After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, the Eight Banners of Mongolia and the Eight Banners of Han Army were established one after another, and the name of the Jurchen nationality was changed to Manchuria. Thus, the Eight Banners established by Huang Taiji's father Nurhachi became the "Eight Banners of Manchuria".
So what people usually call the Eight Banners actually includes the Manchu Eight Banners, the Mongolian Eight Banners and the Han Army Eight Banners, with a total of 24 banners. The design of the imperial palace in the early Qing Dynasty vividly reflected the rich connotation of the Eight Banners system.
Therefore, the children of the Eight Banners, a special social group, are composed of brothers of different nationalities. Among the Eight Banners of Manchu and Mongolian Han Army, there are people of other nationalities besides Manchu, Mongolian and Han.
Members of different nationalities have lived under the Eight Banners system for a long time and are all called "Banners". However, according to the archives of Qing Dynasty, Manchu, Mongolian and Han Eight Banners were treated differently because of different nationalities.
Three hundred years ago, the children of the Eight Banners rushed out of the narrow valley plain and came to the outside world, making indelible contributions to the formation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country in China. At the peak of the Qing Dynasty, the territory at that time started from Taiwan Province Province and its Diaoyu Islands in the east, reached Balkhash Lake and Lvling in the west, reached the South China Sea Islands in the south, reached Chatu in the north, and reached Xing 'an Mountains and Sakhalin Island in the northeast.
In this vast land, there are brothers and sisters of more than 50 nationalities, including Han nationality, in addition to the "Banners" who belong to Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners and Han Eight Banners. This is unique in the social development history of China for thousands of years.
In order to achieve this unprecedented "unified" prosperity, the children of the Eight Banners have waged a long and arduous struggle. After the Opium War, in the struggle of China people against imperialist aggression, many children of the Eight Banners also shared the same enemy and died for their country.
Children of the Eight Banners have always been good at "riding and shooting". After the rulers of Qing dynasty ruled the world with martial arts, they still paid attention to the riding and shooting skills of the children of the Eight Banners, and set up "teaching fields" for training in all places where the Eight Banners were stationed. Even in the Forbidden City of the Palace, a clearing was opened and an "arrow pavilion" was built. The emperor often watched the princes and ministers and the officers and men of the Eight Banners bow and shoot arrows here, rewarding the superior and punishing the inferior.
Weichang county, Hebei province, has rolling mountains and vast forests. This scenic spot, hundreds of kilometers away from Beijing, was once the famous "Mulan paddock" in the Qing Dynasty.
During the years of Kangxi, Qianlong and Jiaqing, the officers and men of the Eight Banners came to the "Mulan paddock" to hunt and practice martial arts almost every year except for daily training and marching in Nanyuan and Lugouqiao in the suburbs of Beijing. Sometimes, it is held twice a year.
Children of the Eight Banners not only practice martial arts, but also attach importance to culture. Before entering the customs, although wars were frequent and military affairs were hectic, the Qing Taizu Nurhachi insisted on hiring teachers to educate his son. Qing Taizong also ordered the children of Baylor, ministers and other officials to study.
At the beginning of entry, the children of the Eight Banners not only practiced riding and shooting skills, but also were keen on cultural learning and artistic accomplishment. Yongzheng had high hopes for the children of the Eight Banners. He hoped that the children of the Eight Banners would read poems and learn useful knowledge, and those who studied martial arts should be familiar with their own bows and horses, study strategies and become talents to protect the country and defend the country.
Therefore, the cultural and educational undertakings of the Eight Banners have flourished, especially in Beijing, where the children of the Eight Banners are most concentrated. In the Qing Dynasty, imperial academy, the highest institution of higher learning in China, Shangshu in the Forbidden City, Xian 'an Palace official school and Jingshan official school all accepted groups of children of the Eight Banners, and trained and brought up a large number of talents in Chinese studies. E Ertai and Zhang Zeng, great scholars in Qing Dynasty, praised the children of the Eight Banners, who were handsome in form and spirit, read a lot of poems and books, and grew up to be national talents under the influence of Chinese culture.
Over the past 300 years, many literary works of the children of the Eight Banners have won worldwide fame and become valuable spiritual wealth of all mankind. Cao Xueqin, the author of the world-famous novel A Dream of Red Mansions, is one of the outstanding representatives. Nalan Xingde, a poet, is also a leader among the children of the Eight Banners. After the publication of his collection of Ci-Poems "Side Hat Collection" and "Drinking Ci-Poems", the situation of "every family competing to sing drinking Ci-Poems" was formed for a time.
Of course, Cao Xueqin and Nalan Xingde have become famous all over the world. In addition to them, there are a large number of accomplished talents in music, painting, calligraphy, science and technology among the children of the Eight Banners.
For example, Yun Zhi, the third son of Emperor Kangxi, was good at calendars and mathematics, and was ordered to edit books such as The Origin of Law and Calendar and The Integration of Ancient and Modern Books. Zhuang Wang Qin, sixteen sons of Kangxi, is good at mathematics and music rhythm. During the reign of Qianlong, when he managed the music department, he experimented with ancient music. According to the ancient book Zhou Li, he cast 12 Zhong Bo and Teqing, and played them at court ceremonies.
Rong Yongqi, the fifth son of Qianlong, is proficient in Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese, astronomy and mathematics, and is good at calligraphy and painting. He once wrote Traffic Manuscript. His son Mianyi is good at painting and calligraphy.
Sun Ziyi, the grandson of Rong Yongqi, is good at seal script, mathematics and astronomy. He used to be the supervisor of Qin Tian, participated in the compilation of ancient books, such as Hou Yu Li Kao, Yu Yi Kao and so on, and wrote the book "The Method of Cutting Circle and Close Effect" in 30 years.
There is also Tang Dai, a native of Zhengbaiqi, Manchuria, and a royal painter of the Qing Dynasty. He experienced three dynasties: Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong. Kangxi called him "the first hand" and "the best in painting". His exquisite works have been compiled into Shiqu Treasure Land and Pearl Forest Secret Hall.
Apart from their personal achievements, the children of the Eight Banners have also made outstanding contributions in organizing and participating in the arrangement of China's traditional culture.
Emperor Kangxi is one of the most gifted and farsighted monarchs in the history of China and even the world. Kangxi was not only a great politician, but also made great achievements in culture. His own works mainly include The Collection of Imperial Poems and The Collection of Imperial Poems.
Selected Works of Qing Dynasty, Kangxi Dictionary, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, Ancient Poems, Tang Poems, Panorama of the Forbidden City and so on have great influence on later generations.
Gan Long is a monarch with great achievements. He reigned for 60 years and was the longest-lived emperor in the history of China. In the middle and early period of Qianlong period, he was diligent and loved the people, and his literary and political skills increased day by day, which made the feudal society in China develop to a peak.
Gan Long was also a poet. He wrote the most poems, including Collection of Imperial Poems and Collection of Imperial Poems. However, what is most commendable is his Sikuquanshu and a series of short dictionaries represented by Imperial Five-style Bamboo Slips.
The brilliant achievements of the children of the Eight Banners will always shine in history, but some of them are not enterprising after entering the customs, only looking for pleasure, and finally step by step towards the end of corruption and decline, which makes people sigh.
The Eight Banners soldiers, before entering the customs, "went out as soldiers, entered for the people, and plowed without dispute". They were soldiers in wartime and farmed at ordinary times. Although their life is not rich, they can still make a living. However, with the end of the unified war, the recovery and development of social economy, the extravagant style of the ruling class quietly prevailed, which had a serious corrosive effect on the children of the Eight Banners.
Once upon a time, the invincible and invincible Eight Banners gradually became corrupt and their combat effectiveness was greatly weakened. When the "San Francisco Rebellion" was put down during the reign of Kangxi, the military discipline of the Eight Banners was lax and the morale of the soldiers was low. The imperial court had to rely on green camp soldiers composed of Han Chinese. After a long battle, the San Francisco was pacified.
After that, the officers and men of the Eight Banners became increasingly corrupt. According to historical records, they played musical instruments, dressed in brocade, rode fat horses, entered classes to sing operas, invited guests to drink, and even officials did not attend meetings or classes. They come to work and do nothing serious, either laughing or singing opera.
By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, many children of the Eight Banners were down and out, making a living by paying rice in advance, selling land issued by the imperial court and receiving relief money. The Eight Banners have become a good soldier who can't fight in name only.
After the Opium War, the financial resources of the Qing government were exhausted, and salaries could not be paid on time. In addition, corrupt officials deduct money at different levels, which makes ordinary flag-bearers worse and makes life difficult.
With the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the collapse of the Eight Banners system, the children of the Eight Banners waved goodbye to their "flag bearer" status. No matter what glory and honor the standard-bearer once had, or what frustration and shame he had, all this has become history.
First make four flags, yellow, white, red and blue. The four new flags are composed of yellow, white, red and blue. However, the color of the Eight Banners has a changing process. According to "Guang Navy Diary" (volume 169), "at first there were five-color flags: blue, yellow, red and black, and then there were eight-color flags: yellow flag without painting, yellow flag with painting Huanglong, red flag with painting Qinglong, white flag without painting, white flag with painting Huanglong, green flag without painting and black flag with painting Heilongjiang." As for the standard colors of the Eight Banners, they were first found in the old Manchu archives in February of the seventh year of Destiny (AD 1622), including yellow flag, yellow flag, white flag, white flag, red flag, blue flag and blue * * *. These four flags are: add a border around the original yellow, white, red and blue flag, add a red border to the yellow, white and blue flag, and add a white border to the red flag. The yellow flag without edges is called the full yellow flag, which is also called the right yellow flag. A yellow flag with a red border is called a yellow flag. It is customary to decorate with yellow flags, and it is customary to write yellow flags. So are the other six flags. So the yellow flag, yellow flag, white flag, white flag, red flag, red flag, blue flag and blue flag were formed, collectively called the Eight Banners. The style of the Eight Banners is as follows:
Formation of the Eight Banners
In the 19th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 159 1), Nurhachi unified all the states and ministries. With the progress of the unification war, more and more people surrendered to the army. In the past, the military and production organizations that only depended on blood ties could not meet the needs of the United war. So in this special political and historical environment, the Eight Banners system came into being. "Man Wen Lao Dang" records: "Cong Rui respectfully collected a large number of China people, counted them as much as possible, and arranged them evenly. Compile a cattle record every 300 tons and set a cattle record. There will be two generations, four Zhang Jingren and four villagers. Tatan is divided into four chapters by 300 people. No matter what you do and where you go, people in the four pagodas will take turns to change shifts, and their colleagues, colleagues and peers will go. " (the amount really comes from Mongolian, which means the owner. )
With the continuous expansion of the United War and the increase of Lu Niu's establishment, Nurhachi combined five Lu Niu (in fact, more than five) into one armor in order to meet the needs of unified command and large-scale operations of multiple armies, and now five armor forms a solid mountain, that is, a flag. And with eight different forms of flags as the symbol, March and fight; Productive labor; Administration is a fixed unit. Flag is the highest organizational form and the largest military establishment in the Eight Banners system.
The Eight Banners are scattered.
Ilgen Jue Luo tai lai
There are a lot of historical materials about the Eight Banners system in the Qing Dynasty archives of Liaoning Provincial Archives. What is the Eight Banners System? What are the Eight Banners like? What kind of organization is the Eight Banners? When and how was the Eight Banners system established? What role did the Eight Banners system play in the establishment of the Qing Dynasty and the country's rule for nearly 300 years? And the ultimate fate of the Eight Banners. This is not only an important topic for historians to study Qing history, but also a knowledge problem that archivists and historians must master. This paper is compiled according to the archives kept by the provincial archives and the research results of some experts in Qing history, and briefly introduces some problems about the "Eight Banners". Although it is not a professional research achievement of Qing history, it can be used as a topic of rambling after work. Interested parties please click on the "Online Exhibition Hall" section of the website of Liaoning Provincial Archives Bureau. I believe you will gain something.
Eight banners azimuth
The Eight Banners Army in the Qing Dynasty, including Manchu, Mongolian and Han armies in the Eight Banners, lived in fixed positions when marching and camping. It is said that it is based on the theory of "five elements against each other". In the Eight Banners Tongzhi, there is the following record: "The two yellow flags are located in the north, and they can win water by borrowing soil. White flags on both sides are located due east, and gold is better than forest. Two red flags win gold in the fire in the west. The two blue flags are located in the south, and water is better than fire. The water is black, the flag refers to the six divisions, or it is difficult to argue at night, so it is replaced by blue. " According to the theory of yin-yang and five elements: the east is wood, the color is blue, and wood can overcome soil; The south belongs to fire, the color is red, and fire can produce soil and gold; The west belongs to gold, the color is white, and gold can produce water and wood; The north is water, black in color, and water can make wood fire; The central part belongs to soil, the color is yellow, and the soil can produce gold and water. Judging from the color and mutual resistance of the five elements, the orientation of the Eight Banners is exactly the same as that of the five elements: the two yellow flags belong to soil, and the soil can resist water, so it is in the north; The two red flags belong to fire, and fire can make gold, so they are located in the west; The two white flags belong to gold and golden wood, so the two white flags are located in the east; The two blue flags belong to water and can put out fires, so they are located in the south.
Eight banners life
As a special social group, the children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty have been active in the historical stage of China for more than 300 years since the establishment of the Eight Banners. They have been brilliant, successful and declining. However, for more than 300 years, China's Baishan Heishui, Liaoshen Land, Great Wall, upstream and downstream, North and South Tianshan Mountains, Southwest Border, Fujian and Guangdong Seas, and Taiwan Province Island have all left their footprints of struggle, making them famous in history and making contributions in history. They are not just what people later called "dude". The children of the Eight Banners are composed of different nationalities, including Manchu, Mongolian, Han, Ewenki, Daur, Xibe, Korean, some Uighurs and Russians.
Over the past 300 years, the children of the Eight Banners have made indelible contributions to the formation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country in China, and many vast territories of China have been opened up by the children of the Eight Banners. In the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, the unified multi-ethnic China was further consolidated and developed. At that time, the map was from Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated Diaoyu Islands in the east to Balkhash Lake and Jungle Lake in the west; It starts from the South China Sea Islands in the south, reaches Chaketu in the north, and reaches the outer Hinggan Mountains and Sakhalin Island in the northeast. In this vast land, in addition to the Manchu Eight Banners, the Mongolian Eight Banners and the "Banners" of the Han Army, there are also brothers and sisters of more than 50 ethnic groups such as the Han nationality, who were called "civilians" at that time. This is unique in the social development history of China for thousands of years.
Garrison the Eight Banners
The Eight Banners Garrison is the Eight Banners troops stationed by the Qing government throughout the country for a short time to defend against risks. During the Shunzhi period, 15000 soldiers were stationed all over the country. There were 79,000 people in Kangxi and Yongzheng years; During the years of Qianlong and Jiaqing, there were more than 65,438+10,000 people by the end of Qing Dynasty. According to the resident division, it can be divided into Kyrgyzstan garrison, Northeast garrison and provincial garrison.
The garrison of Jifu began in the second year of Shunzhi (AD 1645), and in 2008 it was stationed in Changping, Gu 'an, Cai Yuli, Zhangjiakou, Gubeikou and Dushikou.
Garrison in the northeast. Northeast China is the birthplace of Manchu, and the Qing government attached great importance to it. Including Shengjing Garrison, Jilin Garrison and Heilongjiang Garrison.
Shengjing area, as the land of Longxing in Qing Dynasty, is second only to Gyeonggi area in garrison strength. General Shengjing is under the jurisdiction of 1 person, including 4 deputy governors, 8 city guards, 2 defense governors, 4 deputy governors 1 person, and 207 people from Xiao Qi. The main garrisons are Shengjing, Yingjing, Fenghuang, Yizhou, Niuzhuang, Jinzhou, Jinzhou, Liaoyang, Xiong Yue, Fuzhou, Ningyuan, Guangning, Tieling and Kaiyuan.
Eight banners stationed in Beijing
The Eight Banners stationed in Beijing, also known as the Eight Banners Anti-brigade or Beijing Banner. It was a part of guarding the capital after the Eight Banners relayed Dingding in the Qing Dynasty. The responsibility of the Eight Banners stationed in Beijing is to defend the capital and be responsible for the safety of the imperial capital, so various military organizations have been formed respectively. Its personnel are composed of various flags. There are the following organizations:
Guard: it is the guard force of the emperor and the palace. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the talented people in the Yellow, Yellow and White Banners were all selected as bodyguards. "If you are going to stay with the squire, you must choose the front pillar of the ring." "In the rotating position of the temple, you should bring the guards and other presidents. Its guards are rotated, with six classes and two wings. Su Wei Ganqing Gate, Right Inner Gate, Shenwu Gate and Ningshou Gate are the inner classes. Su Weitai and men are having classes outside. Fortunately, Ceylon is also the same. " (Guangxu Huidian Example Volume 1 106) In the early years of Shunzhi, there were 6 ministers in the guards, that is, 2 per flag. There are 6 ministers of the interior, and there are no places for ministers with scattered ranks. The number of guards is stipulated as 20 for each flag of the last three flags and 60 for the first-class guards; Each flag has 50 people, and *** 150 people are secondary guards; 90 people per flag, and ***270 people are third-class guards; Each flag has 30 people, and ***90 people are Lanling guards. There are 570 guards on three flags. In addition, there are imperial troops. Above the Royal Guards, there are 12 Royal Guards, 24 Royal Guards, 60 Royal Guards and 9 Royal Guards, all appointed equally by the three flags.
The Spirit of Banners in the Prosperous Age and the Decline of the Eight Banners
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, in the era of Taizu and Taizong, after the baptism of war, the military flag had a strong enterprising spirit, and they were self-respecting, self-respecting and self-reliant, forming a good sense of national responsibility. This precious flag-bearer spirit constitutes the most basic condition and the most important spiritual pillar of governing the country and ensuring the security during the prosperous period of a dynasty. This is the key to the rise of Manchu and its entry into the Central Plains, and it is also the driving force for Manchu to create brilliance for the Chinese nation. Manchu is a nation that has made great contributions in the history of China. As Premier Zhou Enlai said in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, "Manchu is a capable nation that deserves admiration." The flag-bearer spirit in the prosperous times of Qing Dynasty is mainly manifested in:
First, the broad masses of banners headed by Manchu nobles all had strong national enterprising spirit in the early Qing Dynasty. This is mainly manifested in: 1) dedication to the country. As a small ethnic group in China's big family, it can become the core power to rule the eastern powers in an era, and can unite with other ethnic groups to create a prosperous dynasty. Although there are many reasons, the dedication of the flag bearer at that time, "Wen does not love money, Wu is willing to die", can not be said to be the fundamental reason. Especially at that time, the nobles of the imperial clan, even Wang Sun, paid attention to making contributions and followed their fathers and brothers to the battlefield from an early age. Their sense of responsibility for the country and the spirit of sacrifice to take the lead in going through fire and water inspired the Eight Banners.
Flag bearer's salary
In the Qing dynasty, the Qing government banned flag-bearers from engaging in agriculture, industry and commerce, and being a soldier became the only legitimate occupation of flag-bearers. The soldiers of the Eight Banners were selected from the able-bodied men of each flag. The selection of soldiers is commonly known as "picking up vacancies" and the selection of soldiers is called "A", which has become the official Eight Banners. In order to ensure the stability and high combat effectiveness of the Eight Banners Army, the Qing court successively established a series of complete systems such as soldier selection, training and salary.
The standard bearer's salary is commonly known as "money and grain". Including monthly salary (once a month) and seasonal meals (distributed in four seasons every year). Customized by Kangxi dynasty: Beijing flag shooter, guards, leaders, with a monthly salary of 4 Liang and cavalry with a monthly salary of 3 Liang. The annual salary is 46 Hu (23 stone); The monthly salary of infantry is 3 Liang, the monthly salary of infantry is 1 Liang, and the annual salary is 22 hoop (1 1 stone). This is the so-called "sitting on grain". There is another kind of "grain-taking" when going out to war, with 22 taels of silver per person per month and 8 taels of millet per month (Yang Guang Miscellanies (volume 1)). The wages of flag soldiers shall be paid on the second day of each month after being counted and paid by each flag. In addition to the monthly salary, flag soldiers are also paid by flag stalls and flag leaders. Because it is harvested once every season all year round, it is also called "Jimmy". Rice picking time is divided into flags regularly, one is "258 winter", that is, February, May, August and 1 1 month are the rice picking time; The other is "369 wax", that is, March, June, September and1February are the harvest time of rice.
Descendants of privileged families under the banner system
As a special social group, the children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty have been active in the historical stage of China for more than 300 years since the establishment of the Eight Banners. They have been brilliant, successful and declining. However, for more than 300 years, China's Baishan Heishui, Liaoshen Land, Great Wall, upstream and downstream, North and South Tianshan Mountains, Southwest Border, Fujian and Guangdong Seas, and Taiwan Province Island have all left their footprints of struggle, making them famous in history and making contributions in history. They are not just what people later called "dude". The children of the Eight Banners are composed of different nationalities, including Manchu, Mongolian, Han, Ewenki, Daur, Xibe, Korean, some Uighurs and Russians.
Over the past 300 years, the children of the Eight Banners have made indelible contributions to the formation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country in China, and many vast territories of China have been opened up by the children of the Eight Banners. In the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, the unified multi-ethnic China was further consolidated and developed. At that time, the map was from Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated Diaoyu Islands in the east to Balkhash Lake and Jungle Lake in the west; It starts from the South China Sea Islands in the south, reaches Chaketu in the north, and reaches the outer Hinggan Mountains and Sakhalin Island in the northeast.
Organizational forms of the Eight Banners system
The Eight Banners System is a three-level organization, namely Lu Niu-Kara Banner.
Lu Niu is the foundation of the Eight Banners system. Lu Niu of Manchu is a traditional hunting organization of Nuzhen. According to Volume III of Records of Manchuria: "The Manchus went hunting, opened an encirclement, each shot an arrow, ten people were neutral, and one was the general leader.
Nine people go in different directions, and there is no confusion. This phone call is Lu Niu's Erzhen (original note: Hua Yan Dajian, Er Zhen, Hua Yan Zhu Ye). Therefore, the derivative meaning of "Lu Niu" refers to a hunting group of ten people voluntarily combined by archers. Lu Niu is indeed the leader recommended by the ten-member team. At the beginning of Nurhachi's founding, the number of people in Lu Niu was not very fixed, and it was set at 300 in the year of Xin Chou (A.D. 160 1). Each cow record is set by one person. For two generations, they helped Lu Niu manage people's families, farmland houses, military records and so on. Zhang Jing's son has four people, who are responsible for documents and expenses respectively. In the eighth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji named Zhang Jing's Manchu name "Doctor Library".
Kara is a first-class organization, above Lu Niu and under the banner. Turn five cow records into one. A stay is all the way, stopping in one place and hitting in one place.
Zhenghongqi Zhenghuangqi Zhenglanqi Zhengbaiqi inlaid with red flag inlaid with yellow flag inlaid with blue flag inlaid with white flag orientation map of Beijing Eight Banners Gan Long Nurhachi Eight Banners Eight Banners Children Wang Ting fought in the Eight Banners Army of Shenyang Forbidden City.