An important military and political official in the late Qing Dynasty, the founder and commander-in-chief of Huai Army, and the main advocate of Westernization Movement. Fu Zi, the word gradually just, number Shao Quanlin,. Hefei, Anhui. In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), he was a scholar. At the same time, Zeng Guofan emphasized the study of the world when he was a student. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), he was ordered to go back to his hometown for training, and led the troops to fight with Taiping Army many times. /kloc-in the winter of 0/858, he joined Zeng Guofan's shogunate to do business. 1860, Huaiyang navy was unified. After the Xiang army occupied Anqing, Zeng Guofan recommended that "talents can be put to great use" and ordered him to return to Hefei to raise his courage. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), it was incorporated into Huaiyong 5th Battalion. Zeng Guofan regarded Shanghai as "fertile ground for raising wages" and ordered Huai Yong to arrive in Shanghai by English ship to form his own army for Huai Jun. Zeng Guofan recommended him as the governor of Jiangsu. The local real power not only kept, but also greatly expanded its army in Jiangsu, adopting western new guns, which increased the Huai army from more than 6,000 to 670,000 in two years and became a well-equipped and highly effective local armed force in the Qing army. On this basis, the Hou Huai warlord group gradually formed. After Li Hongzhang arrived in Shanghai, he and foreign mercenaries (later established as Chang) committed crimes against the Taiping Army. 1863, 1864, led the Huai army to capture Suzhou, Changzhou and other places, and jointly suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with the Xiang army.
Since the 1960s, Li Hongzhang has been actively preparing for the establishment of a new military industry, copying foreign ships and guns, and began to engage in westernization with the slogan of "self-improvement". 1865, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau and Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau were established in Shanghai and Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) respectively. In the same year, acting as the governor of Liangjiang, he mobilized tens of thousands of Huai troops to fight the Nian army in the Central Plains. 1866, following the imperial envoy of Zeng Guofan's Ministry, specializing in suppressing the affairs of the Nian army. The following year, he was awarded Governor Huguang. Later, strategies such as "encirclement on the spot" and "clearing the wild" were adopted, and the East and West Twins were eliminated in Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhili (now Hebei) and Shandong. 1870, Zeng Guofan was appointed governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang trade. Since then, he controlled Beiyang for 25 years, participated in the management of the diplomatic, military and economic power of the Qing government, and became the most powerful border official in the late Qing Dynasty.
Since 1970s, Li Hongzhang has further expanded his westernization career. Because he flaunted "self-improvement" and then "murder for money", he founded a series of private enterprises with "official supervision and commercial office" as the mainstay. At the same time, it began to prepare for the northern coastal defense, mainly outsourcing, supplemented by self-control, and built the Beiyang Navy in the 14th year of Guangxu (1888). In order to cultivate talents needed for "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth", various new schools have been established and people have been sent to study in Europe and America. These westernization undertakings had a far-reaching impact on the development of modern China society. The disparity between Chinese and foreign forces has caused Li Hongzhang to have a serious thought of "fear of foreign countries" and always adhered to the principle of "harmony is the most important" in foreign negotiations. 190 1 year 1 1 month. Shi Wenzhong, Jinfeng first class. The author of the complete works of Li Wenzhong.
Li Hongzhang was a power-hungry figure in the late Qing Dynasty, and his life was almost the same as that in the late Qing Dynasty. The fate of China in the late Qing Dynasty was closely related to Li Hongzhang. Li Hongzhang started by suppressing the peasant uprising, and his tripod was dyed red with the blood of Taiping Army and Nian Army soldiers. He visited abroad and founded a modern enterprise in China. He was a pioneer of Westernization Movement and left an indelible influence in the process of China's modernization. Treaty of shimonoseki and the Treaty of Xin Chou were both negotiated and finally concluded by him, and his words and deeds were related to the fate of the late Qing government to some extent. As Liang Qichao said in the Biography of Li Hongzhang, "In the past forty years, all major events in China have been related to Li Hongzhang."
Li Hongzhang is also a complicated person. He was keen on power, controlled the internal affairs, diplomacy and military power of the Qing government for a long time, and gathered a group of military and political talents for his use. A colleague said that he might have been killed. Kang Youwei refused to join the strong society, and Sun Yat-sen wrote to him to talk about political reform. This and so on make Li Hongzhang's life full of legends.
Brief introduction of Zeng Guofan
In the 16th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 1 1), Zeng Guofan was born in Baiyangping, a remote village in Xiangxiang County, Changsha District, Hunan Province.
Zeng Guofan has no prominent family background. It was not until his grandfather Zeng Yuping became a local small landowner with a land area of 100, and his father Zeng Linshu was admitted to the scholar at the age of 43. But China people always like to attach some supernatural things to big people, and Zeng Guofan is no exception.
Birth: The Myth of Python Reincarnation
Legend has it that the night before Zeng Guofan was born, his great-grandfather had a dream: a python hovered in the air, circled around the house, and then entered the court and squatted for a long time. The next morning, the old man was puzzled, and then someone told him, "Congratulations, my grandfather added another great-grandson this morning." Hearing this, the old man suddenly realized that the newborn great-grandson was conceived by a python. He recalled that when Guo Ziyi, a famous star in the Tang Dynasty, was born, his grandfather dreamed that a boa constrictor entered the door, so he thought that the Zeng family would be a great man in the future. The saying that Zeng Guofan was reincarnated as a python soon spread in the local area. With Zeng Guofan's growing fame, this statement has spread further and further.
As luck would have it, Zeng Guofan got scabies, and it didn't hurt much when he was a child. After the age of 35, Zeng Guofan's fame and fortune increased day by day, and scabies also expanded day by day, which made him itch terribly. Zeng Guofan recorded many times in his diary, which was terrible.
Behind Zeng Guofan's ancestral home, "an old tree is surrounded by vines. The tree has grown up and the vines are big and lush. If it is a dragon, it is rare to shade an acre. " This huge vine looks like a python, and the villagers call it python vine. When Zeng Guofan was alive, rattan swayed with the wind and gloated; After Zeng Guofan's death, the vines withered and died soon. People feel very strange about this.
In this way, the python fell asleep, ringworm like scales, ancestral home like python, and all kinds of strange things happened to Zeng Guofan. Some people believe that Zeng Guofan is the myth of the reincarnation of a python.
Of course, the above legends or coincidences, or accidental events, or fabrications are not credible. However, if we put aside the qualitative evaluation of judging merits and demerits, Zeng Guofan's life and achievements are indeed beyond the reach of ordinary people, and sometimes even a bit like God help.
Stand up: don't believe in books, believe in luck.
According to Zhu's Miscellaneous Knowledge of Brick Temple in Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan once told Wu and Guo Songtao that the inscription after his death was written by these two people, but one sentence should be added: "Don't believe in books, believe in luck. The public will tell the world. "
Zeng Guofan's luck is often manifested in the critical moment of life.
Zeng Guofan entered imperial academy at the age of 6, and 14 took the boy test. He took seven exams and became a student (scholar) at the age of 23. In the second year, Hunan Province was ranked 36th. At the age of 28, he went to Beijing to catch the exam and got the 42nd place and the third place, which gave him a scholar's background. Generally speaking, if you win the Jinshi, you will be qualified to be an official, but it is not easy to be a big official. At that time, the "shortcut to the south" was to go to the Hanlin Academy for gilding-being sealed as an academician would accelerate the promotion. At that time, Jinshi was divided into three categories, namely, champion, champion and flower exploration. After the list was published, they were generally appointed as editors and editors of the Hanlin Academy. Jinshi Sanpin must pass the following "Korean Examination" to enter imperial academy. Generally speaking, the top three Jinshi have little chance to enter imperial academy. It is said that Zeng Guofan was very depressed when he knew that he was in the top three, and wanted to go home at once. I reluctantly took the Korean exam because of my friend's hard persuasion. As a result, Zeng Guofan scored surprisingly well in the Korean exam, ranking first and third (after the examination paper was submitted to the imperial examination, he was specially promoted to first and second place), and was changed to Jishi Shu and entered the Imperial Academy for further study. Two years later, Jishi Shu was dismissed, and Zeng Guofan was awarded once by imperial academy, ranking seventh. From then on, he began his official career in the capital from 65438 to 2002.
Zeng Guofan was given a trial by the Imperial Academy from 1840 to 1849, and was promoted to the right assistant minister of does. He moved seven times in ten years and even jumped ten levels to become a second-class official. In a letter to a friend, he said: "Looking back at the same car in the painting and calligraphy pavilion, the hiking in Wanshun store, the wildness, the dirty appearance, and the unintentional speed of the unexpected servants, I dare not admire it." Visible, zeng guofan himself didn't expect to be promoted so fast, it's a bit like "Tian Shelang, the emperor's mourning hall".
Zeng Guofan's extraordinary promotion, on the one hand, benefited from his own efforts and abilities, and more importantly, was appreciated and helped by Zhang Mu, a powerful minister who was in power at that time and was notorious in later generations. Zhang Mu was the president (examiner) of Zeng Guofan 1838 exam, so they had the friendship between teachers and students. Zhang Mu's appreciation and care promoted Zeng Guofan's official position.
Zeng Guofan's official career was smooth, and he was naturally grateful to the court he served. Facing the situation of domestic troubles and foreign invasion at that time, he was more eager to do something for the court. Perhaps in his view, the biggest disaster at that time was not foreign warships, but the bad political atmosphere in the ruling and opposition parties and the deep social contradictions caused by officials killing people. Therefore, after Emperor Xianfeng acceded to the throne, he wrote a passbook entitled "Respecting Chen Shengde's Three Ends to Prevent Abuse", which roughly meant to suggest that Emperor Xianfeng should not neglect major events because he was obsessed with details, not seek practical results because he was still trying to decorate things, and not let ministers be at a loss because he was arbitrary in everything. At that time, Nuo Nuo was the only country, and such sharp criticism was undoubtedly risky. Zeng Guofan himself is naturally very clear. "When the passbook just went up, I was afraid of making unexpected threats, and the industry did not count the gains and losses." In fact, Emperor Xianfeng was really angry when he saw the passbook. He "wanted to sin". Later, he gave up because of the intercession of the minister, and he also hypocritically "boasted that the letter was excellent." It can be seen from this incident that Zeng Guofan is still very responsible for the court where he worked. On the one hand, this sense of responsibility comes from his kindness to the imperial court, on the other hand, it comes from the influence of Confucian culture, and more importantly, his personal fate is closely related to the fate of this imperial court. Zeng Guofan wanted to be a loyal minister, but he didn't like the decay and lethargy of officialdom. He wanted to alert the emperor through his own efforts and change the status quo to some extent. As a result, his demands and suggestions were not taken seriously at all, but became more and more isolated among courtiers. At this time, Zhang Mu, who relied on him, was deposed, and there was no room for him to display in Beijing. Zeng Guofan wrote in a poem: "If it doesn't help heaven, it's better to hoe it." It means that he has retired.
In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), the court ordered Zeng Guofan to go to Jiangxi to preside over the provincial examination. He was relieved and left Beijing at once. On the way, he learned that his mother had passed away and he had to go home to mourn. Within a few months after Zeng Guofan returned to his hometown, the national political situation changed greatly, and the momentum of the Taiping Army rose rapidly, making the people in green camp, on whom the Qing court relied, vulnerable. The Qing government urgently ordered all localities to step up the establishment of Yingyong. 1853 10, Zeng Guofan was appointed as the minister of Hunan Yingyong. History once again gave Zeng Guofan a chance to show his talents.
Fame: "Zeng shaved his head", "Zeng butcher" and "the first minister of ZTE"
It can be said that Zeng Guofan really stepped onto the historical front desk and exerted his unique influence on China's modern history, starting with his organizing Yong Ying in his hometown and assisting local officials to organize "communist suppression". This is not only related to Zeng Guofan's life honor and disgrace, but also related to the fate of the Qing Dynasty. Since then, Zeng Guofan's talent and personality have gradually emerged; It was also from this time that people gave him various names and reputations.
"Zeng shaved his head" and "Zeng butcher" Under the influence of the Taiping Army, Hunan's political situation was turbulent, and many farmers who were dissatisfied with the oppression of local officials and the exploitation of landlords and gentry took the opportunity to move. Zeng Guofan saw that the situation in Hunan was grim and there was a danger of a large-scale uprising, and resolutely adopted an iron fist and high pressure policy. On the one hand, the squire is encouraged to kill and bind those who dare to resist in their hometown and nationality. "The family punishment is light, and the death penalty is heavy." Local tyrants and evil gentry everywhere usually bully the good, but now they do whatever they want. On the other hand, a judicial bureau was directly established in the official residence of Minister Ying Yong. "Send a person the year, tube one trial bandits. Solve the problem and decide. Light is shot, heavy is a thousand lashes. ..... the case needs instant information and instant justice, and there is no expected delay. " The judicial bureau has become an institution outside the judicial department that can arrest, interrogate and kill people at will. Because of the severe punishment, those who were arrested during the trial rarely survived. According to Zeng Guofan's own account, as of June of the third year of Xianfeng (1853), in just four months, the judicial bureau directly executed 137 people, including 104 people, 2 people were killed with a stick and 365438 people were sentenced to death in prison.
Not only killed himself directly, but also killed his father and four brothers at home, so that the county official Xiong knew that the injustice was too great and it was not good for himself, and he would cry privately every few days. Someone asked him why, and he said, "Master Zeng wants to kill people with my fake hand again."
Under Zeng Guofan's terror policy, the local landlords and gentry in Hunan rose again, making Hunan not only the new revolutionary source of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, but also a solid rear base for Zeng Guofan to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Emperor Xianfeng was very appreciative of Zeng Guofan's practice. On Zeng Guofan's memorial, Zhu criticized: "We must be strict with bandits and uproot them." However, people and public opinion criticized Zeng Guofan's slaughter policy fiercely, and nicknames and curses such as "Zeng shaved his head" and "Zeng butcher" spread all over Hunan Province.
"The first minister of ZTE". For the Qing court, Zeng Guofan was able to bring his own Xiang army to almost make the Qing army king.
The suppression of the dying Taiping Rebellion saved the fate of the Qing Dynasty and made it move towards the so-called "tongzhi Zhongxing", which is naturally a "great contribution" and worthy of the reputation of "the first minister of Zhongxing". The battle between Zeng Guofan and Taiping rebels has been introduced in many historical books, so I don't need to say more here. As a Confucian scholar, he began to lead troops and organize Ying Yong. Finally, he trained China's first modern army to support troops by soldiers, and suppressed the massive Taiping Rebellion. The reason is not only "God helps", but also because he is really special.
From the point of running the army, the regular army of the Qing Dynasty was mainly composed of the Eight Banners and green camp. Both the Eight Banners and green camp have military status. Their father died and their son succeeded to the throne, living next to each other for generations. For a long time, because there is no war, I have developed the habit of arrogance and laziness, and my combat effectiveness is very poor. Because soldiers return to China, "they will learn from each other, soldiers don't know each other, they will be jealous if they win, and they will not be saved if they lose", so their combat effectiveness is very poor. Zeng Guofan clearly saw this, so he wanted to start over and train a new army.
First, change the World War II system into a recruitment system. As far as soldiers are concerned, they mainly recruit strong and simple farmers in mountainous areas, and do not accept soldiers or traitors. As far as officers are concerned, they mainly recruit gentlemen and liberal arts students. Zeng Guofan also put forward several standards for Xiang army officers: "First, we must be able to govern the people, second, we must not be afraid of death, third, we must not seek fame and fortune, and fourth, we must be hard-working." It can be seen that its selection is very strict. From the military organization point of view, the hierarchical responsibility system is implemented, that is, the commander is selected by the general, the battalion commander is selected by the commander, the sentinel officer is selected by the battalion officer, the commander is selected by the sentinel officer, and the soldiers are selected by the commander. Zeng Guofan believes that in this way, superiors choose subordinates, and superiors and subordinates are often fellow villagers, friends, teachers and students, and subordinates will appreciate the kindness of superiors, so that they can easily unite and take care of each other when they are in danger. He said: "Take the road of courage, take kindness as kindness, and take kindness as a gift." "Our generation is brave, just like fathers and brothers with their children." In this way, the problem of unity and unity of the whole army has been basically solved.
Secondly, improve the soldiers' pay and lure them to benefit. Xiang's monthly salary is three or four times that of green camp. In this way, "the more fun soldiers have, the harder they try to join the army."
Third, pay attention to discipline education and political education in the army. Zeng Guofan saw that the Qing army not only had poor combat effectiveness because of lax military discipline, but also had a bad reputation among the people. In order to gain the political initiative, he emphasized strict military discipline to win the hearts of the people. Zeng Guofan, as a cultural general and a Neo-Confucianist, gave lectures in person during military exercises, and educated the soldiers who were mainly farmers in Confucianism and spirituality. "It won't disturb the people to speak a thousand times."
Politically, Zeng Guofan paid great attention to winning the political initiative in the contest with Taiping Army.
First of all, he beautified the suppression of the Taiping Rebellion as not only "protecting the country" but also "protecting education". The most intense attack on Hong Xiuquan in Begging for Guangdong Bandits lies in:
When it was difficult to arouse people's support in the name of Qing Dynasty, he promoted Confucius and Mencius and criticized Taiping Army for believing in Heavenly Father and Heavenly Brother. The key point is to destroy Confucianism and make full use of traditional culture, so his suppression has become a just action to continue the blood of China culture. Zeng Guofan's approach has indeed won the support of some people.
Secondly, he also paid attention to appease the people and told them not to run away. To this end, he wrote a folk song "Don't run away":
Although everyone is full of rumors, we must not run!
I live in a secluded place among thousands of mountains, and roads in all directions are impassable.
I am in the center of the world, which is the only place where chaos can be avoided.
It is the most comfortable place to travel around Kyushu.
There have been many troubles in other places, and this is indeed the Peach Blossom Cave.
If you think this place is not quiet, you will be killed somewhere else!
……
We should protect our territory and remember not to listen to rumors.
Despite rumors, we stayed on the fishing boat.
One family is safe, but ten families are peaceful.
One person is not afraid of things, and a hundred people have something in their hearts.
My hometown is always inseparable, and I have made up my mind not to change.
Doing business in Qixin, we eat a bowl of rice.
From the above analysis, Zeng Guofan's final victory in the war against Taiping Army did have its internal reasons. Without him, the declining late Qing government may not be able to resist the rapid offensive of the Taiping Army.
In the late period of suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, he initiated the Westernization Movement as a Neo-Confucianism, and was praised by later generations as "the father of China's modernization". It seems to be an exaggeration to say that he influenced the process of China's modern history to a certain extent. At that time, Zeng Guofan also ushered in the peak of his life and career, and the reputation of "Zhongxing Famous Official" and "Broadband Famous Minister" came one after another. Compared with his brother Ceng Guoquan and other Xiang generals, Zeng Guofan was sober. He knew that his reputation would be suspected by the imperial court, so he was cautious everywhere, and even took the initiative to ask for the abolition of some Xiang troops, so that his younger brother, who was plundered and slaughtered after the skyshatter in Beijing, could go home for illness. Zeng Guofan's reason for doing this is nothing more than to safeguard interests, protect Thailand, and complete his merits. However, history played a big joke on him. First, he illegally participated in restraining and reversing reactive power, and then he was criticized and discredited for his ineffective handling of Tianjin religious plans.
Zuo Tang Zong
Word season is high. Xiangyin people. Daoguang lifts people. In the early years of Xianfeng, he successively entered Hunan Governor Zhang and Luo to praise Xiang's military affairs. 1860, Taiping Army joined Suzhou and Hangzhou, which was highly recommended by Zeng Guofan and Hu Linyi. The Qing court appointed him as the fourth-class Jing Qing, and recruited 5,000 Chu troops to assist Zhejiang. Looking for the governor of Zhejiang, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. 1864 captured Hangzhou. Following the destruction of the rest of the Taiping Army, it was stationed in Jiaying Prefecture (now Meixian County), Guangdong Province. The heir set up mawei shipyard Shipbuilding in Fuzhou. He served as governor of Shaanxi and Gansu and an imperial envoy, supervised military affairs in Shaanxi and Gansu, and suppressed the Nian army and the northwest Hui uprising. Set up wool spinning bureau in Lanzhou. From 65438 to 0875 (the first year of Guangxu), he served as an imperial envoy to supervise Xinjiang's military affairs, went to Xinjiang to crusade against Agubai, annihilated the invading reactionary regime, recovered Xinjiang, rectified and reformed Xinjiang's political and military affairs, and suggested changing Xinjiang into a province, strengthening border defense, setting up schools and rectifying taxes, which effectively promoted Xinjiang's political, economic and cultural development. In the Sino-Russian Ili negotiations, they actively prepared for the war and defeated the Russian army's attempt to occupy Ili. 188 1 year transferred to military affairs history. Want to transfer the governor and minister of trade of Liangjiang. During the Sino-French War, he went to Fuzhou to supervise the coastal defense, actively supported the anti-French struggle of the French army and people, and chose to recruit the Jing army to participate in the anti-French war on the front line of Guangdong and Taiwan Province. Died in Fuzhou. He is the author of The Complete Works of Zuo Wen Xiang Gong.
Ji Yun
Brief introduction of Ji Yun
Ji Yun, (right) word Xiaolan, word Chunfan, real name, Taoist priest. Born in June of the second year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1724), died in February of the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805), and was born in Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing Dynasties, at the age of 82. Posthumous title Wenda was called Wenda Gong in the village after his death because he was "sensitive and eager to learn, able to use literature as a text and politics as a teaching" (inscription by Emperor Jiaqing).
Ji Yun's ancestral home should be Shangyuan County, Tianfu, and his home is near Jijia. In the second year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1404), he was ordered to "move his surname to Historical Records" (Qianlong's Records of xian county), and then moved to xian county, joined the Li Anmin family, and lived in the scenic town of East Jiuli, xian county. After arriving in Ji Xiaolan, move north to 14.
It is well documented that all those who rose from Ji Xiaolan to VII were scholars. Gao Zu Ji Kun (1570- 1642), a student, tried and tested, and wrote a collection of poems "The Remaining Draft of the Examination Hall" with poetry as the topic. Great-grandfather Yu Ji (1632-1716)17 was a doctoral student, and later entered the imperial college, and was praised by the emperor for his talent. Grandfather Ji Tianshen (1665— 1732) used to be a overseer and a county magistrate. Father Ji (1685- 1764) was the imperial examination officer in the fifty-second year of Kangxi (17 13). He worked as an official of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Punishment, and was released to the magistrate of Yao 'an, Yunnan, which made him a political wise man. His moral articles were famous for a period of time, especially good at textual research, such as Tang Yunkao, Du Lushu and Yu Tai's "New Poems to Test Righteousness". In the end, Ji Ji's family declined and revived, paying more attention to reading, and his second son, who still has the saying that "poverty does not break books", was born in such a generation of scholarly family.
When Ji Xiaolan was a child, he lived in Cui Erzhuang, 30 miles east of Beijing. I began to learn enlightenment at the age of four. When I was eleven years old, my father and I went to Beijing. I studied in a beautiful place. Twenty-one-year-old Jinshi, twenty-four-year-old Jinshi, should be Tianfu. Later, my mother died, mourning at home and studying behind closed doors. He is brilliant, quick-thinking and studious. Today, as he claimed, Bogutong "painted a yellow dialogue, kept thinking all night, and galloped with the article." He is broad-minded, witty and humorous, and he is often amazing and interesting, making him famous all over the world. At the age of thirty-one, he was the fourth imperial academy, and Jishi Shu was appointed as the editor to handle the affairs of imperial academy. After studying politics in Fujian for a year, Ding Fu was worried. Taking the vacancy, that is, moving to study, teaching and learning, promoted to the right bastard, and taking charge of the prince's government affairs. In the thirty-third year of Qianlong (1768), he was awarded the magistrate of Duyun, Guizhou. Before taking up his post, he stayed on as a bachelor in Grade Four. In the same year, he was promoted to Urumqi to assist in military affairs because of Lu Jianzeng's salt case. He was recalled, awarded editing and returned to the bachelor's office. He was appointed as the editor-in-chief of Sikuquanshu. After 13 years of dismal operation, Sikuquanshu was completed, with a vast number of articles, totaling 34,665,438 kinds and 79,309 volumes, which were divided into four parts: classics, history, books and collections. Ji personally wrote the "Summary of the General Contents of Sikuquanshu", with 200 volumes. Each book is a masterpiece representing the achievements of bibliography in Qing Dynasty. The Summary of Sikuquanshu is actually an academic history, introducing each book and its origin and value. It has become a breakthrough for later scholars to study these ancient books. Many scholars admit that they learned knowledge from the summary of the general contents of Sikuquanshu. At the same time, on the basis of the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu, the author compiled 20 volumes of the Concise Catalogue of Sikuquanshu, which is an important reference book for studying literature and history. The compilation of Sikuquanshu is undoubtedly a great contribution to the collection and arrangement of ancient books and the preservation and development of historical and cultural heritage. Ji Xiaolan devoted his whole life to this, so there are few other works. Sikuquanshu and Sikuquanshu Catalogue are undoubtedly the crystallization of collective wisdom, but Ji Yun's key role in them cannot be ignored. As far as the general catalogue is concerned, the style and theme of the book are consistent, which shows the important role of Ji Yun's "consistent brushwork". Zhu Gui, the chief reader of our library, wrote in Ji Yun's epitaph: "Guan Gong Bookstore, cut the pen and comment, and delete it as the general catalogue of the book." Zhang Weiping's "Listening to Truffle Paper Money" said: "Or Ji Wenda's Expo is flooded, why not write a book? Yu Yue: The life energy of Wenda can be found in the summary of "Four Ku Quanshu", so why write more books! " "Ruling with one hand", "deleting with one hand", "editing with one hand", "General Catalogue" or Ji Yun's "All his life energy was extracted from Shu Yao" all show that Ji Yun's painstaking efforts in the general catalogue have been recognized by people and future generations. In this sense, the General Catalogue reflects Ji Yun's academic and cultural thoughts to the greatest extent, so it is not a rootless tree. As Huang said: "From a formal point of view, this summary seems to be the crystallization of many people's painstaking efforts. In fact, after the addition, deletion and neat drawing of this book, many people's wills have disappeared. Visible, only the view of discipline. "
Since the publication of Ji Yun's Sikuquanshu and Ji Yun's General Catalogue, they have been highly praised by scholars of past dynasties. Ruan Yuan said: "Emperor Gao Zongchun ordered the compilation of The Complete Library of Siku, and Gong (Ji Yun) always succeeded in it. The gains and losses of the Six Classics, the similarities and differences of historical records, and the branches of subsets all trace back to the Committee. There are more than 10,000 kinds of "general summaries" written, and archaeology is indispensable. " Fan Jiang pointed out: "The Summary of Siku Quanshu and Concise Catalogue are both public works, which are large and historical subsets, and there are also medical divinations, words and songs. Their comments are profound and implicit, their words are clear and reasonable, and their knowledge is above that of Wang Zhongbao and Ruan Xiaoxu. It can be said that they are proficient in Confucianism. " The remarkable academic value also makes the cultural influence of this masterpiece enduring. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zhidong said to scholars: "Today, all students refer to a good teacher. After reading the summary of Sikuquanshu, you will know a little about learning methods. " Yu Jiaxi, who has studied this book, said: "Abstract is unprecedented, and it can be the gateway to reading. I can't give up. " He also talked about the emergence of a large number of Confucian scholars after Jia Dao in the Qing Dynasty, and took this as a lesson, saying that "there is much to be done and there is much to be done". He criticized the shortcomings of the general catalogue, but he also admitted that he "knows a little about the academic path and is actually given by the general catalogue."
Ji Yun studied in Siku Library for ten years, "from beginning to end, without breath", which is self-evident, but it is also a fruitful decade in his life. He is not only gratified by the historical opportunity of "obeying me", but also proud of the realization of his wish of "waiting for the world to make up for it", as he said in the poem "Collating the Four Treasures of Books and Ink by Self-topic": "Check more than 100,000 toothpicks and thirst for thousands of jade toads. The history books are all smiles, and I haven't read any books on earth. " "Never seen a book in the world" is just an appearance. A monument built by Ji Yun and his colleagues for China's academic culture is an invisible eternity! During the editor-in-chief of Sikuquanshu, Ji Xiaolan was promoted from a bachelor of attendants to a bachelor of cabinet, and was once appointed as an assistant minister of the Ministry of War. He didn't change his position, but still held a cabinet position, which was very popular with the emperor. Later, he was promoted to the left capital of Shi Yu. The Sikuquanshu was completed in the same year and was moved to the Book of Rites as a banquet for officials. Emperor Qianlong was very kind and gave him a lift in the Forbidden City. In the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), Ji Xiaolan celebrated its eightieth birthday. The emperor sent a congratulatory message and gave him treasures. Soon, thanks to co-hosting the University, I added the title of Prince Shaobao and took charge of imperial academy affairs. After the age of 60, he went to Duchayuan five times and served as the minister of rites three times. After Ji Xiaolan's death, he built a grave in the village five miles south of Trier Village. The imperial court sent officials to Beicun cave to offer sacrifices, and Emperor Jiaqing personally wrote an inscription for him, which was a great honor and grief.
According to my own account, the history of the Zhuang case is slightly different from the above. In his later years, Ji Xiaolan once said, "I studied poetry in my early years, during which I was in high spirits and sang with the world, never wanting to lag behind. Now I am almost 80 years old, but I dare not say a word, and I dare not keep the manuscript I have written for a lifetime. " He said that this is because with the growth of experience, looking back at his proud works, most of them are what the ancients have said, and they have worked hard to write them, but they are just a bitter ear. Judging from Ji Xiaolan's words, he didn't "never write a book". In his early years, he dared to recite poems and write poems, but later he gradually got a deep understanding of his own world, and he was more and more afraid to write his own manuscripts and save them. It seems reluctant to say that I stopped writing because I was afraid of surpassing the ancients. There is also a great social and political background behind this reason, that is, during the Qianlong period, ideological control was strengthened and literary inquisitions were common.
Ji Xiaolan did two things most in his life, one was to preside over the imperial examination, and the other was to preside over compilation. He is the examiner of two provincial examinations and six civil and military examinations, so he has a large number of scholars and great influence in Shilin. He has presided over the editing for many times, and successively served as editor-in-chief, chief executive officer, chief executive officer of Wuying Hall, Santong Hall, Gongren Hall, National History Museum, General Staff Museum, Siku Quanshu Museum, Records of the Martyrdom of Guo Sheng Gongren, chief executive officer of the official watch, chief executive officer of the Eight Banners Tongzhi Museum, deputy director of the record museum and deputy director of the ceremony museum. It is not a compliment to say that it is a big event at present. In his later years, Ji Xiaolan once lamented: "The official sea rises and falls like a gull; Life and death books, like squid, are a true portrayal of his life.
In A Brief History of Chinese Novels, Mr. Lu Xun called Ji Xiaolan "be lenient with others, be lenient with others", which was very pertinent. He is a completely different figure from those respectable Taoist priests. Ji Xiaolan and his works are worth studying.