Also known as abstract and content summary. It is a short article, which concisely and accurately describes the important contents of the literature, without comments or supplementary explanations. Its basic elements include research objectives, methods, results and conclusions. Specifically, it is the main object and scope of research work, the means and methods adopted, the achievements and important conclusions obtained, and sometimes other important information with intelligence value. It should be self-evident and have the same amount of information as the literature, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text. A complete paper needs an abstract. The main functions of the abstract are:
1) Let readers know the main contents of the paper as soon as possible to supplement the deficiency of the topic. Modern scientific and technological literature information is vast, whether readers will read the full text after searching the title of the paper is mainly judged by reading the abstract; Therefore, the abstract is responsible for attracting readers and introducing the main contents of the article to readers.
2) It provides convenience for the construction and maintenance of scientific and technological information literature retrieval database. After the paper is published, abstract magazines or various databases can directly use the abstract without modification or slight modification, thus avoiding misunderstandings, deficiencies and even mistakes that may occur when others write the abstract. With the rapid development of computer technology and Internet, online query, retrieval and download of professional data has become an important means of scientific and technological information retrieval. Various full-text databases and abstract databases on the Internet are increasingly showing the level and development trend of information exchange in modern society. At the same time, the index of abstracts is an important tool for readers to retrieve documents. Therefore, the quality of abstracts directly affects the retrieval rate and citation frequency of papers.
2 Classification of abstracts
According to the different functions of abstracts, there are roughly three types.
2. 1 reportable summary
A reportable summary is a concise summary indicating the subject scope and content outline of the document, which is equivalent to an introduction. The summary of the report is generally used to reflect the purpose, methods, main results and conclusions of scientific papers, and to provide readers with as much qualitative or quantitative information as possible within a limited number of words, which fully reflects the innovation of this study. Scientific papers will not arouse readers' interest without innovative contents, unique methods or conclusions that can stand the test. Therefore, it is suggested that academic journals (or collections of essays) choose more reportorial abstracts and introduce the main contents of the papers to readers with slightly more words than other abstracts. Report the author's main research results and relatively complete quantitative and qualitative information in the form of "abstract points", and the length should be about 300 words.
2.2 Indicative summary
Indicative abstract is a summary that shows the nature and level of the theme and achievements of a document, and its purpose is to make readers have a general understanding of the main content of the research (that is, what the author has done). Abstracts of papers with less innovative content can be written as indicative abstracts, which are generally suitable for academic journal briefings, problem discussions, technical journals, etc. Instead of simply introducing the topic of the paper, let readers have a general understanding of the main content of the paper. The length should be around 100 words.
2.3 Report-indicative summary
Report-indicative summary is to express the most valuable part of the paper in the form of report summary and the rest in the form of indicative summary. The length should be 100 ~ 200 words.
The above three abstract classifications are available for the author to choose from. Generally speaking, articles submitted to academic journals should be in the form of reportable abstracts; Only papers with less innovative content can be written into reports-indicative or indicative summaries. The ultimate goal of publishing a paper is to be used by people. If the abstract is not well written, in today's information explosion era, when the paper enters the abstract magazine retrieval database, the chances of being read and quoted will be much less or even lost. A paper is of high value and contains many innovations. If you write an indicative summary, you may lose more readers. In this case, if the author's abstract is too simple, the editor should remind him to revise it when he leaves class.
3. Matters needing attention in writing
1) What has become common sense in this field should be excluded from the abstract; Never write what should appear in the introduction into the abstract; Generally don't interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).
2) Don't simply repeat the existing information in the topic. For example, if the title of an article is "Study on Rhizome Formation in Vitro Culture of Several Orchids from China", then don't write at the beginning of the abstract: "For.
3) Rigorous structure, concise expression and exact semantics. What to write first, then what to write, should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent and echo each other. Use long sentences with caution and keep them as simple as possible. Every sentence should be clear, and there should be no vague, general or vague words, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and telegraph writing is not enough. The abstract is not segmented.
4) Use the third person. It is suggested that the description methods such as "research …", "report …" and "investigation …" should be used to indicate the nature and theme of the literature at one time, instead of "this article" and "author" as subjects.
5) Standardized terms should be used instead of symbols and terms that are not well known and commonly used. If there are new terms or no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation.
6) In addition to being really inflexible, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations and tables.
7) Don't quote other people's published works unless the literature confirms or denies them.
8) Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes must be explained when they first appear, except those that can be clearly understood by adjacent professional readers. Other matters that should be paid attention to when writing scientific papers, such as adopting legal units of measurement, using language and punctuation correctly, are also applicable to the preparation of abstracts. At present, the main problems in writing are: incomplete elements, or lack of purpose, or lack of methods; Citation is not independent and self-evident; Improper simplification.
abstract of a thesis
Papers published in magazines are generally limited to a few thousand words. Why do you need a summary of several hundred words? It is nothing more than convenient for readers to master information in the shortest time, understand the main contents and achievements of research work or articles, and then decide whether to read the full text in detail. Today, with the accelerated growth of knowledge and information, the importance of abstract is more prominent. It not only guides readers to read, but also prepares for document compilation, computer storage and retrieval, and becomes an important source of scientific and technological information. Abstraction is the essence.
The author should pay attention to the writing of abstract. Writing a good abstract requires not only a serious scientific spirit, but also a kind of carving art, which is dedicated to readers and plays the role of mutual communication and common development. Chinese magazine's English catalogues and abstracts are the only way for international communication, which directly reflect the quality level of China's scientific research and magazines, and are a window for the world to understand China.
Needless to say, it needs to be scrutinized word by word. The content must be complete, specific and obvious. Although the English abstract is based on the Chinese abstract, it should consider the needs of readers who can't read Chinese, and the substantive content can't be omitted. Therefore, in recent years, China's sci-tech journals have adopted structured abstracts one after another, which clearly define the purpose, method, result and conclusion.
1. Objective: To briefly point out the purpose and research scope of this work.
2. Methods: Briefly explain the basic methods of the research topic, including the research objects (grouping and the number of cases in each group, the number of control cases or animals, etc. ), materials and methods (including dosage and repetition times of drugs used, etc.). ). Need to pay attention to special statistical methods.
3. Results: Briefly list the main results (units need to be indicated), data, statistical significance (P value), etc. And explain their values and limitations.
4. Conclusion: Briefly explain the correct viewpoint, theoretical significance or practical value and popularization prospect obtained from the research results.
The Chinese and English titles, authors' names (at most 3) and authors' units (postal codes) should be marked before the Chinese and English abstracts. English abstracts should be printed on alternate lines for revision.
How to determine the research object of this subject
Any subject research has a specific research object. These objects can be people, things, documents or other written materials, and the number can be one, several or thousands. However, the determination of the research object is not arbitrary. First of all, it depends on the nature of the subject, which determines what to learn. Secondly, no matter what kind of research object, we must ensure that we can draw reliable conclusions through scientific research on it. Thirdly, when determining the research object, we should consider the reality and possibility, that is, whether the research object can be studied according to the conditions of the researcher. Fourth, when determining the research object, we should also consider the research efficiency and benefit, and strive to achieve greater research results with less investment in a short period of time.