In addition to names and words, some ancient people also had numbers. "Hao" is a fixed alias, also known as another name. In feudal society, the middle and upper classes (especially literati) often took their own names (including fasting names and house names) based on their residence and interests. For example, Li Bai's Qinglian layman in the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu's Shaoling Yelao, Su Shi's Dongpo layman in the Song Dynasty, Liu Ruju layman in Tang Yin in the Ming Dynasty, Banqiao in Zheng Xie in the Qing Dynasty, and Bailu in Zhu Yongchun are all well known to future generations. Some nicknames (such as Su Dongpo, Zheng Banqiao, Zhu Bailu, etc. ) even more than their real names. Nicknames are created by users themselves, unlike names that are limited by family and generation, so you can express or flaunt some emotions of users more freely. Common nicknames such as "layman" and "mountain man" are intended to show that users despise Li Lu's interest. In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu's nickname in his later years was "Six-One Jushi". According to a thousands of books, a thousand volumes of ancient inscriptions, a piano, a chess game, a pot of wine and an old man himself, there were six ones. Lu You, a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was worried about the country and the people and was filled with indignation. Laughed at by dignitaries for not keeping etiquette, they called themselves "letting the birds fly" to show their contempt. Zhu Da, a painter in the late Ming Dynasty, took the nickname "Badashanren" after his death in the Ming Dynasty (the Eighth National Congress was written like "crying" instead of "laughing" or "laughing", meaning "in distress and distress") to express his grief and indignation at missing his motherland. Of course, more bureaucratic gentry and feudal literati take all kinds of nice nicknames, but they are just pretences of being arty and chasing after fame.
There are also "nicknames", which are recognized by others and are descriptions and descriptions of people. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Prissy was demoted to Chu, and Qin Mugong redeemed Qin Xiang with five skins (Yingu, referring to the black ram). He is called "Dr. Wu", which is an ancient nickname. Li Yifu, a traitor in the Tang Dynasty, was called "the knife in laughter" (the origin of the idiom "the knife in laughter"), also known as "the cat"; In the Song Dynasty, Wang Jue was the prime minister for more than ten years, and did nothing but "take orders, take orders and send orders". At that time, the nickname was "Three Orders". These derogatory nicknames vividly outline the faces of feudal bureaucrats. In Water Margin, 108 people in Liangshan have nicknames, and most of them accurately describe the characters' personalities, specialties or physiological characteristics. These nicknames are well-known names.
In addition to the words and numbers mentioned above, names are often used instead of names in history:
1. Place names (including place of birth, place of residence and place of employment, etc. For example, Kong Rong in the Eastern Han Dynasty was called Kong Beihai, Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty was called Han Changli, Liu Zongyuan was called Liu Liuzhou, and Su Zhe in the Song Dynasty was called Su Yuncheng. In feudal times, naming people after their names was a sign of respect, and it was called "looking to the ground". But at the end of the Qing Dynasty, someone made a couplet: "Hefei, the prime minister, is thin in the world, and Changshu, the farmer, is barren in the world." The first part refers to Li Hongzhang (a native of Hefei), a former minister of Beiyang (prime minister), and the second part refers to Weng Tonghe (a native of Changshu), a former minister of agriculture, but satirizes the greed and luxury of feudal bureaucrats with the pun of "sighing at the ground".
2 official titles (including titles and titles, etc.). ). For example, Ma in the Eastern Han Dynasty (once a general), Ban Chao in the army called Ban Dingyuan (once named Ding), Cai Yong called Cai Zhonglang (once a corps commander), Ji Kang in the Three Kingdoms called Ji Zhongsan (once a doctor in three provinces), and Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty called Du Fu and Du Fu (once a work-study program).
3. The honorifics given by disciples or descendants. For example, Zhou Dunyi in the Song Dynasty called Mr. Lian Chuan, Lv Benzhong in the Northern Song Dynasty and Lv Zuqian in the Southern Song Dynasty successively called Mr. Donglai, Gui Youguang in the Ming Dynasty called Mr. Zhenchuan, and Wang Fuzhi called Mr. Chuanshan. There are also honorifics ("private overflow") given by disciples and descendants after death, such as Wang Tong's essays in Sui Dynasty and Jing Festival in Jin Dynasty.
Four, posthumous title, that is, the honor awarded after the death of the emperor. For example, Bao Zheng in Song Dynasty called Bao and Yue Fei, Xu Guangqi in Ming Dynasty called Xu, and Ji Yun in Qing Dynasty called Ji Wenda.
Fifth, add adjectives before surnames to refer to specific people with the same surnames. For example, Da Daihe refers to the scholars in Han Dynasty and Dai Sheng's uncle (The Book of Rites written by them is also called Da Daihe Li), while the writers in Jin Dynasty, Ruan Ji and Ruan Xian, are also called Da Ruan and Xiao Ruan respectively ("Da Ruan" and "Xiao Ruan" are synonyms for "uncle" and "nephew"), as well as writers in Southern Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, Lao Du (also called Dadu) specifically refers to Du Fu, while Xiao Du specifically refers to Du Mu. Lao Su, Da Su and Xiao Su refer to Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe in Song Dynasty.
6. Use several surnames to address specific people. For example, "Louis" refers to Shang Yi Yin and Zhou; "Ban Ma" (or "Ban Ma") refers to Sima Qian (author of Historical Records) and Ban Gu (author of Hanshu); Among the poets in the Tang Dynasty, "Du Li" was Li Bai and Du Fu, and "Bai Yuan" was Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Liu Han is Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. There is also the aforementioned big thank Xiao Xie collectively called "two thanks", and another poet in the Southern Dynasties, Xie Tiao collectively called "three thanks"; "Er Cheng" refers to the brothers Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, scholars in the Song Dynasty. Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe are also called "Three Sus".
7. In the Tang Dynasty, people were often called by their names and official positions. Wang Weiyou's poem "Send Yuan Er to the Temple" ("Advise you to have a glass of wine, and leave Yangguan for no reason" is one of the famous sentences), as well as many poems in the Tang Dynasty, such as answering Wang XII, giving a suggestion to his friend Liu, getting drunk with Li XI, remembering Yuan Jiu, sending Pei Eighteen South, and sending 22 autumn members. , is the first person. For example, Li Bai is Li 12, Han Yu is Han 18, Liu Zongyuan is Liu 8, and Yuan Zhen is Yuan 9. The first line can also be combined with the name and official position, such as Pei Tunan called Pei Eighteen Tunan, Du Fu said Bai Juyi called Bai Twenty-two Sheren. There was also this custom in the Song Dynasty, such as Qin Guan's name, Ouyang Xiu's name was Ou Jiu, and Huang Tingjian's name was Huang Jiu.
The names of feudal society and shops mentioned above are all part of feudal patriarchal clan system and ethics. Today, we just use the name as the code name of the ancients, and we don't need these things anymore. However, because they exist for a long time in history and are widely used, we cannot completely avoid them. For example, the author of "Song Zhengqi" has a delicate and good writing style, and is also named Song Rui (three words are synonymous with auspiciousness, goodness and auspiciousness). Throughout the ages, he was often called "Wenshan" (self-titled), "Wen Prime Minister" (official position) and "Wen" (title), and his works were also called "Wenshan Collection" and "Wen Prime Minister". For another example, there are more than 50 kinds of works named after the word "Wang" in Sikuquanshu, most of which are named by font size or other names, such as Ji (Tang), Ji (Ming Wang's name), Wang Yangming's collection (Shou Ren's respectful name), Gong Quanshu and many anthologies of wang xing people, with no names at all, such as Linchuan Collection (An's ancestral home Linchuan) and ". If we don't know anything about the names and shapes of the ancients, we can't identify them at all. Therefore, if you want to read ancient books and study the thoughts and styles of the ancients, you still need to know something.