When studying the Three Kingdoms, Bo Yongke found a very interesting phenomenon: Yu Xun is a well-known person, but few people know where he is. After the roll was released, I had a whim. Let's talk about the power of Yu Xun.
To evaluate a person's merits and demerits, we need to focus on what he has done. Because he has been a minister for a long time, he was nicknamed "Xun". In A.D. 196, Mi was awarded a ministerial order at the age of 34 and became a doctor of Guanglu at the age of 50. In the same year, he died for opposing Cao Cao's entry into Gong Wei and adding nine tin. Yu Xun has been a secretary for 16 years, and his honor and disgrace all depend on this position.
There are six merchants in Han Dynasty, and Shangshu is one of them. Originally, the emperor was in charge of documents, but actually he was the emperor's private secretary. In view of the dictatorship of the powerful ministers at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty set up a minister desk, and the chief minister ordered the six ministers to be divided into six Cao (or five Cao six ministers) to control the power of the ministers. During the Three Kingdoms period when Yu Xun lived, Shangshutai was separated from Shaofu, and its status was greatly improved, and it was on an equal footing with Jiuqing (so it is necessary to consider the statement that Xun's rank is not high). Generally speaking, Shangshu is the secretary of the monarch and is located in the palace; Ting Wei and Tai Chang are often called Qing, and they are located outside the palace together with prime ministers such as Stuart and Sikong. Palace ministers and officials outside the palace are not separated, and * * * handles everything together. However, due to the convenient position of Shangshu in the palace, his relationship with the monarch is naturally closer than that with officials, so the responsibility of Shangshuling is obviously greater.
In a sense, the minister's affairs are national affairs, but naturally, asking the minister's affairs is far from governing the country. Because of this, all political careerists in the Han and Wei Dynasties attempted to bring Shangshu under their control. According to "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Wei Chuan Cao Shuang": "Zhao takes Wang Xuan (Sima Yi) as the teacher ... If you want to make Shangshu play things, you must first come from yourself and control it." Sima Yi and Cao Shuang are ministers in charge of life in Ming Di. In order to keep Shangshu for his own use, Cao Shuang wanted to crowd out Sima Yi. This is an example of an aspirant trying to master the history of books.
In this way, Yu Xun is the big housekeeper of Cao Wei Group. "Recording history" means asking him to do everything, including everything. After Cao Cao defected to him, he called it "my ovary". As we all know, Cao Cao values the Yingchuan clan behind Xun, but I'm afraid he can't afford to be "my ovary" with resources and no job.
First, planning layout, strategic location.
The development of political power groups must first have clear political opinions, otherwise they will be a group of local strongmen. Political opinions are easy to put forward, but only when they are mentioned in the minds of most people can they play a role. Extremely sensitive to capture, although the hero has a heart, but the butler still has Han's heart (of course, he himself is one of them). Yu Xun advised Cao Cao that "Jin is the king of Zhou Xiang, princes follow the scenery, Emperor Gaozu is the righteous emperor, and the world returns to the heart". If you want to raise the ambition of the world, you should only serve the Han emperor from the people, not be a minister. In this way, political opinions are both legitimate and inflammatory. When Cao Cao conquered Yuan Shu and Beiyang warlords, he always carried this banner, so he said, "The country is not alone. I don't know how many people are emperors and how many people are kings." . (Volume 1 Biography of Liang Wudi quotes Wei Wu Story) Yu Xun didn't see Wang Wei until his death, because when he gave a banquet to test his ministers, he found that an official's heart was still there. From this, I have to sigh that Yu Xun has a far and accurate grasp of the hearts of the people of the world.
With political ideas, what about the road to practice? Yu Xun put forward the idea of "ruling the world by taking root", protecting rivers and economy, and establishing a base area centered on Yanzhou until its wheat matures and Xu Tu expands. This river is the Yellow River, which helps to irrigate the lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River. Jiang, He, Huai and Ji are the four rivers that flowed into the sea alone in ancient times recorded in Erya, which are called "Sidu". The grain production under the ancient natural economy directly determined the establishment, number and radiation area of the army. The geographical position between the river and the economy was very important at that time. Under the irrigation of two main rivers, the products are extremely rich. Cao Cao listened to the suggestion, canceled the plan to attack Xuzhou, developed the economy and rallied. The famous system of reclaiming farmland was also initiated by Zaozuo in this period. Yu Xun's strategy is similar to that of Zhuge Liang based on Yizhou, and Lu Su proposed that seeing the world from Jingchu also has the same effect. But as far as time is concerned, it was put forward by Yu Xun first, followed by Cao Cao, who developed into a powerful local separatist force.
Second, recruit talents, know people and use good people.
The key to politics is to win people's hearts. Yu Xun Lian Xiao was born. As soon as he entered Cao Wei, he began to recommend celebrities and win over talents. Before and after the rice, all the people who are quoted are the world's great talents. "Xun You, Zhong You, Chen Qun in friendship, syma in the sea, then famous, Hua Xin, Wang Lang, Xun Yue, du, Xin Pi, Zhao Yan. Finally, a dozen people came. " (The History of the Three Kingdoms 10) Biography of Yu Xun quoted Biography of Mi Zhu, 3 18 pages) With hard work, Cao Wei gradually formed a talent team with Ru Ying as the main body. Knowing people is not limited to one model. "I don't slap. The talents of Xi, Guo Jia and others all have vulgarity. Du Ji was simple and proud, and all wise, and finally became famous. "
An example shows that he knows people very well and is good at employing people. When Dong Zhuo and Li Jue were fighting for chaos, Guanzhong was already broken, and Marten and Han Sui were forced to live in Guanzhong. Cao Cao has a headache for this. It is hard to destroy them and it is difficult to settle down in the backyard. Cao Cao then asked for advice. Guanzhong forces are intertwined, and Cao Cao's foundation is unstable here. Therefore, only those who are familiar with the law of Lianheng without losing their loyalty can take on this important task. Zhong You (Zhong Hui's father) was recommended as the official minister, supervising the Guanzhong army and entrusting the rear affairs to him.
Zhong You is also a dutiful son, so it goes without saying that he knows people well and does his duty well. As soon as he arrived in Guanzhong, he began to woo celebrities in Guanzhong. Jia Hongchuan in Wei Lue records that when Zhong You was in power, "more than 100 people joined the army in the state", including Zhang Bi, a capable minister who had been guarding Cao Wei for 20 years, Zhang Fang, the son of Zhang Fang, one of Sanming in Liangzhou, and Jia Kui, who had been guarding Jiangcheng during the Battle of Hedong, were all included in the account after Zhong You came to power.
Zhong You also has a set of methods to unite and divide local forces. He first started from the simmering period, and Zhong You was actually able to have something to do with him. Duan Wei was one of Dong Zhuo's corps commanders because Zhong You worked as an assistant minister of the Yellow Gate when Li Jue was authoritarian. Duan Wei is very interesting. After he was left in Huayin County, Hongnong County by Dong Zhuo, he did a lot of good things for the benefit of the people instead of burning and looting like other Liangzhou warlords. He also met the emperor's frame-up when Guo Si and Yang Feng returned home with Liu Xie. Perhaps Zhong You also saw that Duan Wei still had some moral integrity, so he took the initiative to develop relations with him. After a period of struggle for power and profit, Feng's imperial edict (actually issued by Cao Cao, when Cao Cao levied in Nanyang, and the imperial edict asked Guanzhong governors to surround him) participated in the pacification, and led the northern government soldiers to maintain the stability of Guanzhong as a general of Zhenyuan. The Inscription of Huashan Hall in Xiyue recorded an inscription named "General Zhenyuan led the Hou Ting section of the northern satrap Lu Xiang, loyal and bright", and recorded that when he tried his best to appease Guanzhong, he "eliminated the group of murderers, concentrated the counties and counties, gave full family property, and cared about the west". Duan Wei then entered the DPRK as a doctor of Da Hong and Guang Lu to make a living. Zhang Yanyuan, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, mentioned in Law and Discipline (Volume 6) that "General Zhenyuan led the northern Taishou section and was loyal to the Ming Dynasty". There is an inscription by Zhong You on the head of this monument, saying that the inscription was written by Zhong You, and the relationship between Zhong and Duan should be good. As for the specific reasons for abandoning the local regime and becoming an official in the DPRK, it remains to be verified, but it can be reasonably speculated that the personal relationship between Zhong and Duan must have played a certain role.
After Jian 'an was worshipped as a former general at the beginning, Marten faked it and sealed Hou, and his influence spread from Liangzhou to Guanzhong, and gradually he was on a par with Duan Wei in this area. In the Battle of Hedong, Yuan Shang appointed General Guoyuan as the Governor of Hedong, and joined forces with Gao Qian (Yuan Shang's cousin), the secretariat of Bingzhou and the southern Xiongnu Khan to compete with Cao Cao for Hedong. Jin Sima Biao's "Strategy" records that Marten also agreed to Guoyuan's request. Sima Biao's Strategy is an ancient novel with insufficient accuracy. However, in Chen Zhi's Biography of Zhang Jichuan, it was mentioned that Guoyuan was "an envoy from the west and a general in Shanhaiguan Pass", so it was impossible for the general in Shanhaiguan Pass not to include Marten. Zhongyou sent Zhang to lobby Marten. I have never seen the specific process, but in the end, Marten and Han Sui joined forces and were sent by Zhong You to the front line of Pingyang in Hedong. I want to mention here that Guoyuan is Zhong You's nephew. Guoyuan was killed by Pound in the East River War. When Zhong You saw him, he cried first, saying, "My nephew forbeares virtue, disturbs the country and thieves, but the general won't kill him." Zhong You's loyalty is evident.
It is far-fetched to say that Zhong You governs Guanzhong, but in the process of unifying the north, Guanzhong has always been a menace to Cao Cao. However, after Xun recommended Zhong You, the chaos was calmed down. Ten years after Jian 'an, Cao Cao adopted Yu Xun's suggestion and arranged the positions of Sima Yi, Zhong You, Jiang Ji, Du, Chen Qun and Du Ji. After everyone did their job, they quickly did their best. Cao Cao also sincerely lamented, "I can only talk about people, and I will benefit for a long time and will never forget it." (the reflection 10 the biography of Yu Xun is quoted from the biography of Mi Fei, page 3 18. At that time, everyone praised him for knowing people and employing people.
Second, be good at sizing up the situation and guard the rear.
In fact, leaders sometimes hesitate, especially when faced with a battle, and need someone to push behind them. At this time, a second-in-command who is good at sizing up the situation is particularly important. People who are good at sizing up the situation often have super sensitivity at key nodes and know when to shrink and when to attack. As it happens, Yu Xun is such a person.
After Cao Cao died in Tao Qian, he wanted to take advantage of the chaos to capture Xuzhou. Yu Xun believes that Chen Gong and Lu Bu are dead ends to each other, and the existing forces "staying more is invincible, staying less is weak" should first stabilize Yanzhou and establish a foundation based on the Central Plains.
Before competing with Yuan Shao for northern hegemony, Kong Rong, a famous celebrity, thought Shao's army was unstoppable and almost invincible, which triggered the fear of war in the army. Mi Zhu, on the other hand, thinks that Yuan Shao is strong outside but weak inside, and Cao Cao is superior to him in intelligence, strategy and martial arts. In this way, naturally kowtowed to the leaders and strengthened their determination to resist Yuan. Guo Jia's theory of "ten wins and ten losses" is actually a further refinement of Xun's viewpoint, and has not deviated from the tone of Xun in general attitude.
Cao Cao besieged Yuan Shao and Guandu for a long time, but the commissary would try his best to move troops back to the DPRK. At this critical moment, Yu Xun stood up again and wrote a letter to Cao Cao. The main idea of the letter is that Liu Bang's rations were less than yours in the battle of Xingyang elevation between Chu and Han. There are so many people in Yuan Shao, but we can't get in for half a year. Isn't this more proof of our strength? So hang in there, they are the first to change. "When this is used strangely, you must not lose it." (Xunzhuan 10), thus winning a decisive victory.
Another great achievement of Yu Xun is to help Cao Cao defend the rear. When Cao Cao first entered Yanzhou, he offended a group of local gentry and strongmen by killing a celebrity who mocked him. "Naturally, the scholars were angry and painful. People complained and raised their arms and raised the country. So I bowed my head to Xu Fang, captured Lu Bu, and hesitated to come from the east. " (Volume 74 Yuan Shaochuan). Shoujiang from all over Yanzhou rebelled when Cao Cao attacked Xuzhou, and the situation was once very critical. It is precisely because of Yu Xun's calm handling that he helped Cao Cao tide over the difficulties. In the battle of Guandu, Yu Xun guarded Xudu; Battle of Red Cliffs, rice also held an important position in the rear, helped Cao Cao stabilize the situation in the rear, and maintained the political foundation of Cao Wei in the north.
Yu Xun also understands the economy. Probably, his knowledge is limited. There is no record in the history books that Yu Xun directly participated in the formulation of economic policies after Cao Wei became an official. The high probability is also because experts who know the economy have been helping Yu Xun with this work for a long time, but this does not mean that Yu Xun does not know the economy and is not familiar with agriculture and mulberry. In the first year of Yong Han, Dong Zhuo was in charge of Chaogang and dominated Chaogang. Due to his lack of economic talents, the price in Kyoto soared. Doctor Marotta suggested that Dong Zhuo go to Yu Xun for advice himself. According to Gao Shouye's note "Managing Sixteen Pieces", Yu Xun presented three plans to Dong Zhuo: "On peace, it is equal to Xianyang, and it is defeated by the quartet, so that it is still expensive for big farmers. In this way, the wealthy businessmen are deceived by him and nothing is allowed to leap; The second is to evaluate the market, set up a city supervisor to supervise licensed goods, calculate the official rank, and sit on the ground to discuss stolen goods; Those who enter themselves are regarded as thieves; I toured the country for three days, and ordered Najia City to observe the likes and dislikes of the people and indulge in lewdness. In this way, I will not lose people in the city, but my business trip will not be scattered. "
Yu Xun suggested that the authorities implement the policy of leveling (leveling is the idea of regulating agricultural production put forward by Li Kui, a politician of Wei State during the Warring States Period: when the years are good, the government buys the surplus millet of farmers at a fair price, that is, leveling; In lean years, the accumulated millet will be sold at a fair price. In addition, it is necessary to implement the price supervision system, crack down on price fraud, and strictly control prices according to the basis. When measuring and pricing, we should comprehensively consider factors such as cost and profit, and try our best to take into account the interests of both buyers and sellers, which should be relatively stable and unchangeable with time. In short, it is to increase government intervention (one of the conclusions of Keynesianism is to increase government intervention). Once Yu Xun's suggestion is implemented, it has achieved remarkable results in stabilizing prices.
Fourth, it is also about the thinking of result orientation.
Yu Xun knows everything about internal affairs, diplomacy, strategy and economy, which is why He Qing, a famous Nanyang man, called Yu Xun a "talent of Wang Zuo", and even Cao Cao thought that he was "eager for talents". However, such an all-round cadre has not been highly praised by later generations. On the contrary, Guo Jia, Zhuge Liang, Sima Yi, Jia Xu and other counselors have been repeatedly mentioned. Later generations all know that Yu Xun is powerful, but where he is powerful is often vague. This may be related to our inherent "result-oriented thinking".
Result-oriented is one of the basic concepts and core ideas in ISO quality management system and performance management theory, which emphasizes the results of operation, management and work. A result-oriented person is one who values the result rather than the process. In short, it is "to talk about heroes only by success or failure." There is no right or wrong in this kind of values, but using this kind of thinking when looking at history will lead to many fallacies and omissions.
The Three Kingdoms is a history of war. After all, war is the theme of this period. But the Three Kingdoms is also a history of political system, social history and economic history. Even the war, as the final destination, is launched on the basis of a series of work such as local tax, economic development and social organization arrangement every year. Indeed, no matter how well prepared in the early stage, the key to determining the outcome of a battle is still on the military plane. But for a long time, the party with strong family background obviously has more "fault tolerance rate" for the failure of a battle. The fault tolerance rate is high, and I have a bottom before the war because I can't afford to lose. Just like a rich man gambling with a poor man, once the rich man wins, he can kill the poor man. This is why Zhuge Liang had to carry out the offensive defense policy after Shu Han lost Jingzhou, while Cao Wei remained unmoved despite losing so many games.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a wonderful stage play. Feather fans, black scarves, counselors and war generals easily won applause and applause with the theme of the times, while those behind-the-scenes heroes were drowned in the corner. The result-oriented thinking view is not history, but romance. Facts have proved that Wolong and Feng Chu are not safe in the world, so can the result-oriented thinking really tell us where the answer is?