Gong Duzi said, "People outside call Master argumentative. How dare you ask? "
Mencius said, "Is it argumentative? I have to do this. The world is born for a long time, and one rule and one chaos. At the time of Yao, the water was retrograde flooding in China, and the people did not lift it in the territory of snakes and dragons; The bottom is the nest, and the top is the camp cave (2). The book says,' the water mirror is in ③'. The drowning man, the flood also. Make. Digging and injecting into the sea, driving snakes and releasing dragons (4); In the paddy field, rivers, Huai, He and Han are also running. Dangers and obstacles are far away, people who are hurt by birds and animals will disappear, and then people can only live on the ground.
"Neither is Yao Shun. The sage's way declined, the tyrant took over, and the bad palace thought that the pool was dirty and the people were restless; Abandoning farmland for gardens deprived people of food and clothing. Heresy is committed again, atrocities are committed again, there are many gardens, many dirty pools, and many animals come. And the body of Zhou, the world is in chaos. The duke of Zhou overthrew the king of Wu, defeated him for three years, drove Fei Lian to the cape and slaughtered him, destroyed the country by 50, and drove away tigers, leopards, rhinoceroses and elephants, which made the world happy. The book says:' Pixian is here, Wang Wenmo! Pi Cheng, Wu! Enlighten my descendants, and you are right. "
"The decline of the world, heretical atrocities, I kill the monarch, son killed his father. Confucius was afraid and wrote Spring and Autumn Annals. " "Spring and Autumn", the matter of the son of heaven; Therefore, Confucius said,' Those who know me are only spring and autumn! Those who blame me, Chunqiu!'
"Holy king don't do it, let go, Chu Shi talk about all landowners, Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai's words all over the world. If the words in the world don't belong to Yang, they belong to Mo. Yang, for me, there is no gentleman; Mohist universal love is fatherless. No father, no king, all animals. Gong said:' There is fat in the stable and fat horses in the stable; When people are hungry, so are wild people. This causes wild animals to eat each other. "Yang Mo's Tao is infinite, but Confucius' Tao is not. It is heresy to falsely accuse the people and fill righteousness. Benevolence is full, animals eat people, and people eat people. I'm afraid of this. I'm idle in the way of sages, believing Yang Mo's lewd words and heresy. Doing it in his heart is harmful to his business; Doing what it does is harmful to its politics. I said it's not easy to resurrect a saint.
"Yesterday, the danger of flood suppression, the world is flat. Duke Zhou and Yidi drive away animals, and the people are better. Confucius became the Spring and Autumn Annals, and rebels and thieves were afraid. As the poem says:' If Rong Di is fake and Jing Shu is punished, I dare to accept it (11).' No father, no gentleman, it's Duke Zhou. I also want to be upright, stop heresy, stay away from (12), and let obscene words inherit the three saints; How can you argue? I have to do this. What can be said from Yang Mo's mouth is also a saint. "
Note 1 Gong: a disciple of Mencius. ② Cave camp: Dig holes and build caves, and live around. (3) Water warning: The flood is warning us. A flood is a flood. ④ Zu Yinzu: A swamp with many aquatic plants. Let them go and drive them into the grass. ⑤ Fei Lian: A person's name, also known as Lian, was a favorite courtier of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. According to Records of Historical Records of Qin Benji, both Fei Lian and his son E Lai served Zhou Wang with wood and wood. When Zhou Wuwang attacked Zhou, he killed Elei. At that time, Fei Lian went to the north to quarry stones and was not killed. Therefore, Mencius' theory of killing cost is different from historical records. ⑥ Several sentences in Pi Xian Zai: According to Zhao Qi's note, it is an escape from Shangshu. Mei is included in the pseudo-ancient prose "Jun Ya Pian". ⑦ Chu Shi: refers to a person who has talent and virtue but lives in seclusion. Yang Zhu: Philosopher in the Early Warring States Period. According to the legend of Wei people, he opposed Mozi's theory of "universal love" and Confucian ethics, advocated "attaching importance to life" and attached importance to preserving personal life. Historical materials about Yang Zhu can be found in Mencius, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, Lv Chunqiu and other books, among which Liezi includes Yang Zhu. Mencius once criticized Yang Zhu for "pulling out a dime to benefit the world". Mo Zhai: a thinker and politician in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Legend has it that he was from the Song Dynasty and later lived in Shandong. He studied Confucianism, found a new way, gathered disciples to give lectures, was the founder of Mohism, and wrote Mozi. Mozi's theory was very influential at that time, and it was also called "excellent learning" with Confucianism. Attending leisure: prevent leisure, prevent leisure. (1 1) Pseudo: Anti. Punishment: Punishment. Cheng: The words "resist" and "resist" can be found in The Book of Songs. (12) behavior: refers to extreme behavior.
Gong said, "People say you like to debate. Excuse me, why? "
Mencius said, "What do I like to argue about? I have to do this! Human society has been born for a long time, and it will always be a period of peace and turmoil. In the era of Tang Yao, when the flood crossed the Central Plains, the snake dragon could settle down, but people had no place to live; People in lowlands have to build nests in trees, while people in highlands have to dig holes together to live. Shangshu said:' Water is warning us!' The so-called flood is a flood. Life is governed by it. Digging rivers to divert water into the sea, driving snakes and dragons into marshes full of water plants. Water flows along rivers, including the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Hanshui River. Now that the danger has been eliminated, the birds and animals that harm people have disappeared, and people can live on the plains.
"After Yao Shun's death, the way of sage gradually declined, and cruel monarchs appeared constantly. They destroyed houses and built deep pools, leaving people with no land to live in; They destroyed farmland to build gardens, leaving people with little clothes and food. Absurd theories and cruel behaviors have been going on for some time, and gardens, deep pools and swamps have increased, and animals have come in one after another. In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the world was in chaos again. Duke Zhou assisted King Wu, killed Zhou Wang and conquered the elected country. Three years later, he killed the elected king, drove Fei Lian to the seaside and killed him. Fifty countries were wiped out, and tigers, leopards, rhinos and elephants were driven far away. People all over the world are very happy. " "Shangshu" said:' How brilliant the strategy of Wen Wang is! How great the achievements of King Wu are! Help inspire our future generations and make everyone perfect!
"The times have declined, morality has fallen, and absurd theories and cruel behaviors have become popular again. There are courtiers who kill the king and sons who kill their fathers. Deeply worried, Confucius wrote Spring and Autumn Annals. "Spring and Autumn Annals" (praising the good and punishing the evil) was originally the duty of the son of heaven, so Confucius said:' Those who know me may be the reason for Spring and Autumn Annals; People who scold me may also be because of this Spring and Autumn Annals. "
"(From then on) the sage monarch was no longer out of position, the governors were unscrupulous, and the scholars in the wild also talked about it. Yang Zhu's and Mo Zhai's theories are so popular that the world's opinions do not belong to Yang Zhu School or Mo Zhai School. Yang Zhu advocated "for me" and ignored the monarch; Mo Zhai School advocates "universal love", which is a disregard for father. No father, no gentleman, an animal! The palace said,' There is fat meat in the kitchen, fat horses in the stables, but the people are hungry, and there are hungry bodies in the fields. This is attracting wild animals to eat people. If Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai's theories are not eliminated, Confucius' theories will not be carried forward, the absurd theories will deceive the people, and the road to justice will be blocked. If the road to justice is blocked, animals will eat people, and people will devour each other. Deeply worried about this, I came out to defend the theory of sages, oppose Yang Mo's theory, and refute fallacies and heresies, so that those who published fallacies and heresies could not succeed. Those fallacies and heresies come from the heart and endanger the work; It is harmful to work and politics. Even if the saints are resurrected, they will not deny my words.
"In the past, Dayu was in charge of water conservancy, and the world was at peace; Duke Zhou annexed the righteous emperor and drove away all the animals, but the people lived in peace: Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Period, and the rebellious ministers and unfilial sons were afraid. The Book of Songs says,' No one dares to resist me if I conquer Rongdi and punish Shu Jing painfully.' A man without a father and a husband (like Yang Mo) is exactly what the Duke of Zhou wants to punish. I am also prepared to correct people's thoughts, eliminate heresy, oppose extreme behavior and denounce absurd remarks, thus inheriting the cause of Dayu, Duke Zhou and Confucius. Is it because I like arguing? I have to do this! Only those who can use words against Yang Mo deserve to be disciples of saints! "
Ji Pingqing, Wang Jieshan: This is also a great fall in Mo Wen, with a beginning and an end, total risk and total return, clear organization and rigorous meaning. (Supplement to Mencius' Reading Method)
Qing Zhou Renqi: The overall situation, big ostentation and extravagance, reading this feeling is not ancient. (Supplement to Mencius' Reading Method)
Qing Zhao: "Necessity" is a controversial concept, and it is always risky to seek a solution to the chaos. ..... at the end, and leave a layer, after looking at the vast, endless. (Meng Review)
Niu Yunzhen, Qing Dynasty: Narrative argument goes hand in hand, vast and boundless, earth-shattering, shaking the shore, no trace of separation and integration, and the highest level of literary classics in the world. (Mencius' thesis)
The general example is selected from Mencius Under the Knee Wen Gong An. Mencius' sharp words, full of emotion and sufficient arguments fully show a thinker's astute eloquence. In this paper, Mencius fully defended his "argumentative".
He first stated: "Debate is necessary, but it must be done" and stressed that his "debate" was forced by the situation. Then it lists the deeds of Dayu in controlling water, Duke Zhou in driving away animals and Confucius in writing the Spring and Autumn Period. Then, he pointed out that he was in the era of "heresy falsely accusing the people" and "benevolence and righteousness". Mozi Yang Zhu's "heresy" is like a scourge, so we must imitate the sages. Finally, he made it clear that he was not arguing, but to inherit the achievements of the three saints and become a real saint.
In this article, Mencius pretends to be a descendant of the "Three Saints" and thinks that his arguments, like the floods in summer, the exorcism of animals and Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals, are all for the people of the world to live and work in peace and contentment, out of necessity. Mencius confidently explained the reason of "inevitability", thus showing his determination to do so. The article is eloquent and eloquent, and it is indeed an excellent defense.
Of course, the emergence of various schools has a profound social background and reflects the thoughts and interests of a certain social class. It is not surprising that Mencius opposed it from the standpoint of Confucianism. What he insists on is just one family statement.