The protection of historical and cultural blocks has become the focus and difficulty of the protection of Beijing's historical and cultural cities. Fifteen? At the same time, facing the challenge of the new situation, we should realize the urgency of protecting historical and cultural blocks, establish protection principles, explore new protection methods by using market mechanism, and conduct a comprehensive and detailed investigation of existing historical blocks and historical buildings, so as to provide a basis for better protection and leave information for future generations.
1 facing? Fourth wave? The challenge of
In the past half century, the protection of historical features in Beijing has gone through a tortuous and arduous process, and the protection of cultural relics and historical and cultural cities has been greatly impacted four times. Although the peaceful liberation of Beijing more than 50 years ago left this ancient capital intact, for a long time afterwards, people lacked the concept of cultural relics protection and the consciousness of protecting historical and cultural cities, and Beijing's cultural relics and historical features were once greatly destroyed. During the Great Leap Forward, a wave of metal cultural relics was formed for steelmaking, and many precious cultural relics disappeared in the smelting furnace. It started at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, didn't it? Fix everything? Cultural criticism, literal and patterned cultural relics and street scenes have been greatly impacted. A large number of inscriptions, sculptures, scrolls, paintings and calligraphy have been destroyed, and many important cultural relics and buildings have been unreasonably utilized, resulting in the destruction of cultural symbols as the main feature? The second wave? . During this period, the city wall regarded as a symbol of the feudal imperial capital was finally demolished, and the historical features of Beijing were greatly damaged. ? Cultural Revolution? Later, with the recovery of economy and the acceleration of urban development, the "cultural relic building" with the main feature of destroying the cultural relic building itself appeared. The third wave? The construction of the palace compound and the demolition and reconstruction of cultural relics buildings in various places have destroyed many precious cultural relics. Since the early 1990s, with the rise of market economy, the urban development mode has changed, from the demolition and destruction of a single cultural relic building to the shaving of the block. Many cultural relics buildings were demolished, and some blocks with great preservation value went up in smoke. The third wave? Evolved into? Fourth wave? That is, the wave of destroying historical and cultural areas, and the protection of historical and cultural cities has been seriously challenged.
While the historical features of Beijing have been destroyed again and again, people's efforts to protect cultural relics and historical features are also strengthening. From 65438 to 0957, Beijing identified the first batch of cultural relics protection units. After the Cultural Revolution, as a reflection on the Cultural Revolution, more and more people began to pay attention to the protection of cultural relics. Many important historical sites became cultural relics protection units at all levels, and more and more cultural relics were effectively protected. Especially in the 1980s, the concept of protecting historical areas became popular. 1982, Beijing was declared as the first batch of famous historical and cultural cities in China. 1990, Beijing announced 25 historical and cultural protected areas, and completed the detailed regulations of protected areas in 2000. People are no longer satisfied with the point protection of cultural relics, but hope to realize the area protection of historical and cultural areas, and the concept of historical style protection has changed greatly. Nevertheless, the task of protecting historical and cultural blocks is still very arduous. Fourth wave? Here it comes, and the severe challenge is not over yet.
2 the urgency of the protection of historical and cultural blocks
Really? Fourth wave? The challenge is not only manifested in Beijing, but also in many historical and cultural cities across the country. Representative historical blocks in many places are dying out. It is a phenomenon of a period, the focus of the current debate on the protection of historical features, and an urgent issue that cannot be avoided in our time.
Beijing is the city with the most complete preservation of historical blocks and the highest historical and cultural value among the 99 famous historical and cultural cities in China, and its importance is incomparable to other cities. Beijing, as the capital, also plays a role of demonstration and guidance for the whole country, and should be a national model in the protection of historical and cultural blocks. Although Beijing has completed the planning of 25 historical and cultural protection areas and started to formulate relevant laws and regulations, for an important historical and cultural city like Beijing, the existing 25 blocks are not enough to protect it. More street stables, more buildings need to be protected, and those blocks that cannot be preserved need to leave necessary landmark buildings. In order to maintain and extend the historical features of the ancient capital as much as possible.
At present, Beijing faces two problems in the protection of historical blocks. On the one hand, the natural aging of houses is eroding the style of the ancient capital. Many century-old houses are on the verge of danger due to the lack of necessary maintenance and renewal mechanism and overload use. On the other hand, in Beijing's urban development strategy, the protection of historical and cultural blocks has not been mentioned in its proper position. In the renovation of dilapidated houses in the old city, which began in the early 1990s, there was no clear definition and serious investigation of dilapidated houses and historical features, which led to a large-scale shaving renovation of the old city, although the cost of this large-scale renovation was too high. After 1997, it slowed down, but a large number of valuable historical and cultural blocks have been demolished, many cultural relics have been destroyed, and the style of Beijing's ancient capital has been seriously affected.
Jin Sheng proposed to finish it in five years? Renovation of dangerous houses? Target, at the same time reduce the compensation standard, if all goes well. Five years later, except? 25 historical and cultural protection area? In addition, other ancient blocks, courtyards and cultural relics that are not included in the cultural relics protection units will also cease to exist, and some cultural relics, quadrangles and blocks with preservation value may be demolished in a hurry without our knowing it, leaving irreparable regrets. The protection of Beijing's historical features still faces severe challenges, and the protection work is arduous and urgent. How many historical features Beijing can leave depends on the next five years.
3. Establish the basic principles for the protection and transformation of historical blocks.
In order to promote the protection of historical and cultural blocks in the next five years and protect historical features as much as possible, we should not only change the past concept of point protection, but also establish the basic principles of historical and cultural block protection.
First, adhere to the principle of overall protection of historical blocks: an important historical and cultural city like Beijing must adhere to the principle of overall protection of blocks and combine the overall protection of blocks with the protection of individual cultural relics. Because there is only individual protection, there is no overall protection, and the unique features of historical and cultural cities cannot be left behind. The overall protection includes preserving the basic outline and pattern of the city, as well as the street and hutong system.
Second, adhere to the principle of giving priority to the protection of historical features. In the old city of Beijing, the development and construction should be based on the premise of not destroying the original historical features and cultural relics. This principle should be embodied in the detailed planning of urban development strategy, overall layout, urban road reconstruction and commercial center construction. It should be determined as a prerequisite for urban development:
Third, adhere to the principle of in-situ protection of cultural relics. Cultural relics protection units not only have historical and cultural value, but also are a part of the original urban system and a symbol of the urban historical and cultural system. Leave the original space. Its cultural value will be greatly reduced, so whether it is a new building or a road. Cultural relics should be bypassed as much as possible in planning and design, and some cannot be bypassed. In-situ can only do short-distance overall movement, not long-distance relocation.
Fourth, establish the principle of retaining historical marks. For the transformation of the old city, should we abandon simplicity? Shave your head? In the old blocks that must be demolished, the minimum number of old buildings should be stipulated to ensure that a small number of landmark historical buildings remain in place. These buildings include not only cultural relics protection units, but also well-preserved non-cultural relics protection units and other landmark objects, such as four courtyards, halls, offices, small temples, inscriptions and wells. In order to maintain the regional continuity of historical and cultural landscape.
Fifth, implement the principle of combining protection with development and utilization. In the old city, whether it is a cultural relic protection unit or a historical and cultural protection area, it is a vital part of Beijing. Their protection should be combined with utilization, and they should be developed and utilized as much as possible, so as to realize protection through utilization.
4. Establish a new mechanism for the protection of historical and cultural blocks.
At present, the biggest controversy and conflict in the protection of Beijing's historical and cultural city is the haircut transformation in the transformation of the old city, in order to give up the historical features in exchange for the housing difficulties of the citizens, thus falling into the dilemma of having to demolish the houses to solve the difficulties. However, the relationship between solving the housing difficulties of citizens and the protection of historical and cultural blocks is not absolutely exclusive. Whether we can find a way to solve the housing problem of citizens and protect historical and cultural blocks is one of the key problems facing Beijing's current urban construction.
From the urban development and evolution of Beijing in the past century, we can see that a large number of residential buildings have been enduring for hundreds of years, and even can be used for us today, mainly because of the support of government funds, but due to the investment of a large number of private funds, there is a set of self-renewal mechanism. After liberation, the form of housing ownership with public ownership as the main body and the low rent policy made a large number of four hospitals lose their self-maintenance and renewal mechanisms and become a heavy burden for the government. Today, to protect quadrangles in historical and cultural protection areas, we should use market mechanism and flexible policies to attract funds from all sectors of society, including funds from other provinces and cities and even overseas, to invest in the maintenance of historical blocks and historical buildings, so that historical blocks can embark on a benign development track of organic renewal, thus getting rid of the strange circle of having to demolish houses to solve difficulties.
At present, the conditions for putting four hospitals into the market have gradually formed, and more and more enterprises and individuals are interested in traditional buildings as an ideal living and working environment, and want to use them as wealth that can preserve and increase value in the future. Therefore, we can carry out the reform experiment of public quadrangles step by step, change the housing management department into a real estate company, put the fourth courtyard into the market without changing its original appearance, and provide appropriate preferential policies to encourage people to invest in the repair and protection of the fourth courtyard. For the restructuring of four hospitals, a government-funded fund for the transformation of historical and cultural areas can be set up, such as in? Fifteen? During this period, 200 million yuan can be invested every year and 654.38+0 billion yuan in five years, which will be used for the relocation of residents in historical and cultural protection areas and the repair of historical buildings. Then sell or auction the house that the original residents have repaired or moved out to recover the cost. For private houses, we should actively help solve various historical problems, help some occupiers move, gradually raise rents, allow free trading, and let owners maintain and repair houses. The government should focus on the renovation of municipal facilities in blocks, create conditions for improving the living environment, and ensure the protection of historical features through education in the sale and use of houses. It is necessary to formulate a set of detailed laws and regulations, and make strict provisions on the protection of cultural relics and historical features in the sale and use of houses.
5. Conduct a comprehensive survey of urban historical blocks.
With the rapid transformation of the old city of Beijing, a large number of historical blocks and buildings have been razed to the ground in an instant without comprehensive records, which is very unfavorable to the protection and utilization of historical and cultural cities. Many disputes about the protection of historical features in urban construction are related to the unclear family background of historical blocks. Moreover, for an important historical and cultural city like Beijing, there should also be a set of accurate archives records, so that future generations can conduct a comprehensive investigation of historical blocks as soon as possible, so as to find out the family background and leave information.
The investigation of historical blocks is different from the previous cultural relics investigation, and its investigation scope should include every house. It involves the architectural history, architectural modeling, architectural layout, original interior decoration, use status, residents' status, related historical events, oral historical materials, folklore, and the facade landscape characteristics of hutongs and streets. Record the detailed information of historical blocks and buildings through written records, photos, videos and drawings, and conduct a comprehensive investigation. We can also find a number of new cultural relics and historical blocks with preservation value, which can provide a basis for urban planning, construction and historical features protection and make up for the shortcomings of previous cultural relics surveys. The investigation can be carried out in stages. First of all, we will investigate the blocks outside 25 historical and cultural protection areas, especially those blocks that are about to be demolished. The initial investigation funds can be fully borne by the government. In the future, the development unit should be required to conduct a detailed survey of the block before designing the reconstruction project, and provide the survey report to the relevant departments, which should become the necessary procedure for the old city reconstruction project.
A comprehensive investigation can also provide a basis for the determination of the second batch of historical and cultural protection areas in the old city. 1990 Beijing has announced 25 historical and cultural protection blocks. In 2000, the protection plan of 25 protected areas was formulated, which ensured the protection of these blocks from the planning. However, there are also hidden dangers in the current planning. As the final protection scope, it indicates that those historical and cultural blocks that are not included in the protection scope may be demolished justifiably. In order to protect more blocks, it is necessary to have a solid protection foundation and careful investigation and study, which is also the task that the investigation of historical blocks should complete.
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At present, it is a critical period for the protection of historical blocks in Beijing. With the enhancement of national financial resources and the improvement of people's awareness of protection, the practice of shaving will be abandoned. But before this day comes, we must work hard and face severe challenges in the protection of cultural blocks. In the five years after boasting, we should form an understanding of protecting historical and cultural blocks as soon as possible, strive to explore new ways to protect Beijing's historical and cultural blocks, and truly realize the protection of historical and cultural blocks.