Liu Xiangchu used his father's shadow as a doctor and later became a doctor. When Xuan Di was elected as a Confucian scholar, he was asked to submit dozens of poems and praises, and officials went to the office to give advice to doctors. When he was in Yuan Di, he was sent to Zong Zheng to give a talk. Because of repeated letters, he impeached eunuchs, Shi Xian and consorts Xu and Shi, and was imprisoned twice. He was exempted as Shu Ren and lived in seclusion for more than ten years. After the emperor ascended the throne, he was activated, worshipped the corps commander, led the three assistants into the water, moved to Dr. Guanglu, and became a captain in Zhong Lei. Liu Xiang wrote many times to suggest weakening the power of his consorts, which was praised by the emperor, but in the end it was useless. He is simple and honest, does not pay attention to dignity, is honest and happy, concentrates on reading, recites books by day, watches the stars at night, and often stays up all night. Liu Xiangxi said that the five elements are disastrous and different, and used it to demonstrate real politics. He is knowledgeable, and he has been ordered to organize the poems of five classics secretaries and philosophers for nearly 20 years, making great contributions to the collation and preservation of ancient books. Bielu is China's earliest bibliography work. And * * * Fu Rui's disaster records from ancient times to Qin and Han Dynasties, and so on, are written as 1 1 articles, which is the earliest disaster history in China. Literature is good at poetry and prose. The History of Han Literature and Art contains 33 Ci Fu, most of which have been lost. Only Jiutan is Qu Yuan's nine-chapter work, and the feeling of life experience is pinned on Qu Yuan's written memory. Some of his essays have been played and recorded in ancient books, such as "Sword Shadow Changling Book" and "Introduction to Warring States Policy", which are simple in narration, smooth in argument and carefree, and have certain influence on ancient writers in Tang and Song Dynasties. They also collected historical anecdotes of the previous generation, and wrote Shuo Yuan, New Preface and Biography of Women, some of which are of great significance and literary characteristics, and they are pioneers of Wei and Jin novels. Liu Zizheng's Collection of Ming Dynasty, included in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties 130.
In the fourth year (the first 66 years), he was appointed as a doctor for two years (the first 60 years).
Jianping served as an admonition officer for four years (the first 58 years)
Ganlu worked as a doctor in Huangmen for three years (the first 5 1 year).
Ganlu was appointed as a doctor in the third year (the first 5 1 year) to advise on this matter.
In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (the first 48 years), Yuan Di acceded to the throne. He was loyal to the imperial clan, and in the Ming Dynasty, he was demoted as a scattered rider. Zong Zheng was appointed Zong Zheng. Later, he was imprisoned for opposing eunuchs Gong Hong and Shi Xian, and was exempted from being Shu Ren.
In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (32 years before the founding of the People's Republic of China), he became emperor, so that Jiuqing was called a corps commander and Sanfu was in charge of water. After several ceremonies, Dr. Guanglu was moved. The secretary of the Five Classics in the school.
In the second year of Yangshuo (the first 23 years), he was a captain of Ren Zhongshu. Finally, the proofreading work was continued by his son Liu Xin.
Liu was ordered to lead the school secretary. Bielu is the earliest public book catalogue in China. Cure "The Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Second Beam". He wrote 33 poems, including Nine Sighs, most of which have been lost. Today, there are books such as New Preface, Shuoyuan, Biography of Lienv and Warring States Policy. His book The Five Classics and Yi Tong was compiled by Ma Guohan of A Qing Dynasty, and Shan Hai Jing was compiled by him and his son Liu Xin. The original collection has been lost, and it was compiled into Liu Collection in Ming Dynasty.
The main contribution comes from the preface of Han Shu Literature and Art Annals. The fate of hundreds of books is ill-fated, and the source of books is complicated:
The Spring and Autumn Annals is divided into five parts, The Poetry is divided into four parts, and The Book of Changes has been handed down by several families. During the Warring States period, there was a dispute between authenticity and falsehood, and the words of various philosophers were confused. In the Qin dynasty, it was the governors who ruined the text and made fun of it. Han Xing changed the defeat of the Qin Dynasty, collected a large number of books, and opened up the road of offering books. At the time of filial piety, books lack simplicity, and rituals collapse and music breaks down. The saint sighed in shame: "I'm very sorry!" " Therefore, the strategy of building Tibet, the officials who wrote books, and the legends of various factions are all filled with secret rooms. By the time he became emperor, the books were quite scattered, which made the worshiper Chen Nong ask for a suicide note on earth.
Under the background of "the dispute between authenticity and falsehood", "the subjugation of articles", "collecting a large number of articles, broadening the ways of giving books", "keeping the legends of various philosophers secret" and "asking for a suicide note", the circulation, creation and arrangement of books will be affected, resulting in some abnormal phenomena, which need to be carefully identified. Mr. Wang Baoxian pointed out that when the Han Dynasty became emperor, the number of articles increased greatly and there were many books. "Liu Xiang relies on himself as a famous scholar, a well-known scholar in one's hand and one's hand, and belongs to Liu Zongshi. With the opportunity of sorting out the royal library and the convenience of being close to Emperor Yuan, it is natural for him to form his own system in sorting out important classics to compete with other schools of Confucian classics. The number of articles and articles he drafted are different from the old ones, and even the title of the book has to be redrafted. "
Xiong Tieji said in "Detailed Explanation of Liu Xiang's Collating Books": The chapters, characters and even some titles of the ancient books before the Western Han Dynasty that we saw today were all revised by Liu Xiang. At that time, almost all the books were understood, recognized and even transformed by them, and of course they were inevitably branded with the times. However, this point has not been fully recognized for a long time, thinking that the ancient books of pre-Qin read by future generations and even today are original works, which will inevitably lead to misunderstandings and conclusions that are inconsistent with the historical truth. Many scholars in the past dynasties found some problems, which caused doubts and disputes, so there were works referring to falsehood. Judging from the existing book records and related records, some books are completely new. For example, Liezi Shu Lu ... It can be seen that Liu Xiang has completely compiled a new book Liezi. A hundred schools of thought contend is regarded as the orthodox origin of China culture. At that time, Liu Xiang sorted out the scattered fragments of endangered philosophers. Although there are no ten ancient books of these philosophers, Liu Xiang has made great contributions to sorting out the ancient books of pre-Qin philosophers.
The main work "New Preface" is a historical story with satirical and admonitory political purposes. It is a book compiled by collecting the historical facts of Shun, Yu and even the Han Dynasty. The original book has 30 volumes, and today it is 10. Ceng Gong revised it in the Northern Song Dynasty, recorded what Song Yu said to the king of Chu, and listed some popular songs in Chu, such as Xialiba people, Yang A and Qiu Lu.
Shuoyuan Shuoyuan, also known as Xinyuan, has 20 volumes * * *, and records anecdotes from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty according to various types. Each type is always said before, followed by comments. Among them, it mainly describes the words and deeds of philosophers, and many chapters have philosophical aphorisms about governing the country and safeguarding the people and the rise and fall of the country. Mainly embodies the Confucian philosophy, political ideals and ethical concepts. Some historical stories and legends from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty were classified and edited, and the author's comments were included, which gave full play to the political thought and moral concept of Confucianism and had a certain philosophical nature. Biography of Women is a book about women's behavior in ancient China. Some people think it is a history of women. The author is Liu Xiang, a Confucian scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, but some people think that this book was not written by Liu Xiang. So some authors of modern popular versions will be anonymous. Some people think that the modern edition was obtained by adding several articles to the edition made by Liu Xiang.
Bie Lu Bie Lu is the first comprehensive classified catalogue book with titles and problems in China, with a total of 20 volumes. When Han became emperor, Liu Xiang was ordered to take part in sorting out the books in the palace. After finishing, he wrote a concise summary and compiled it into "Don't Record". There are 603 volumes 132 19, which are divided into six categories and 38 species. Each category is preceded by a category order and each department is followed by a department order. The description includes: the title of the book, the collating process, the author's life thoughts, the meaning of the title, the reasons for writing the book, the nature of the book, critical thoughts, historical facts, right and wrong, academic origin analysis and the value of the book. There are statistics before the preface, statistics after the category, and totals at the end of the book. Liu Xin, his son, edited Seven Views by deleting the complex and simplifying it. Bie Lu was lost in the Tang Dynasty, and its outline can be found in Hanshu Yiwenzhi today.
The Warring States Policy "Warring States Policy" is an important historical work and an important anthology compiled by people at the end of the Warring States Period and during the Qin and Han Dynasties. Initially, there were names such as national policy, state affairs, length, story, long book and revised book, which were edited by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty before being named "Warring States Policy". Thirty-three books are edited by country. They are: western Zhou dynasty 1 a, eastern Zhou dynasty 1 a, 5 in Qin dynasty, 6 in qi dynasty, 4 in Chu dynasty, 4 in Wei dynasty, 3 in Korea, 3 in Yan dynasty, 0 in song dynasty/kloc/a, and 0 in Zhongshan/kloc/a. The historical facts recorded are from the seventeenth year of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (452 BC) to the thirty-first year of Qin Shihuang (265438 BC+06 BC), ***245 years. The academic viewpoint holds that Liu Xiang and Liu Xin, philosophers, are important figures who re-study and sort out hundreds of books and theories after Confucianism is unified into Confucian classics, and emphasizes learning from them in order to improve Confucianism.
On the basis of systematically sorting out Guanzi, Yanzi, Han Feizi, Liezi, Deng, Guan Yinzi, Zi and Warring States Policy, it is considered that they all conform to Confucian classics. take for example
Liu Xiang's works, Liu Xiang said: "Guanzi" serves the rich country and the people, and can understand what is important. (1) the book of Xun Qing, its Chen Wangdao is easy, its book is comparable to biography, can be used as a method. As for Taoism, Liu Xiang believes that (Taoism) should stick to the basics, be pure and do nothing, and treat things respectfully and fearlessly, which is in line with the Six Classics. In addition, in Shuoyuan and New Preface, he directly adopted and expressed his political and academic opinions in the name of philosophers, which is actually an affirmation of philosophers' scholarship. At that time, Liu Xiang and Liu Xin's father and son strongly advocated the study of philosophers, which was of positive significance for weakening the rule of official academic thought and emancipating the mind.
In his early years, Secretary Hong Baoyuan in the Pillow, "It is said in the book that immortals turn ghosts into gold, and Zou Yan prolongs his life", which was deeply influenced by metaphysics. After that, he attended lectures on the Five Classics in Shiqu Pavilion, which was deeply influenced by the activities of modern literary classics. Later, when he discussed the gains and losses of political reforms and national politics in previous dynasties, he took out the style of today's writers and based his argument on Yin-Yang and Five Elements. He was an official in Yuan Di, and when he was in the Duke of Zhou, he talked about auspicious and especially lasting times, and attributed the disaster in the Spring and Autumn Period to "the disaster is not as thick as it is now". It quoted the official seal of the emperor when he ascended the throne. Based on the fact that I have been in charge of endangering the country since I was a minister, I declared that "Grandfather Wang's grave is in Jinan, and his catalpa column has branches and leaves to help him become a monk" and that "there is no difference between Wang and Liu". This shows that Liu Xiang's view of history is theological. His thoughts reflect the pessimism of the decline of the Western Han Dynasty and the decline of the royal family.
The theological viewpoint "Records of the Five Elements of Han Dynasty" preserved about 152 pieces of Liu Xiang's biography of Hong Fan's Five Elements. Among them, there are about 31 articles about the relationship between disasters and queens, princesses, imperial concubines and consorts, and about 39 articles about the relationship between disasters and the fall of monarchs and the country. This is not only an academic reflection of his political stance, but also a tool for his political struggle by using the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. The Records of Five Elements in Hanshu also contains 73 articles about Liu Xin's Biography of Hong Fan's Five Elements. Although the objects of discussion are basically within the scope of Liu Xiang's discussion, none of them are the same as Liu Xiang.
Although I believe that "those endowed by destiny are rich, and their surnames are endless" and "there is no immortal country from ancient times to modern times", I believe that "those who are wise are blessed invisibly, and they can prevent problems before they happen" and "Liu can live in Chang 'an without losing his country". This is equivalent to saying that fate can still be transferred by manpower, or at least it can be extended for a longer period. In Liu Xin's legacy, you can't see such a statement. According to the data preserved in Hanshu, the rise and fall of dynasties were carried out in the order of five elements. According to this order, it should be natural for Wang Mang to inherit Han's fire virtue with earth virtue. On his deathbed, Wang Mang said, "Natural virtue is better than Ofuse, and Han soldiers are like alms! "
When revising the Royal Library, this theological view of history was rarely used, but it showed a humanistic attitude to a great extent.