The mature agricultural civilization of ancient China gave birth to the splendid ancient Chinese scientific and technological culture. At least until the 16th century, China led the world in the fields of science and technology. China's scientific and technological achievements represented by the Four Great Inventions played a huge role in promoting the evolution of human civilization. In the fields of literature and art, the Chinese express rich emotions through calligraphy, painting, poetry and ancient novels. The unique oriental charm of the Chinese nation is a form of deep thought, which occupies an important position in the history of human civilization. Study ancient Chinese science and technology culture, combine it with the background of an era, and pay attention to the characteristics, historical status, and correct understanding of science and technology culture in the field of civilization heritage, summarize the achievements of the era and the world, and keep in mind the limitations of China's scientific and technological civilization.
2. Pay attention to the development of traditional Chinese culture and world civilization and appreciate the characteristics of ancient Chinese culture, which is a leading position in the world.
Focus on topics that are prone to errors:
(1) Song, Yuan Sanqu and Tang Dynasty are the same written expressions. This word is another form of poetry. This word originated from the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, with the development of commerce and the prosperity of cities, there were more and more people who could sing words to meet the needs of urban life and became more attractive. The opera house was established in the Yuan Dynasty, with the rise of new poetry, which was recreated by later scholars in the Song and Jin Dynasties based on folk songs and folk songs.
(2) Yuan Dynasty In the Yuan Dynasty, a new poetry category emerged. The Yuan Dynasty was a drama, which marked the maturity of ancient Chinese drama.
(3) It cannot be said that oracle bone inscriptions are the earliest writing. We can only say that it is the earliest known writing.
(4) The distinctive features of (4) are not as Chinese literati paintings. Appreciation of freehand paintings. BR />Some knowledge:
(1) The origin and evolution of Chinese characters and the development of painting
1. The origin and evolution of Chinese characters. (1) The origin of Chinese characters can be traced back to the Neolithic Age as early as 6,000 years ago. Pottery has some engraved symbols, known as "character pictures", which have a certain origin relationship with mature texts.
< p>(2) Chinese character oracle bone inscriptions date back to about 3000 years ago and are the earliest known mature texts in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the bronze standard font - "Zhou Wen" was formed. />(3) Chinese characters: Qin unified, Qin Shihuang implemented the formal normative rule of "Xiaozhuan" to unite and unify "scripts with text", he wrote a simple "document" as a new font to overcome cultural exchange texts into a unified multi- The obstacles to the formation and development of nation-states have favored the formation of a complete system of Chinese characters, evolving according to the context of oracle bone inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, official script, and regular script. BR /> 2. The development of calligraphy art. It can be roughly divided into two stages. The Wei and Jin Dynasties were basically the spontaneous stage, and the Wei and Jin Dynasties began to enter the conscious stage.(1) Qin Xiaozhuan in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the beauty of Han Dynasty calligraphy, mainly practical texts< /p>
(2) During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Chinese characters became a conscious art of calligraphy among scholars, and calligraphy became a form for people to express their mood, charm, strong character, and pursuit of ideals; innovative calligraphy The skills of ink, paper and stationery were improved. The creation of Wang Xizhi's "Lanting Preface", the reputation of "the best running script in the world", reached a new level in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Height: Whether it is Zhang Xu, Ouyang Xun, Huai Su's cursive script Yen Chen Qing, Liu Gongquan's normative testimony focuses on the maturity of regular script calligraphy theory
(4) The creation of personalized calligraphy in Song and Ming Dynasties: a large number of texts in the Song Dynasty , the rise of the civil class, and the colorful social life. Su, Huang, Mi, and Cai Si ignored the art of calligraphy. They pursued individuality and testimony and could not promote intention.
(5) Ming Dynasty calligraphy and painting. Society is becoming more civilian and secular, and more emphasis is placed on individual creativity.
Characters have gradually become a conscious art of calligraphy;
(6) Features: Focus on the norms of calligraphy and calligraphy theory. , the trend of creating personalized calligraphy free lines changes the layout density, integrates the artistic beauty of live painting and writing, and embodies the development of a unique artistic scholar's pursuit of self-ideal personality.
3. History of Ancient Art Painting and Function
(1) Neolithic Age Painting - Painting;
(2), Warring States Period, Silk Painting, People's Dragon and Phoenix Pictures, Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb Unearthed silk paintings. BR />(3) The emergence of literati paintings in the Wei and Jin Dynasties: the rise of the nobility, represented by Gu Kaizhi, and the history of women's admonishment paintings. The painting theory can be summarized as "describing the spirit with form", focusing on grasping the spiritual temperament of the depicted object.
⑷The artist who created the prosperous Tang Dynasty painting, the graceful performance of the Tang Dynasty, the masterpiece of Wu Daozi in the Tang Dynasty "The Rise of the King"
⑸The literati landscape painting of the Northern Song Dynasty: Characteristics. : Landscape painting evolved from the beginning into an independent oil painting portrait with a background; pursued from a painter who focused on realism, paying more attention to changes in mood.
⑹ Characteristics of literati paintings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties: they either inherited the palace style of the Song Dynasty, or followed the charm of Yuan's landscape. Due to the changes of the times and social unrest, there have been some eccentric painters, such as the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou". Their artistic style is informal and formal becomes law.
⑺ Folk style - the development of human painting art: works depicted in songs and market life, the most famous representative work is Zhang Zeduan's "Along the River During Qingming Festival" in the Northern Song Dynasty; woodcut illustrations of novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties; folk art Development: Love people, their painting expressions, more practical life.
(8) Features: ① Chinese painting in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, on the one hand, focused on the formation of realistic court and folk art; on the other hand, non-utilitarian, mainly freehand literati paintings. (2) Literati painting has been the dominant expression form of Chinese calligraphy and painting since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, integrating poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing. (3) Chinese painting does not seek resemblance, but focuses on the individual's subjective performance, love, flexibility, freedom, and enlightened national self-confidence, self-esteem, independence, and unafraid of rape, which has played an immeasurable role.
⑼ The development characteristics of Chinese painting are: BR /> 1. The evolution background: The evolution of Chinese painting profoundly reflects the various historical periods, such as the development of painting in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the epitome of the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty. Clearly reflect the spirit; painting art of the Song Dynasty
②: The growth of literati painters. From the artist's point of view, the artist's achievements are getting higher and higher. The era of commercial development and urban prosperity in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. , the most outstanding painting achievement of literati and officials. < /p>
(4) From the function of painting: Painting gradually developed from a pure art commodity. To adapt to the development of commodity economy and the needs of the private sector, by the Song Dynasty, painting became a commodity.
(2) Literary achievements
1. "The Book of Songs": China's first collection of poems, which laid the foundation for realism in Chinese classical literature and was regarded by later generations as a Confucian classic, the source of the birth of Chinese poetry. Saving about 500 years of poetry from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, ***305 is divided into three parts. Feng, Ya and Song Feng are folk songs from the Western Zhou Dynasty, collectively known as "Mai". The lyrics of Ya Palace, the realistic spirit of the song, are true and profound, accompanied by dance music lyrics to worship ancestors. Reflected the social life at that time. The main manifestations are the repeated use of four words and sentences, and the richness of easy-to-understand language;
2. Chu Ci: During the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan of Chu State absorbed the essence of folk language and Chu dialect to create a new poetry, also known as "St. Paul." Qu Yuan expressed his emotions and concerns about fate through poetry. Flexible and free sentences , the grandeur of China and the United States, its unique imagination creates a precedent for the lyrical romance of Chinese classical literature. The masterpiece "Li Sao" is the longest lyric poem in ancient China.
3. Han Chang Fu: The political unity and economic development of the Han Dynasty gave rise to a specifically elaborate rhetoric, literary talent and gorgeous style - Han Fu, which absorbed the expressive techniques of the pre-Qin "Book of Songs" and Chu Ci rhyme, which mainly represented Sima Xiangru. .
4. Tang Dynasty: The golden age of ancient Chinese poetry creation .
(2) Don't be pessimistic and disappointed (poet). Du Fu's poems are called "history of poetry", poems of dignity and honesty combined with melancholy and depression, representatives of realism.
(3) Bai Juyi of Tang Dynasty: The works are approachable, popular and fluent, and are narrative poems that criticize realism.
(4) Reasons: (1) The Tang Dynasty was united, economically prosperous, and nationally powerful (2) China and foreign countries had frequent inter-ethnic exchanges ③ Prosperity, openness and multiculturalism (4) The establishment of the imperial examination system (5 ) The development of five-character poetry and seven-character verse
since the Han Dynasty. Song: Originated in the private sector, it is also known as "long and short sentences", which facilitates more flexible emotional expression and can be used in musical concerts. - Liu Yong of the Northern Song Dynasty, "Yulin Ling"; ⑴ Li Qingzhao, a famous female poet at the turn of the Song Dynasty, of the Graceful School
(2) Bold School - Su Shi of the Song Dynasty, "Nian Nujiao·Chibi", Xin Qiji's "Bodhisattva Man·Shu" Jiangxi Ostomy Wall
6. Yuan Opera:
⑴ Yuan Sanqu was a poetry genre that arose in the Yuan Dynasty. It was sung on the basis of vulgar folk songs and golden poems. Scholars re-produced forms. They widely used vernacular, dialect, and Chinese characters, and more closely combined music and poetry. Background of the rise of (2): Han literati were hopeless and depressed. Express depressive feelings.
7. Ming and Qing novels: The genre of novels was born in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and gradually became mainstream literature (Reason: the rise of the commercial and industrial sectors of cities and towns. ***Department)
(1) The Four Great Masterpieces of the Ming Dynasty: "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the first full-length historical novel of ancient times; "Journey to the West", the model ghost story "Shi Naian" "Water Margin" - Saga's martial arts; Lanling Xiaoxiao's original "Jin Ping Mei", a classic work of novels describing the state of the living world and reflecting the climate change of society.
② "Three words", "shot": a collection of short stories in the late Ming Dynasty: "Warning words to the world", "Essays to illustrate the world" awaken the world through words, "harmony" first carves a surprise and "continues to carve a surprise". The society of the Ming and Qing Dynasties was filled with an atmosphere of worshiping money and fame. The light of tradition began to dilute the object of praise and entered the literary world's first businessman.
⑵Clearly: key realist masterpieces: Cao Xueqin's "Dream of Red Mansions", an encyclopedic masterpiece; Pu Songling's "Strange" vent of satisfaction in "The Book of Indignation"; scholar Wu Jingzi's "Shanlong Satire" Novel Dream.
8 Description: The great Chinese people are the first to develop a world civilization, with a long history, splendid Chinese literature, and a wide variety of forms, comparable to those in the world. Any country with literature. The first collection of poems in the "Book of Songs", a collection of poems from the 11th century BC to the 6th century BC. It reflects the breadth and depth of social life and the artistic expression methods of Bixing. The more foreign scholars deserve praise. The unique formal expression and artistic charm of the Tang and Song Dynasties brought the potential of language to the extreme. It is easy to remember the sonorous, diverse and in-depth, orderly writing style of the Yuan Dynasty. . Entering the boom stage. In the novel, Song "marked the person" and "ci" in the literary style of the Song Dynasty. The short stories of the Tang Dynasty, Song and Yuan dynasties, and the legend novels of the Ming and Qing dynasties created a long genre. In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, two great masterpieces of novels were published, namely "Water Margin", Shi Naian's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and Luo Guanzhong's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". ". Two vast, majestic, more than a hundred character-long masterpieces, enjoying world renown, opened up a new stage in the history of the novel. The encyclopedia "Dream of Red Mansions" is evaluating the analysis of feudal society. "Dream of Red Mansions" is a high-level overview of social life, and superb artistic expression, pushing the creation of Chinese classical novels to new heights.
(3) The origin and development of Peking Opera
The origin of ancient opera: As early as the primitive times, there was a kind of witchcraft-colored sacrificial activity called "Nuo". Nuo was often held with singing and dancing, and contained the seeds of ancient opera. In the Song Dynasty, Nan Opera, a complete form of opera, was formed in Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province. 2 Yuan Dynasty: The Yuan Dynasty Chinese opera art entered its golden stage. Modern poetry, singing, dialogue, music, dance and other performances, complete storylines and characters, mark the maturity of ancient Chinese opera. In the history of literature, the Yuan Dynasty is often mentioned in the same breath as the Tang and Song Dynasties, representing a generation of literature. Guan Hanqing is the founder of the Yuan Dynasty and the highest achievement of the great playwright
Kunqu Opera: the middle of the Qing Dynasty, it is widely regarded as the ancestor of Kunshan in Jiangsu Province. p>
4. The formation and development of opera:
⑴ The emergence and development process: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing was the political and cultural center of the country and was very active on the opera stage. During the year, the Hui opera troupe came to Beijing to perform the four major Hui genres of "Qing Dynasty". Standardization pays attention to the rhyme of characters. Through continuous integration, a new opera type was formed in Beijing. During the reign of Emperor Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty, the period of Guangxu ushered in a prosperous period.
(2) Features: Peking Opera mainly performs historical stories. , the culmination of ancient dramatic art, developed a near-perfect art program, division of roles, living in a four-pronged world of facial makeup, costumes, singing movements, one-time net, and ugliness; carrying forward the symbolism, virtual performing arts, and both traditional Songs and dances comprehensively use the artistic means of singing, reciting, doing, and playing; orchestral music controls the rhythm of gongs and drums, Jinghu, erhu, and flute to enhance the atmosphere, singing with a round tone, reciting verses, and the charm of poetry and literature permeates the appearance. The sculptures and shapes give people a sense of beauty and show the broader world on any small stage.
⑶ Artistic achievements: The unique Chinese opera has reached a new height, known as the "palace art of Chinese quintessence radiating to human culture." Chess glory.
(4) Ancient Chinese Science and Technology:
Achievement Status
Text
School
The former position is the earliest astronomical monograph, and the latter is the world's first star catalog,
Eastern Han Dynasty The scientist Zhang Heng used the seismograph and the water-borne armillary sphere in the earthquake direction.
The comprehensive view of the Earth preceded it in Western Europe by 1,000 years.
A group of eminent monks in the Tang Dynasty created the ecliptic travel instrument; for the first time in the world, they discovered the changing positions of stars and meridians that measured the length.
The earliest measurement of meridians
Guo Shoujing’s simple instrument in the Yuan Dynasty "written history"
more than 300 years earlier than Europe. Among them, the most complex ancient calendar . Only 26 seconds longer than the actual time.
Spring and Autumn Multiplication Tables
The Nine Chapters of Arithmetic of the Eastern Han Dynasty summarized the mathematical achievements of the Zhou and Qin and Han dynasties and recorded the most advanced mathematics in the world at that time. mathematical methods.
Marks the formation of the ancient mathematical system.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Qi Zu Chong's pi was as accurate as the seventh closest
This result led to the world in 1000.
Medical
School
Compiled in the Warring States Period, Western Han Dynasty, a book in the "Huangdi Neijing"
Existing earlier Medical books, which laid the theoretical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine
"Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" by Zhang Zhongjing of the Eastern Han Dynasty
The four treatment methods of "appearance and smell" are discussed, a classic of traditional Chinese medicine clinics, Known as "Medical Saint Zhang Zhongjing.
The Eastern Han Dynasty developed "Ma Fei San" and Wu Qin Xi.
Invented the earliest anesthetic and invented the first sports and health gymnastics.
Ming Dynasty Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica"
Represents the highest achievement of ancient Chinese pharmacology, summarizing the state of the world in the 16th century. The classification of pharmacological achievements created by art reflects biological evolution. His thoughts have promoted the development of biology in the world and are known as the "Great Classic of Oriental Medicine."
Agriculture
Jia Sixie’s study
The Northern Dynasties’ “Essential Techniques for Elevating the People”
The first complete agricultural book in China is now available , summarizing the long-term accumulated production experience of the working people in northern China, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery production methods, adapting measures to local conditions, various business and product development, and valuable opinions.
Yuanwang Zhen Nongshu
The reform of production tools focused on, and particularly emphasized, not a simple mechanical tool, water conservancy and electricity, rather than the power of humans and animals, to improve work efficiency. played an important role.
Xu Guangqi's "Agricultural Policy Encyclopedia" of the Ming Dynasty,
the pros and cons of ancient and modern agriculture and agronomy, so as to comprehensively evaluate and draw lessons from Western agricultural science and technology, agricultural science and technology experiments, and The method embodies scientificity, innovation, and advancement, reaching the pinnacle of traditional agricultural science and technology. Xu Guangqi is known as "the pioneer of modern science."
(e) The four ancient inventions and historical influence.
The invention of the four major achievements
Influence
Papermaking,
① Ancient Chinese characters were first engraved on oracle bones, bronze, and later bamboo slips Written materials and silk. ②A kind of plant fiber paper was invented during the Western Han Dynasty, but the paper was rough and not suitable for writing. ③In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking and made fiber paper capable of writing. ,
Become an important invention in the history of human civilization and promote the spread of human civilization.
Printed
1. Engraved printing: The world's earliest extant "Diamond Sutra" with a clear date (868) of the Tang Dynasty. (2) Mobile type: Records of woodcut prints in the Northern Song Dynasty, civilians invented movable type printing. Mud type, and later wood type, metal type.
Metal type from the 13th century. In the middle of the 13th century, movable type printing was spread to Korea, and later spread to Europe, and from the Western Regions, movable type printing promoted the development of culture and had a huge impact on the process of human civilization.
Gunpowder
① In the Tang Dynasty, people invented gunpowder. The earliest record of alchemy and medicine was found as early as the Tang Dynasty when Sun Simiao Dan used gunpowder (2) in the gunpowder war in the late Tang Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty, gunpowder was widely used.
In the early 14th century, gunpowder was introduced to Europe by the Arabs, which had a huge impact on Western society. Gunpowder was fried among Europe's "knightly classes." Three great inventions noted the advent of capitalist society. The
Compass
The four oldest inventions in history: (1) Invention and application of inventions: Warring States guiding instrument - Ian, since the compass appeared in the compass car, the compass fish. ②The compass invented in the Northern Song Dynasty used artificial magnets for navigation.
Thirteenth century biography of Western Europe, the Americas and the circumnavigation of the world before it provided the conditions for European navigators to open world markets and establish colonies.
Historical impact: ① Movable type was used as a tool for Protestantism to promote the development of culture; the compass spread to Europe, and America sailed around the world, providing an important condition for European navigators to discover the open world market, and Colonies are established; the gunpowder knights caste blast to pieces. Three great inventions marked the advent of capitalist society. Papermaking became a major invention in the history of human civilization. The European bourgeoisie fought against feudalism and played an important role in promoting the transition to capitalist society. (2) Ancient Chinese scientific and technological achievements have long been a leader in the world, making outstanding contributions to the development of world civilization and promoting Contribution to the development of world science, technology and culture.
Explanation: The ancient Chinese focused on practicality and neglected theoretical learning. Therefore, China’s science and technology was in a leading position in the world for a long historical period. However, in fact, due to the development of China’s science and technology, China’s science and technology The development of China's science and technology was limited, and it failed to form a specialized scientific theory. It only stayed on the stage of visual experience and lacked the ability to continue to develop. Therefore, modern science in the later period was far behind the world's advanced
Comprehensive improvement of level:
1. Characteristics of ancient literary forms
(1) Han Changfu: The Western Han Dynasty is rich, mostly lengthy, with beautiful scenery, The majestic momentum, exaggerated techniques, and rhetoric show the broad and huge cultural tolerance of the progressive spirit of the times, bravery and courage, and various material and spiritual lives. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fu's lyricism was mostly short in length and overcame the shortcomings of Fu's extravagant and vague diction in Western Han Dynasty. The words were shallow and the mood was relatively clean.
(2) Tang poetry: high prosperity, poet men, various styles, great achievements that have a profound impact on social life and have a profound impact on future generations.
(3) Song Dynasty: The length of this word varies, it is easy to express feelings, reflects the sharp social reality of class contradictions and national contradictions, expresses concern about the fate of thinking, and is suitable for concerts.
(4) Yuan Opera: Poetry and comedy, Jacobite vulgarity, lyrical narrative and chief executive, relatively lively.
> (5) Novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties: Novels entered a stage of vigorous development, showing unprecedented prosperity. Novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties not only have a large number of genres and diverse meanings, but also reflect the depth of social life. And the breadth, the characters created, the description of details, the use of language and other aspects are much higher than those of the previous generation. The novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties show the social role and literary value of the novel as a literary form. 2. The long-term development of science and technology in ancient China:
1. Unification is the mainstream of history, society is relatively stable, and the development of science and technology creates a good social environment.
(2) China established a feudal system and gradually formed a unified multi-ethnic centralized feudal state. The feudal state contributed a very important organization and support, from scientific and technological inventions to "agricultural" Thoughts on astronomy, calendar, medicine, and mathematics.
③ For a long time, China's agriculture and handicrafts have been in a leading position in the world, and the development of science and technology has provided material conditions. ④ With frequent domestic economic and cultural exchanges, people of all ethnic groups learn from each other and learn from each other's strengths. They jointly create an ancient culture and can continue to absorb advanced foreign culture and improve their own quality. Development
⑤The development progress of ancient Chinese educational thought and science and technology talent base.
⑦The hard work and creation of the working people.
Characteristics of ancient China:
(1) The content of science and technology is not enough to explore the laws of the development of things. The main thing is to use traditional research methods to sort out ancient books and lessons, lessons, Lack of testing.
⑵ Mainly serving the needs of the development of feudal agricultural economy and the application of science and technology in large-scale projects, there is a lack of effective technology transformation into productivity and responsibility, and further development momentum of science and technology.
(3) Ancient Chinese science and technology led the world in the medium and long term, made significant contributions to the development of world civilization, and had far-reaching impacts. BR />Why was there no modern science?
① When capitalism sprouted in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the feudal natural economy maintained its dominant position, limiting the development of productive forces, and there was no urgent requirement or motivation to develop science and technology. The inherent decentralization and shrinking nature of a subsistence small-scale peasant economy is the economic root cause of the inability of modern science to properly produce.
(2) China’s feudal rulers implemented “a policy of focusing on agriculture and suppressing business, which was not conducive to scientific production and the transformation, promotion and application of scientific and technological achievements, hindered the growth of capitalism, and also hindered trade and The development of industrial technology.
③The rulers of the Ming and Qing Dynasties strengthened cultural despotism, imprisoned ideas, stifled the academic atmosphere, and ignored practical intellectuals, from production, from observation and research of nature, which was not conducive to The development of natural science. This kind of cultural autocratic policy cannot produce modern science and technology.
④ When Western capitalism rose, China's feudal rulers adopted a closed-door policy, which hindered the development of normal Chinese culture and Western culture.
⑤ Education is backward. The purpose and content of China's feudal education rarely involve the production and training of feudal officials in scientific knowledge, which is not conducive to the mutual integration of science. , is not conducive to cultivating talents.
In short, when the decadent feudal system exists in China, it is impossible for China to produce modern science similar to Europe's characteristics and social background. Relationship:
(1) Pre-Qin: primitive society with low productivity level.