Yin-yang theory holds that Yin-yang is the opposing and transforming force of things themselves, which can be used to explain the law of development and change of things. The five elements theory holds that everything is composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and there are two laws that can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan combined the two, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues" according to the theory that the five elements are mutually dependent and mutually resistant, and established the theory that "five virtues begin and end", which was the law of the rise and fall of dynasties in the past, and provided a theoretical basis for establishing a new unified dynasty.
Twenty-one kinds of works of this school are recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, all of which have been lost. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order, written at the end of the Warring States Period, is said to be a work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to Yin and Yang works, while some Yin and Yang materials are also preserved in Lv Chunqiu Yingtong, Huainan Ziqi Su Xun and Historical Records of Qin Shihuang.
The origin of the name of Yin and Yang family-
The concept of yin and yang was first seen in the Book of Changes, and the concept of five elements was first seen in Shangshu, but the appearance of these two concepts can be traced back to a longer time.
In the Warring States period, Yin and Yang gradually merged with the five elements, forming a new conceptual model, that is, a world view based on the theory of "Yin and Yang news, five elements spread and change". Yin-yang school takes Yin-yang and Five Elements as its basic line, so it is called "Yin-yang school", also known as "Yin-yang and Five Elements school" or "Yin-yang and Five Elements school", which is one of the pre-Qin schools.
Sima Tan's "On the Essentials of Six Schools" lists "Yin and Yang Schools" as the first of the six schools; Liu Xin listed it as one of the "Nine Schools" in The Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi Zhuzi.
Yin and Yang-
Yin and Yang are the ancient people's abstractions of the two complementary opposites of the universe, and also the philosophical category of the unity of opposites and the law of thinking in the universe. China and Taisha created the word "Yin and Yang" to express the unity of opposites, that is, Laozi said that "everything is negative and holds Yang", and Yi Zhuan said that "one yin and one yang is the way". The Book of Changes is about the mathematics and philosophy of the changes of Yin and Yang.
Its basic idea is: Yin and Yang coexist, and everything in the universe is the unity of opposites of Yin and Yang. The theory of Yin and Yang is based on the theory of Qi. On the basis of Qi, it is further believed that heaven and earth, sun and moon, day and night, mystery, fire and water, and warmth and coolness are the result of two halves, thus abstracting two relative concepts of Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang are abstract concepts rather than concrete things, so "Yin and Yang are famous and invisible" (the soul pivot Yin and Yang is the sun and the moon).
Yin represents the characteristics of passivity, defense and weakness and the things and phenomena with these characteristics, while Yang represents the characteristics of positivity, enterprising and firmness and the things and phenomena with these characteristics. The basic content of yin-yang theory can be summarized as "opposition, mutual root, growth and decline, transformation"
Five elements-
The five elements of Shang Shu Hong Fan: water, fire, wood, gold and earth. The ancients believed that everything in the universe was composed of these five basic substances. It is also a category system about the social attributes of the universe and its changing laws. The word "xing" in the five elements means "operation", so there is a very important concept in the five elements, that is, the concept of changing operation, that is, "mutual growth" and "mutual resistance"
The theory of five elements does not refer to five specific substances themselves, but refers to the abstract generalization of five different attributes. It takes the correspondence between man and nature as the guiding ideology, takes five behavioral centers, five aspects of spatial structure, five seasons of time structure and five internal organs of human body structure as the basic shelves, and summarizes all kinds of things in nature according to their attributes. Anyone who has the characteristics of hair growth and softness belongs to wood; Those with the characteristics of yang heat and inflammation belong to fire; Those with long-term cultivation and development characteristics belong to soil; Those who have the characteristics of quietness and killing belong to gold; Those with the characteristics of cold, moist, falling and hiding belong to water. A life activity of human body is connected with natural phenomena, forming a five-element structure system, connecting the internal and external environment of human body, which is used to explain the unity of human body, people and natural environment. Attached is a table, which can be seen at the end of the article.
The thoughts of Yin and Yang-
His thoughts mainly come from Confucianism founded by Confucius and the "Six Classics" advocated by Confucianism.
In the view of nature, the theory of cosmic evolution is put forward by using the concept of yin and yang in the classics of Zhouyi. This paper puts forward the theory of "Great Kyushu" from the "Division of Kyushu" in Shangshu Gong Yu, and holds that China is a red China with a small Kyushu inside and one of the "Great Kyushu" outside (Hu Shi once praised the geographical view of Yin and Yang in the History of China Medieval Thought); In the view of history, the concept of five elements in Shangshu Hongfan is transformed into the theory of "five virtues ending in the beginning" (which will be discussed below), and it is believed that the rise and fall of dynasties are dominated by five elements; In political ethics, he also "stops at benevolence and thrift, and respects the monarch and the minister", and agrees with the Confucian theory of benevolence and righteousness. At the same time, it is emphasized that "harmony due to yin and yang" contains some knowledge of astronomy, calendar, meteorology and geography, which has certain scientific value.
Five virtues end-
Also known as "Five Virtues Transfer". Zou Yan, a representative of the Yin and Yang school, explained the evolution of the universe and the rise and fall of history with the theory of Yin and Yang and five elements, and founded the theory of "five virtues ending in the beginning", which had great influence. Later, Lu Chunqiu, Dong Zhongshu's Spring and Autumn Annals and Liu Xiang's Biography of Hong Fan's Five Elements (Liang Rengong mentioned in his Selected Works of Yin and Yang that three people were responsible for the harm of Yin and Yang theory ... Zou Yan, Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang. Visible Yin and Yang home, etc. , are based on yin and yang and five elements.
"Five virtues" refers to the attributes of the five elements, namely, earth virtue, wood virtue, benevolence virtue, water virtue and fire virtue. Yin-yang theory holds that everything in the universe corresponds to the five elements, and each has its own virtue, and the operation of heaven, the change of the world and the replacement of dynasties are all the results of the "five virtues transfer". Its purpose was to demonstrate the social changes at that time, but it fell into the theory of historical cycle.
The decline of the Yin-Yang family-
There were still some Yin and Yang families in the early Han Dynasty. After a hundred schools of thought contended in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, some contents were integrated into the Confucian ideology, and some contents were absorbed by primitive Taoism. As an independent school, the family of Yin and Yang disappeared.
The representative of Yin and Yang family-
During the Warring States Period, there were male, female and male officials, but Zou Yan was the most famous (Biography of Mencius and Xun Qing in Historical Records was accompanied by Biography of Zou Yan).
The works of Yin and Yang-
Han Art Literature and History contains 369 articles of 2 1 yin and yang writers. The beginning and end of public life, 14 articles, and Gongsun Law, 22 articles. Forty-nine articles by Zou Zi. Zou Zichu Chapter 56. Five articles on Riding on the Hill. Six countries time. Five articles by Du Wengong. 20 pieces of Yellow Emperor Tai Su, and so on, but all but a few pieces were lost.
Five, five, five, five, five, five, five, five, five, five, five, five, five, five, five.
The prescription of changing taste into color and qi in sound moves the viscera, organs, organs, body and sound of the season.
Horny, flat, sour, blue, wind, winter and spring wood, liver, gallbladder, eyes, tendons, anger and grip.
The weather in the south is bitter, red and hot during the day, and it is hot in summer. The tongue and pulse of the heart, small intestine and stomach like to laugh and worry.
The west in the palace is sweet and yellow, the summer is wet and the middle is long, and the spleen and stomach are full of meat.
Shang day, bitter and white, west and autumn dry.
Feathers are salty and black in the middle of the night, cold in winter and rainy in the north, and the kidneys, bladder and ears are afraid of moaning.
Miscellaneous School: From the end of the Warring States Period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty, hundred schools of thought's theory was integrated, and the history of Chinese art and literature was listed as one of the nine schools. It is called "the method of combining Mohism and Confucianism", which is the product of political unity and academic integration at that time. The main representative of sages is Lv Buwei.
Lv Buwei (? -235 BC) Qin Xiang in the Warring States Period. Ben was dajia, the richest man in Yangzhai (now Yuxian County, Henan Province). When Qin Gongzi made people hold Zhao hostage, he thought that "strange goods can live in" and took his daughter as an activity to make people return to the throne, that is, Qin Zhuang Wang Xiang, who served as the prime minister of the country, sealed his heart and ate 100,000 households in Luoyang, with three diners and 10,000 families. Qin Wangzheng (Qin Shihuang) ascended the throne at a young age and succeeded to rule the country, which is called "Guanzhong"; After Qin was in power, he was dismissed from office and moved to Shu county, fearing to quench his thirst by drinking poison.
The sage claimed to "keep the finger of a corner without following the trace" ("A Brief Introduction to Huainanzi"), taking the strengths of each family and abandoning its shortcomings. Although it combines Confucianism and Mohism, it is said by name; But deeply influenced by Taoism. "It gets the true biography of Taoism, and it gets more income from Taoism than other sects, so it is just a miscellaneous faction." The Records of Han Shu Literature and Art contains 20 miscellaneous works and 403 articles, many of which have been lost to this day. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals was written by Prime Minister Qin, who invited many tourists. Lie Hong in Huainan was compiled for the guests of Liu An, the king of Huainan in the Western Han Dynasty, and it is the representative work of this school.