be a king, or you should say that Confucius asked Yan." Yan Shigu thought that "six towers are today." The librarian of Si Ku disagrees, thinking that these books are two kinds. Shen Tao's Essay on the Bronze and Iron Studio of Qing Dynasty proves that the "Six Towers" in Hanshu Tongzhi should be regarded as "Giant Towers", and Zhong Ni in Zhuangzi Ze Yang asked Tarshish Damao to be such a person. "Today's" Six Towers "should be included in the article 237 of Taigong." Yao Zhenzong's textual research on Sui Shu's classics holds that "this certificate is extremely accurate"
It can be seen that The Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, The Conspiracy of the Taigong, The Art of War of the Taigong or Six Towers are all from the Taoist Taigong.
Historical Records of Qi Taigong Family: "Zhou Xibochang's escape was attributed to Lu Shang's conspiracy to dump Xiu De's commercial politics, which involved many ingenious plans of military power. Therefore, the words of later generations and Zhou Yin's power were based on Taigong." Ye Mengde was quoted in Notes on Sleepy Learning (volume 1 1) as saying: "His theory covers six ways." Song Dai Kun's Book of Rats said: "According to legend, King Wen and Taigong conspired to overthrow the commercial administration, and most of their affairs were the art of war. However, the annotation in Hanshu says:' Lv Wang was the father of Shang Zhou, and there were some scholars in modern times. "I doubted it when I was in the Han Dynasty, and now I take the topic seriously." Song He? The title of the five ancient books in the Biography of Chun Zhu: "My predecessors said that Liu Tao was not written by Taigong, and there is textual research." In Hu Yinglin's Four Righteousness and Mistakes in Ming Dynasty: "Han Zhi made six mistakes. At the beginning, it was not that Taigong was a big official, but that his book died in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. When talking about soldiers in Wei and Jin Dynasties, I gathered the rest, that is, the six towers of Sui Dynasty. "
Su Qin's Tai Gong Yin Fu Zhi Ji is even more memorable before he said that he got a book from his father and quoted The Warring States Policy Qin Ce as "Sun Tzu's Art of War". It seems conservative to regard Taigong as a work between Chu and Han Dynasties and even the Han Dynasty. Some historians judge that Tamia Liu is a work of the Warring States period according to its contents.
Song Shi Ye's Xue Ji (Volume 46) and Liu Tao: "His words avoid the main hall, which is the remnant of the Warring States period and should be followed by his grandson." "Sleeping in Moon Hee" Volume 5: "There were chariots in ancient times. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Jin had disciples, and cavalry cover began at the beginning of the Warring States Period. Before Quli, there were chariots and horses. Liu Tao said that riding a horse to fight, his book should be published on weekends. "
1972 Some bamboo slips unearthed from the Leucaena Han Tomb in Linyi, Shandong Province are basically the same as the current version of Tamia Liu, and are considered to be Tamia Liu. The Liuta *** 14 group in Yinhuan Mountain can be divided into three categories. 1-7 group belongs to 1 class, which is found in Tamia Liu, Wentao 4 group and Wu Tao 3 group. The 8- 13 group belongs to the second category, and they are all lost articles cited in Shu Qun Zhiyao, Tongdian and Taiping Magnolia. 14 group belongs to the third category, which is scattered and incomplete. Its simplified form and font are similar to those of 1 group and 2 groups, and the simplified text also mentions King Wen or King Taigong, so it belongs to the simplified version of Six Pagodas. 1973, in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty at No.40 Bajiaolang, Dingxian County, Hebei Province, many bamboo slips were found with the words "Wang Wen, Wang Wuwen, Tai Gong Yue", or were the same as or similar to those of Liu Tao today, especially the font of bamboo slips was different from other bamboo slips, and the style of bamboo slips was not as good as other bamboo slips. These bamboo slips were called Taigong in the early days and Tamia Liu later. The fifth issue of Cultural Relics (200 1) published the explanations of these bamboo slips. There are 144 bamboo slips in Dingzhou. According to their types, contents and fonts, they belong to six pagodas, with the word 1402. Thirteen titles are found in the essay "Six Pagodas".
According to the coins unearthed from two Han tombs in Yinhuan Mountain and Yuan Guangyuan almanac unearthed from Tomb 2, the burial age of Tomb 1 is between 140 and18 BC, and that of Tomb 2 is between 134 and160 BC. The copying time of bamboo slips in Yinqueshan Han Tomb should be earlier than that in this tomb. The font of Zhushushan bamboo slips belongs to the early official script, which was written by Kawachinoayanofumi and Jing to the early years of Emperor Wu. The Han tomb at No.40 Bajiaolang in Dingzhou belongs to Liu Xiu, Huai Wang of Zhongshan. Liu Xiu died in 55 BC, so Dingzhou bamboo slips "Tamia Liu" must have been written earlier than this time. Zhushan and Dingzhou bamboo slips also show that Tamia Liu was widely circulated in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and it must have been written earlier. The characters in Six Pagodas in Mount Li do not shy away from the word "bang" written by Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu of Han Dynasty, and the word "heng" written by Liu Bang. The word "Heng" in Dingzhou bamboo slips also has no word "Heng" to avoid, which also proves that the book of "Liu Tao" was written before the Han Dynasty.
The horse tamer mentioned in Bamboo Slips of Dingzhou, Tamia Liu, and the horse tamer in the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period are all mentioned in Mencius Teng Wengong Xia and Xunzi Wang Ba, which should be before the early Spring and Autumn Period.
Tao Xian once commented on History of Han Literature and Art: "There are 259 articles in the province, including Yi Yin, Tai Gong, Guan Zi, Sun Zi, Guan Zi, Kuai Tong, Lu Jia and Huai Nan Wang, covering seven views. The author once said: There were no military strategists in the pre-Qin period. During the Warring States period, war was the theme of political thought and theory in various countries. Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism all have their own military books, and Liu Tao or The Art of War is undoubtedly a part of Taoist Taigong. Taigong's works are addressed to King Wen and Taigong. Taigong Lv Wang was the military commander in chief of the Zhou Dynasty's war to destroy commerce, and was sealed in Qi, so Taigong's works came from Qi. Taigong is a Taoist work of Qi during the Warring States Period.
In Taikui, Tai Wang also quoted Huangdi's theory in Ren Qiming. Mr. Li Ling thinks that the distribution scope of Huangdi's books is mainly practical books with mathematical techniques, and the branch of mathematical techniques in military science, that is, soldiers and yin and yang; What we see in hundred schools of thought are mainly Yin and Yang school, Taoism and their novels. "The Yellow Emperor's books include mathematical books such as The Yellow Emperor's War on Human-God, and technical books such as The Yellow Emperor Motome's Question. The Secret Covenant of Tai Gong and The Synopsis of the Golden Chamber of Tai Gong are the secret Covenant books of celebrities about governing the country and using troops, and they are the Taoist works of Huang Lao.
In a word, A Brief Introduction to the Golden Chamber of Taigong, Taigong Conspiracy, Taigong Art of War or Liu Tao are all the contents of Taigong, a Taoist work of Qi State in the middle and late Warring States Period.