The three peninsulas in southern Europe and Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica divide the Mediterranean Sea into several small sea areas: Goulias Sea, tyrrhenian sea, Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea and Aegean Sea.
The Mediterranean plays an important role in transportation and strategy. It can reach the Atlantic Ocean via the Strait of Gibraltar in the west, the Black Sea via the Turkish Strait in the northeast and the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Suez Canal in the southeast. It is an important waterway between Europe, Asia and Africa, and also an important channel to communicate between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The important coastal seaports are Gibraltar (Britain), Marseille (France), Genoa, Naples (Italy), Split, Rijeka (Croatia), Duras (Albania), Algiers (Algeria), Port Said (Egypt) and so on.
Although there are many rivers flowing into the Mediterranean, such as Nile, Rhone and Ebro, etc., due to the subtropical zone, the evaporation is too large, far exceeding the supply of river water and rainwater, which makes the water income in the Mediterranean less expensive and the salinity of seawater much higher than that in the Atlantic Ocean. The water from the Atlantic Ocean flows into the Mediterranean Sea from the upper layer of the Gibraltar Strait, while the high salt water from the Mediterranean Sea flows out from the lower layer of the Strait, such as the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean is very big and there is plenty of water. The amount of clean water flowing into the Mediterranean Sea is very large, up to 7000 cubic meters per second. Without the continuous water supply from the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean will dry up and become a huge salt pit in about 1000 years.
To the north of the Mediterranean is the European continent, to the south is the African continent and to the east is the Asian continent. It is about 4000 kilometers long from east to west and 1800 kilometers wide from north to south. It is the largest land ocean in the world. The western Mediterranean is connected with the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar, and the eastern Mediterranean is connected with the Black Sea through the Turkish Strait (Da Daniil Strait and Bosporus Strait, Marmarahi). The Suez Canal was opened in19th century, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The Mediterranean Sea is the oldest ocean in the world, and its history is even older than the Atlantic Ocean. The Mediterranean Sea is located at the junction of Eurasia and Africa, but it is one of the strong earthquake regions in the world. There are Mount Vesuvius and Mount Etna in the Mediterranean region. As an inland sea, the Mediterranean Sea is relatively calm, with winding coastline, numerous islands and many natural harbors, and has become a traffic artery connecting three continents.
Under such conditions, the Mediterranean maritime trade has flourished since ancient times and has become the cradle of ancient Egyptian civilization, ancient Greek civilization and Roman Empire. Now it is also one of the important places of maritime traffic in the world. Phoenicians, Cretes, Greeks, and later Portuguese and Spanish are all countries with developed maritime industry. Famous navigators such as Columbus, Da Gama, Magellan, etc. All people come from Mediterranean countries. The Mediterranean coast is hot and dry in summer and warm and humid in winter, which is called the Mediterranean climate. Because of this climate, olive trees and other kinds of trees grow along the coast. The vegetation along the Mediterranean coast is dominated by evergreen shrubs, with hard leaves, waxy leaves and deep roots, which have the characteristics of drought tolerance and adaptation to dry and hot summer climate. This is the main subtropical fruit producing area in Europe, rich in citrus, figs and grapes, as well as woody oil crops olive.
The Mediterranean is also the largest land sea (inland sea) and the dirtiest sea in the world.
climate
The Mediterranean climate is unique, with dry heat and little rain in summer and warm and humid in winter, which makes the surrounding rivers abundant in winter and dry up in summer. When German meteorologist Ke Ben divided the global climate, he regarded it as a special category and called it Mediterranean climate.
1. Particularity of climate characteristics
The Mediterranean climate is characterized by westerlies in winter, frequent frontal cyclones, mild climate, the lowest monthly average temperature of 4 ~ 10℃ and abundant precipitation. Summer is controlled by subtropical high, the airflow sinks, the climate is hot and dry, the clouds are sparse, and the sunshine is sufficient. The annual precipitation is 300 ~ 1000mm, accounting for 60% ~ 70% in winter and only 30% ~ 40% in summer. The climate characteristics of rainy winter and dry summer are unique among various climate types in the world.
2. Typical climatic reasons
The Mediterranean climate is mainly caused by the westerlies in winter, with frequent frontal cyclones. In summer, controlled by the subtropical high pressure belt, the airflow sinks. Among more than ten climate types in the world, the climate types controlled alternately by pressure belts and wind belts throughout the year include tropical grassland climate (controlled alternately by equatorial low pressure belts and trade winds) and tropical desert climate (controlled alternately by trade winds and subtropical high pressure belts) in addition to the Mediterranean climate. The climate controlled by westerlies throughout the year is temperate maritime climate. From the analysis, it can be seen that the investigation of the causes of the Mediterranean climate not only examines the students' mastery of the distribution of subtropical high (the maximum influence latitude is 20~40 degrees north and south latitude) and westerly belt (the maximum influence latitude is 30~60 degrees north and south latitude), but also examines the movement of pressure belt and wind belt. It can be said that if students can accurately understand the causes of the Mediterranean climate, it should be easy to understand other climates.
3. Widespread climate distribution
The distribution law of Mediterranean climate is located on the west coast of the mainland between 30 and 40 degrees north and south latitude. Mediterranean climate is the only climate type that exists on all continents except Antarctica. Among the distribution areas of Mediterranean climate, the Mediterranean coast is the most obvious. Other areas such as California coast in North America, central Chile in South America, Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa and the southwest and southeast coasts of Australia. Most of its distribution areas are economically developed and are also hot spots in the world.
trait
Between Asia, Europe and Africa, there is a vast blue sea, like a huge sink, deeply immersed in the land. It is about 4,000 kilometers long from east to west, 1.800 kilometers wide from north to south, covering an area of about 2.5 million square kilometers, with an average depth of about 1.600 meters and the deepest point of 4,594 meters. This is the largest land ocean in the world-the Mediterranean Sea.
The Mediterranean Sea is surrounded by continents except Malta, Cyprus and some other islands. Around it, there are 19 countries such as Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. In the western Mediterranean, the Gibraltar Strait, with a width of 14 ~ 43km and a length of 90km, is connected with the Atlantic Ocean, and in the northeast, it is connected with the Black Sea through the Daniil Strait, Marmarahy and Bosphorus Strait. 1869 The Suez Canal is navigable, and the southeast Mediterranean Sea is connected with the Red Sea through the Suez Canal, and then leaves the Indian Ocean through the Red Sea. Since then, the shortcut from Western Europe to the Indian Ocean has been shortened by more than 10000 kilometers through the Strait of Gibraltar-Mediterranean-Suez Canal-Red Sea, making the Mediterranean the busiest sea route in the world. At present, about 2000 ships sail in the Mediterranean every day. About 85% of the oil imported from western Europe is transported through the Mediterranean.
The Mediterranean is the transportation hub of Europe, Asia and Africa, and a shortcut between the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, so it plays an extremely important role in economy, politics and military affairs. For a long time, the Mediterranean has become a place for great powers to compete. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, Britain once regarded the Mediterranean as its "inner lake". /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Napoleon ran across Europe, trying to seize British control of the Mediterranean. During the First World War, the Mediterranean became an active area for the navies of the warring parties. In World War II, the German and Italian navies fought fiercely with the British navy in the Mediterranean. Nowadays, western powers have launched increasingly fierce competition in the Mediterranean. Since World War II, the Sixth Fleet of the United States has been based in the Mediterranean Sea, and naval vessels of some western powers often cruise here, which has aggravated the tension. Judging from the number of ships, today's underground waters have become the most concentrated waters for warships of some western military powers. In order to protect national sovereignty and security, coastal countries put forward that "the Mediterranean is the Mediterranean of Mediterranean countries" and demanded that all the fleets and military bases of military powers withdraw from the Mediterranean.
The vast Mediterranean Sea is one of the strongest earthquake zones in the world. Here, the underwater crust is broken, earthquakes and volcanoes are frequent, and the world-famous Vesuvius and Mount Etna are distributed in this area.
The Mediterranean sea floor is undulating, with ridges and basins interlaced. It is divided into east and west parts, bounded by Apennine Peninsula, Sicily and Tunisia in Africa. The eastern Mediterranean is much larger than the western Mediterranean, with rugged seabed and different depths. The shallowest place is only tens of meters (such as the northern Adriatic Sea), and the deepest place can reach more than 4000 meters (such as the Ionian Sea). In some places, the water depth difference between the bow and stern of a sailboat is as high as four or five hundred meters.
As the Mediterranean Sea is the largest continental sea, it is warm and rainy in winter, hot and dry, with high seawater temperature and strong evaporation, and the salinity of seawater is as high as 39‰, so salt making has become an important economic activity in coastal countries. The evaporation here greatly exceeds the precipitation and the recharge of river water. It is calculated that within one year, if the Strait of Gibraltar is closed, the Mediterranean will dry up around 3000 years. However, the Mediterranean still exists because of special water exchange. Due to the temperature difference of seawater and the salinity difference between seawater and Atlantic Ocean, seawater in Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean can be exchanged regularly. Low salinity Atlantic seawater flows into the Mediterranean Sea from the surface of Gibraltar Strait to supplement the evaporated water source. The Mediterranean sea with high salinity sinks and flows into the Atlantic Ocean from the lower layer of the Strait of Gibraltar, forming a seawater circulation. However, the geographical environment around the Mediterranean is almost land, which has seriously hindered this cycle, and the mixing of oxygen and nutrients on which marine life depends has been seriously hindered, which has also become the main reason for the lack of creatures in the Mediterranean compared with other coastal areas.
islands
Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean, followed by Sardinia, Cyprus, Corsica and Crete.
If Sicily is controlled by Phoenicians and Greeks in turn, then Sardinia, which is about the same size on the west side of the Italian peninsula, has been firmly occupied by Phoenicians, so it is more reassuring to look for Phoenician culture in this area.
The archaeological team of Padua University in Italy discovered the remains of Phoenician villages in the 7th century BC in Nora, Sardinia. Jacob bonetto, head of the archaeological team, said in Padua on the 20th that the archaeological team only dug half a meter deep near the temple of Nora and found some wall foundations. After digging deeply, they found a large number of shops and houses. These buildings are made of pebbles, clay, unfired bricks, etc. The floor of the room is compacted clay. In these buildings, the archaeological team found a large number of containers such as Rasquin, Greek and Phoenician pottery pots and more than 150 marble sarcophagus. According to preliminary research, this village was built in the 7th century BC, and its scale is very large, with about 1500 residents.
Phoenicia is an ancient nation on the east coast of the Mediterranean, which established a slave city-state in the 20th century BC. Around the 10 century BC, the activities of this nation have reached today's Cyprus, Sardinia, France, Spain and North Africa.
Cyprus is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean, located in southern Turkey. Phoenicians settled here at least in 800 BC, and were later occupied by Assyrians, Egyptians, Persians, Macedonian Greeks, Egyptians and Romans (58 BC). Byzantium ruled the region from 395 to 1 19 1 and was occupied by British Rechard Ⅰ during the Third Crusade. 1489 was annexed by Venice. 157 1 conquered by Turkey. Great Britain declared its sovereignty. 1960 Cyprus becomes independent. Nicosia is the capital and largest city with a population of 642,731.
At present, there are two main groups living in Cyprus: Turks and Greeks.
Malta is also a small island that cannot be ignored. It consists of two small islands, which is only 3 16 square kilometers, but it has always been a turbulent place because it is at the junction of the east and west of the Mediterranean.
Historically, this place has a strong Phoenician culture. It is interesting to see the composition of its residents today. Maybe we can understand who the Phoenicians are today.
The population of the island is mainly composed of Arabs, sicilian, Normans, Spaniards, Italians and British. The locals speak English and a Marta language with Semitic characteristics, and many people speak Italian. Everyone believes in Roman Catholicism.
Historically, Malta was occupied by Phoenicians, then Greeks, then Carthaginians and finally Romans. Later, Arabs, Normans, Turks and finally Napoleon led the way on the island. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Britain expelled the French and became a British colony. In fact, on the other hand, it is logical for the residents here to colonize Britain, and the passage between them is a unique ocean. Historically, the Phoenicians and the British have confirmed this.
1869 The opening of Suez Canal has promoted Tsushima Island's strategic position and made it a coal loading and unloading station for ships to India and East Asia. Should we also believe that Sinai Peninsula used to be a busy "loading station" in the Neolithic age when water was soaked?
In the middle of World War II, this was the most thoroughly bombed area by Germany and Italy.
In the last century, the island gained independence and became a constitutional state.
Corsica is 0/93km away from the coast. Located on the southeast coast of France, the island covers an area of 8,480 square kilometers and is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Islands, with about 550,000 residents. Between the lush mountains and the blue sea, Cossiga Island is an excellent holiday resort. Corsica, like several other islands, is full of turmoil. It was first colonized by Phoenicians, once occupied by Romans, then occupied by Pisa and Genoa, and 1769 became French territory. This state has been preserved to this day. References:
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