Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong, Ban Gu and Zhang Heng are the four masters of Han Fu. These four people are representative masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, which have far-reaching influence in the literary world at that time and later generations, and are the highest achievements of Dr. Han.
Secondly, the works of Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong, Ban Gu and Zhang Heng, the four masters of Han Fu, mark the maturity of the content and style of Han Fu. His typical representative works:
Sima Xiangru: Zi Xufu, Shang, Fu, Ai, Changmen Fu and Beauty Fu. There are six existing poems: Zixu Fu, Shanglin Fu, Talent Fu, Changmen Fu, Beauty Fu and Mourning Qin Ershi, and only three are left. Zhang Qian in Amin era compiled Sima Wenyuan Collection.
Yang Xiong: Hedong Fu, Hunting Feather Fu, Ganquan Fu and Changyang Fu. Imitating the Analects of Confucius is the law, and imitating the Book of Changes is too mysterious. It puts forward the theory that "Xuan" is the foundation of all things in the universe, emphasizes the necessity of truthfully understanding natural phenomena, and holds that "the living will die, and the beginning will die", which refutes the superstition of fairy magic. Yang Zi Ji was compiled in the Ming Dynasty. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi has five volumes of Yang Xiongji, which has been lost. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Pu compiled the Collection of Young Assistant Ministers, which was included in the Records of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties 130.
Ban Gu: There is a "DuDu Fu" which is famous all over the world. He is the author of Ban Lan Tai Chi. The completion of Hanshu not only laid the foundation for similar historical books in later generations, but also laid his unique position in the ancient geographical history of China. Apart from leaving his masterpiece Han Shu to future generations, Ban Gu also wrote a lot of quotations, poems, inscriptions, eulogies and other articles. When he wrote Han Shu, Ye Fan (Liu Song) had 465,438+0 articles, most of which were lost except for three kept in Han Shu. Ban Gu's achievements in geography are mainly reflected in Hanshu, especially Hanshu Geography.
Zhang Heng: The most famous prose poems are Xijing Fu and Tokyo Fu. There are also Si and Gui Fu Tian. Zhang Qian, an Amin, compiled the Collection of Zhang He's Bamboo Slips, which was included in the Records of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties 130.
Three. A brief introduction to the four masters of Han Fu:
Sima Xiangru
Introduction:
Sima Xiangru (BC 179 ~ BC 1 18), a ci-fu writer in the Western Han Dynasty, was born in Chengdu, Shu County (now Chengdu, Sichuan). The article is about the Western Han Dynasty, and it is Ban Gu's evaluation of Sima Xiangru's literary achievements.
Life:
Sima Xiangru: I seldom learn fencing. When I was Emperor Jingdi, I was a constant attendant of Wu Qi. Jingdi is not good at ci fu. He claimed to be an honest official, traveled to Liang with his literary attendants and Mei Cheng, and wrote Zi Xufu. After Liang Xiaowang's death, he returned to Shu and passed by Lin Qiong. He met Zhuo Wenjun, Zhuo Wangsun and Zhuo Wenjun, widowed businessmen. They loved music and fell in love like a piano. They eloped and went back to Chengdu together. The family was poor, and then Wen Jun returned to Lin Qiong to make a living by selling wine. The story of the two became a much-told story, which was based on later literary and artistic creation. Emperor Wu acceded to the throne and read Zi Xufu, which was deeply appreciated and summoned. He also wrote "Shang Lin Fu" as a tribute, and Emperor Wu was overjoyed and worshipped as Lang. Later, he worshipped the corps commander and worked in the southwest, which played a positive role in communicating the relationship between the Han nationality and the southwest ethnic minorities. He wrote articles such as "Fisherman's Letter Order" and "Difficult Shu Elder". Sima Xiangru's literary achievements are mainly reflected in his ci and fu. At that time, there was a saying that "a thousand dollars is hard to buy, just like a godsend."
Hanshu recorded 29 poems, and other ancient books also quoted some sentences and titles such as Erfu. There are many poems, only six of which are Zi Xufu, Shang, Ren Da Fu, Changmen Fu, Beauty Fu and Ai, among which the authors of Changmen Fu and Beauty Fu are still controversial. Later generations compiled Sima Wenyuan's Collection.
Yang Xiong
Introduction:
Yang Xiong (53 BC-AD 18): one is Yang Xiong. Philosophers, writers and linguists in the Western Han Dynasty. Word cloud. People in Chengdu, Shu County. Famous for its articles.
Life and work:
Yang Xiong was a scholar and poet in the Western Han Dynasty. Word cloud. Chengdu (now Chengdu, Sichuan) people. Yang Xiong wrote Changyang Fu, Ganquan Fu and Hunting Feather Fu in his early years.
Style imitates Sima Xiangru's Fu, such as Zi Xu and Shang Lin. Later, Fu Bo wrote Carving Insects and Seal Carving, Don't Be a Strong Man, and turned to philosophy. Young, knowledgeable and cool, I am eager to learn. Stuttering, not good at talking, but very thoughtful. A poor family does not envy wealth. After 40 years old, I began to travel to the capital. Fu's king is a family history, so it is suggested to write a letter to his family. On the recommendation of Yang Zhuang, a Shu man, Emperor Cheng, who loved Ci Fu, was called to the court, and his attendants sacrificed hunting to serve as Huang Menlang. His official position has always been very humble, and he has been a "three-term non-immigration officer". After Wang Mang proclaimed himself emperor, Yang Xiong wrote a book in Tianluge. Later, he was tied up by others and was about to be caught, so he committed suicide by slamming the cabinet and didn't die. Then I called a doctor. Yang Xiong has been writing hard all his life. In addition to ci and fu, he also took the Analects of Confucius as the legal eye and the Zhouyi as the Taixuan, expressing his thoughts on society, politics and philosophy, which has certain value in the history of thought. Another linguistic work, dialect, etc. In terms of ci and fu, what impressed him the most was that he said: "All fu is often written in the right style" (Xiong Zhuan). His Fu "Ganquan" and "Hunting Feather" were written in imitation of Sima Xiangru's Zi Xu and Shang Lin. There is only one title left in Guang Sao and Pan Prison Sorrow. Yang Xiong was famous for his Ci and Fu in his early years, but his view of Ci and Fu changed in his later years. Yang Xiong's comments on Fu had a certain influence on the development of Fu and the evaluation of Fu by later generations. In Fa Yan, Yang Xiong also took Confucian classics as a model and advocated that literature should be canonized on the basis of Confucian classics. It had a great influence on the literary theories of Liu Xie and Han Yu.
Bangu
Introduction:
Ban Gu (32 -92): A famous historian and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was a famous Confucian scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Fufeng Anling (now Xianyang, Shaanxi) was born. The word Meng Jian. Don't stick to the rules, just ask for knowledge.
Life and achievements:
Ban Gu, well-read, the words of a hundred schools of thought, read everything. His father, Ban Biao, was just a scholar when he was Emperor Guangwu, and wrote more than 100 biographies of historical records. In the 30th year of Jianwu (54), when his father died, he went back to his hometown to pay his respects. He began to sort out the biographies of Historical Records, lamenting that "the previous history is unknown" and wanted to complete his career. In the first year of Yongping, Ming Di (58), he began to write Hanshu, a historical work of the Western Han Dynasty. In five years, Yongping was accused of privately changing the history of the country and was arrested in Jingzhao prison. His brother Ban Chao wrote to defend himself, and the manuscript was sent to the capital. Because Ming Taizu read it with appreciation, he interpreted it. He was called to the Library Department of Shi Jing School to be the historian of Lantai, and he was in charge of books and proofreading documents together with five other historians. The following year, he transferred to Lang Xianping secretarial school. He continued to write Hanshu. Since then, he has devoted himself to writing this book for more than 20 years, and it was not basically completed until the founding of Emperor Zhang in the seventh year (82). Elegant language and detailed narration create the biographical style of chronological history and sort out the genre of biographical history books. In the fourth year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (79), he attended the Confucian conference convened by Emperor Zhang in Baihuguan, debated the similarities and differences between the Six Classics and the ancient prose, and edited Baihutong (also known as Baihutong) with a historian as a part-time record. In the first year of Yongyuan (89), Dou Xian, the general riding with the vehicle, went to the Xiongnu to serve as the Han Wei. After the victory, he boarded Yanran (now the Mongolian Khan Gai Mountain) and wrote an inscription in memory of Wade in the Han Dynasty. In the 4th year of Yongyuan (92), Dou Xian failed to commit suicide in the political struggle, was implicated and was dismissed. Zhong Ling took revenge and Ban Gu was arrested. Died in prison the same year. Good at writing fu.
4 1 articles written by Ban Gu, such as poems, words, topics, ode, books, essays, notes, arguments and discussions, have been published in the world. The Annals of Sui Shu Classics is the author of Bangui Valley (17), which has been lost. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Pu compiled The Story of Banlantai, which has been handed down to this day.
Ban Gu's geographical achievements include the following five aspects:
1. pioneered the official geography. In the official history, the special train "Geography" began with Ban Gu's "Hanshu Geography".
2. Created the style of administrative geography. The structural content of Ban Gu's History of Han Geography is divided into three parts.
3. Begin the evolution of geography. Ban Gu not only created the model of administrative geography in Hanshu Geography, but also completed the first book of evolutionary geography.
4. Recorded a large number of natural and human geography data. Ban Gu's Hanshu is a dynastic history of the Western Han Dynasty in China, which records a large number of natural and human geographical materials at that time, especially in geographical records, ditch records and biographies of the western regions.
5. Precious geographical information of the frontier is preserved. Ban Gu's Hanshu recorded a large number of frontier geographical data in Geographical Records and Biography of the Western Regions.
Zhang heng
Introduction:
Zhang Heng (78-139): a scientist and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word Ping Zi. Nanyang Xi 'e (now Nanyang, Henan) people.
Books and achievements:
Rolling is diligent, knowledgeable and versatile. During his tenure as Taishiling, he seriously studied astronomy and calendar calculation, wrote scientific works such as Lingxian and Lun Lun Lun, and successively invented and produced world-famous armillary sphere and seismograph. Once again, I went to Shangshu to oppose the popular divination superstition at that time and wrote "Please forbid divination". Zhang Heng's literary works are mainly ci fu and poetry. His prose poems are most famous for Xijing Fu and Tokyo Fu. Together, these two poems are called "Erjing Fu", which was written with the feeling that "the world has a long history and the princes want luxury" after he entered Beijing in his early years. The theme system all imitates Ban Gu's Er Du Fu, but its structure is broader, and it also shows some characteristics in ideology and art. The main purpose of Fu is to satirize the ruling class, and some arguments are quite profound and straightforward. For example, the rulers are warned not to "suppress people's happiness and forget their enemies" and to understand the truth that "water can carry a boat and also overturn it". It shows the author's deep anxiety about the social crisis at that time and his understanding of the people's power. Erjing Fu describes some new things that have never been recorded in similar Fu before, such as its reflection on the activities of city businessmen, chivalrous men and debaters, acrobatics and corner plays. Some fragments are vivid, such as the following paragraph of "Zhuolong Fanglin" in "Tokyo Fu", which is modeled after "Zi Xufu" and describes the scenery of east, west, north and south. The sentences are fresh and full of literary grace. The "Jiao Qi Opera □" section of Pingle Square in Xijing Fu describes the performances of various skills, which is like being on the scene. It is a very precious historical material for China's ancient acrobatics.
Besides Erjing Fu, there are other famous works, such as Du Nan Fu, Wenquan Fu, Guitian Fu, Sixuan Fu, and Four Sorrow Poems. Today, Zhang Zhenze has notes on Zhang Heng's poems.