Liu Xiang's life
Liu Xiang (77 BC-6 BC) was born in Pei Fengyi (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu).
In the second year of his reign (the first 66 years), he served as Lang.
Jianping served as an admonition officer for four years (the first 58 years)
Ganlu worked as a doctor in Huangmen for three years (the first 5 1 year).
Ganlu was appointed as a doctor for three years (565,438+0 years ago) to give advice, but was later imprisoned for opposing eunuchs Gong Hong and Shi Xian, and was exempted from being Shu Ren.
In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (the first 48 years), he served as Zong Zheng and was ordered to collate ancient books.
In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (the first 47 years), he served as a corps commander.
In the first year of the foundation (the first 32 years), he served as a corps commander.
In the first year of the foundation (the first 32 years), he served as Dr. Guanglu.
In the second year of Yangshuo (the first 23 years), he was a captain of Ren Zhongshu. Finally, the proofreading work was continued by his son Liu Xin.
Liu Xiang's main works
new order
Liu Xiang made up a historical story for political purposes, collected historical facts of Shun, Yu and even the Han Dynasty, and classified them into a book. The original book has 30 volumes, and now it is 10 volume, which was revised by Ceng Gong in the Northern Song Dynasty. It recorded what Song Yu said to the king of Chu, and listed the popular songs of Chu such as Xialiba people, Yang A and Xielu, saying yes.
Shuoyuan
Also known as Xinyuan, with 20 volumes, according to various types of anecdotes from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, each category is always said first, followed by comments. Among them, it mainly describes the words and deeds of philosophers, and many chapters have philosophical aphorisms about governing the country and safeguarding the people and the rise and fall of the country. Mainly embodies the Confucian philosophy, political ideals and ethical concepts. Some historical stories and legends from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty were classified and edited, and the author's comments were included, which gave full play to the political thought and moral concept of Confucianism and had a certain philosophical nature.
Biography of women
Biography of Women is a book about women's behavior in ancient China. Some people think it is a history of women. The author is Liu Xiang, a Confucian scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, but some people think that this book was not written by Liu Xiang. So some authors of modern popular versions will be anonymous. Some people think that the modern edition was obtained by adding several articles to the edition made by Liu Xiang.
Don't record
Bibliographic name. China's first comprehensive classified catalogue book with title and problem solving. Twenty volumes. Written by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. When Han became emperor, Liu Xiang was ordered to take part in sorting out the books in the palace. After finishing, he wrote a concise summary and compiled it into "Don't Record". There are 603 volumes 132 19, which are divided into six categories and 38 species. Each category is preceded by a category order and each department is followed by a department order. The description includes: the title of the book, the collating process, the author's life thoughts, the meaning of the title, the reasons for writing the book, the nature of the book, critical thoughts, historical facts, right and wrong, academic origin analysis and the value of the book. There are statistics before the preface, statistics after the category, and totals at the end of the book. Liu Xin, his son, edited Seven Views by deleting the complex and simplifying it. Bie Lu was lost in the Tang Dynasty, and its outline can be found in Hanshu Yiwenzhi today.
Liu Xiang's academic viewpoint.
Advocate the theory of philosophers
Liu Xiang and Liu Xin and his son are important figures who re-studied and sorted out hundreds of books and theories after Confucianism was unified into Confucian classics, and emphasized that they should absorb ideological nutrition from them to improve Confucianism. On the basis of systematically sorting out Guanzi, Yanzi, Hanfeizi, Liezi, Deng, Guan Yinzi, Zi and Warring States Policy, Liu Xiang thinks that they all conform to Confucian classics. For example, Liu Xiang said: "Guanzi" serves the rich country and the people, and can understand what is important. (1) the book of Xun Qing, its Chen Wangdao is easy, its book is comparable to biography, can be used as a method. As for Taoism, Liu Xiang believes that (Taoism) should stick to the basics, be pure and do nothing, and treat things respectfully and fearlessly, which is in line with the Six Classics. In addition, Liu Xiang directly expressed his political and academic views in Shuo Yuan and Xin Xu, which was actually an affirmation of hundred schools of thought. Liu Xin inherited his father's business. In Seven Views, he listed hundred schools of thought, such as Confucianism, as ten schools, and thought that each school could complement each other: although their words were different, they were still incompatible and mutually destructive.
Benevolence and righteousness, respect and harmony, on the contrary, complement each other. Moreover, Liu Xin also emphasized the importance of absorbing ideological nutrition from hundred schools of thought, and thought that only by combining hundred schools of thought's strengths can we understand hundred schools of thought's strategy. As the Book of Changes said: hundred schools of thought has the same goal but different paths, while hundred schools of thought has the same concern. Today, people who have their own strengths and weaknesses can make themselves clear. Although it is short-lived, it will return to each other, and it is also a branch of the Six Classics, and future generations. Since hundred schools of thought has six meridians. In the absence of more, those nine-year-olds are even crazier. If you can practice six arts, look at the words of these nine schools and you can learn from them. (1) That is to say, in Liu Xin's view, only by restoring hundred schools of thought's ideological tradition can Confucianism be transformed from rigid Confucian classics and secular theology into practical learning that can really govern the country and the people.
At that time, Liu Xiang and Liu Xin's father and son strongly advocated the study of philosophers, which was of positive significance for weakening the rule of official academic thought and emancipating the mind.
In his early years, Liu Xiang won the book "Secretary Hong Baoyuan in the Pillow". "It is said in the book that immortals can turn ghosts into gold and Zou Yan can prolong life", which was deeply influenced by metaphysics. After that, he attended lectures on the Five Classics in Shiqu Pavilion, which was deeply influenced by the activities of modern literary classics. Later, when he discussed the gains and losses of political reforms and national politics in previous dynasties, he took out the style of today's writers and based his argument on Yin-Yang and Five Elements. He was an official in Yuan Di, and when he was in the Duke of Zhou, he talked about auspicious and especially lasting times, and attributed the disaster in the Spring and Autumn Period to "the disaster is not as thick as it is now". It quoted the official seal of the emperor when he ascended the throne. Based on the fact that I have been in charge of endangering the country since I was a minister, I declared that "Grandfather Wang's grave is in Jinan, and his catalpa column has branches and leaves to help him become a monk" and that "there is no difference between Wang and Liu". This shows that Liu Xiang's view of history is theological. His thoughts reflect the pessimism of the decline of the Western Han Dynasty and the decline of the royal family.
Theological viewpoint
The five elements recorded in Hanshu preserved about 152 pieces of Liu Xiang's biography of Hong Fan's five elements. Among them, there are about 31 articles about the relationship between disasters and queens, princesses, imperial concubines and consorts, and about 39 articles about the relationship between disasters and the fall of monarchs and the country. This is not only an academic reflection of Liu Xiang's political stance, but also a tool for political struggle with the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. The Records of Five Elements in Hanshu also contains 73 articles about Liu Xin's Biography of Hong Fan's Five Elements. Although the objects of discussion are basically within the scope of Liu Xiang's discussion, none of them are the same as Liu Xiang. This is also because Liu Xin's political attitude is different from his father's, and he also has different academic reflections. The difference in academic views between Liu and his son was a reflection of the internal struggle of the ruling class at that time.
Although Liu Xiang believes that "those endowed by destiny are rich, and there is no immortal country in ancient and modern times", he believes that "those who are wise can be blessed invisibly and avoid disasters before they are born", which is equivalent to saying that fate can still be transferred by manpower, or at least can be extended for a longer period. In Liu Xin's legacy, you can't see such a statement. According to the data preserved in Hanshu, the rise and fall of dynasties were carried out in the order of five elements. According to this order, it should be natural for Wang Mang to inherit Han's fire virtue with earth virtue. On his deathbed, Wang Mang said, "Natural virtue is better than Ofuse, and Han soldiers are like alms! "
When Liu Xiang revised the Royal Library, he seldom used this theological view of history, but showed a humanistic attitude to a great extent.
Liu Xiang's works
Shuoyuan
Author: Liu Xiang
Shuoyuan, also known as Xinyuan, is a collection of ancient miscellaneous history novels. Liu xiangbian. Written in Hongtai four years ago (17). Original 20 volumes, 78 pages. According to various anecdotes from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, each category is listed as follows: Comments are added later. Among them, it mainly describes the words and deeds of philosophers, and many chapters have philosophical aphorisms about governing the country and safeguarding the people and the rise and fall of the country. Mainly embodies the Confucian philosophy and political theory. ...
Ceng Zi is not restricted by cities.
Author: Liu Xiang
Ceng Zi put on his clothes and began to farm. Lu Jun sent an envoy to the city and said, "Please use this to mend your clothes." Ceng Zi is not subject to, against, return to, and not subject to. The messenger said, "sir, if you don't want something from others, they will give it." Why don't you laugh at it? " Ceng Zi said: "I have heard that' people are afraid of others; Those who give are proud. "Zongzi is talented, but I'm not arrogant. Can I not be afraid? " I won't. When Confucius heard this, he said, "The words of participation are enough for the whole festival." ( ...
Jiutan
Author: Liu Xiang
It's hard to move, but it hurts my heart. Recite the punishment of three to five, and never break the discipline of Hong Fan. Play with the rules by heart, and weigh the mistakes at will. Fuck rope ink, I gave up, but I'm happy to wait on my side. Gan Tang withered in the lush grass, thorns in the heart. History blames dependence. Wu Huo was very happy, while Gong Yan was riding a horse. Kuaiqin boarded the Qing government and left him in the wilderness. ...
a battle between a snipe and clam
Author: Liu Xiang
Zhao cut Yan, and Su Dai called Yan, saying, "Now I am a minister, and I have passed Yishui. When the clam is exposed, the snipe pecks at its meat, and the clam closes and grips its beak. The snipe said, "If it doesn't rain today, there will be dead mussels tomorrow!" " The clam is also called a snipe, saying,' If you don't come out today or tomorrow, there will be a dead snipe! If the two men refuse to give up, the fisherman will get the bird. Today, Zhao cut Yan, Yan and Zhao supported each other for a long time, in order to harm the public and fear the benefits of fishermen. therefore ...
Tigers look for all animals.
Author: Liu Xiang
: "I heard that the north fear is also sympathetic. What is the truth? " Ministers are right. Jiang Yi said to him, "Tigers can eat all kinds of animals to get a fox. The fox said,' I dare not eat me! The Emperor of Heaven asked me to keep a hundred animals. Eating me today is against God's will! I don't believe you, and I am your son first, and then you follow me and dare not leave after seeing all the animals' opinions? "Tiger, therefore, use it. The beast saw it and they all left. Tigers walk without knowing that wild animals are afraid of themselves. ...
Touch the dragon and say queen mother Zhao
Author: Liu Xiang
. I forgive myself for stealing, but I am afraid that the Queen Mother's princess will be ruined, so I want to see the Queen Mother. "The queen mother said," the old woman is still walking. "Say," Did you drink well during the eclipse? " He said, "I rely on porridge ears." He said, "Old ministers and present people don't want to eat at all, but they just want to strive for self-improvement. If you spend three or four miles a day, you will benefit from eating less and be in harmony with your body. " The queen mother said, "old women can't. "A little understand the color of the queen mother. Zuo Shi said, "The inferiority of the old minister is at least immoral. ...
Warring States policy
Author: Liu Xiang
It shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period and is an important book for studying the history of the Warring States period. The author is not a person, and writing a book is not an instant. Most of the authors in the book don't know who they are. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled thirty-three articles, the topics of which were also drawn up by Liu Xiang. Ceng Gong made up for the deficiency in the Song Dynasty. There was a high lure note in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is incomplete today. Song Baobiao changed the order of the original book and made new notes. Wu Shidao wrote Proofreading. ...
When owls meet pigeons/owls, they will migrate eastward.
Author: Liu Xiang
One day, the owl met the turtledove, and the turtledove asked him, "Where are you going?" ? The owl said, "I'm going to the East." "."Turtledove asked, "What's the reason?" ? The owl said, "Everyone in this country hates me. So move eastward. " The dove said, "I can sing more, but I can't;" "I can't be louder, move eastward, or hate the voice of children." ...
Three people spread the news of a tiger, making you believe that there is a tiger around.
Author: Liu Xiang
There are tigers. What about Wang xin? The king said, "No." Both of them said there were tigers in the city, but what about Wang xin? The king said, "I doubt it." Three people say there are tigers in the city, but what about Wang xin?' The king said, "I believe it." Pang Yan said,' There are no tigers in the city, but three people have become tigers. Today's trip to Daliang in Handan is far from the city, and many ministers have discussed it. I hope the king can check it. "The king said,' I know myself.' So I said goodbye, ...
Yan Zi was sent to Chu.
Author: Liu Xiang
Please tie a man and walk over the king. The king said, "Who is it?" Right:' Qi people are also.' The king said, "Why sit down?" Say, "Sit down and steal." Three Yanzi arrived, and the king of Chu gave Yanzi wine. The wine was full, and two officials tied a man to the king of Chu. The king said, "What about those who are bound?" He said, "Qi people are also thieves." The King of Qi looked at Yan Zi and said, "Are Qi people good at stealing?" Yan Zi avoided the table and said to him, "Smell the baby, oranges are born in Huainan, and oranges are born in Huainan. ...
to gild the lily
Author: Liu Xiang
If there is a temple in Chu, give him a glass of wine, and the other person will say, "A few people don't drink enough, but one person can drink more." Please draw a snake and drink the first one. " A snake came first. It drank wine. He held a swastika in his left hand and drew a snake in his right hand, saying, "I can do it." Before it was ready, a person's snake became a snake, took it away and said, "There are not enough snakes, but Zi An can?" Then drink its wine. The man who makes snake feet will eventually die of his wine. ...
Mencius' mother moved three times
Author: Liu Xiang
Zou's mother, no. Its house is near the grave. When Mencius was young, wandering was between tombs. Meng Mu said, "This is not where I live." Is to leave and give up the city. His playfulness is something that Jia people dazzle and sell. Meng Mu added, "This is not my place." Back to Gong Xue. Its frolicking is to set up a cowpea and let it advance and retreat. Meng Mu said, "You can really live in a house." Seclusion. Meng Zichang, on the other hand, learned six arts and became a great man. ...
Hou Wen and Hunting in Dangerous Times
Author: Liu Xiang
Wei Wenhou agreed to hunt with officials in charge of the mountains. On this day, Wei Wenhou and all the officials drank happily, and it began to rain. When he was going out for an appointment, one of his attendants said, "I really enjoyed drinking today." It is raining again. Where are you going? " ? Wei Wenhou said, "I'm going hunting with someone else. Although I'm very happy here, how can I not go to the appointment?" " ? " So he went to the appointed place and cancelled the party himself. Since then, Wei has become powerful. ...
Pretend to love what you are actually afraid of.
Author: Liu Xiang
Ye loves dragons, and only carved dragons on long hooks and wine vessels, and carved dragons at home. In this way, when he was known by the dragon in the sky, he fell from the sky to Ye Gong's home. Someone visited him on the windowsill, and his dragon tail reached into the hall. When Ye Gong saw a dragon, he turned around and ran away, scaring him like a lost soul, terrified and unable to control himself. Therefore, Ye doesn't really like dragons. He just likes things that look like dragons, not dragons. ...