1. Master the content words and function words in the book (including glyphs, pronunciations and, most importantly, meanings).
2. Master the interchangeable words in the book
3. Master the polysemous words in the book
4. Master the ancient and modern meanings in the book
5. Read more ancient Chinese on this basis.
(If the school sends out extracurricular reading materials, you can read the ancient prose at the back, which is similar to the difficulty in the book.)
6. Practice some appropriately (65438+ 0 articles a week)
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The study of liberal arts pays attention to the sense of language, and more practice can cultivate it. In junior high school, I practiced nearly 100 articles in the first year alone, and the effect was remarkable!
Translation must be word for word.
2. Complete junior high school classical Chinese annotation Wolf Pu Songling
Ah Zai came home late, and all the meat in his burden was eaten, leaving only bones. On the way, the two wolves traveled a long way. Eliminate fear and throw it at the bone. The wolf has a bone to stop, and the wolf still comes from. After the re-voting, the post-wolf stopped and the former wolf came again. The bones are exhausted. And the combination of two wolves is the same.
Tu was embarrassed. He was afraid of being attacked by the enemy. There is a wheat field in Gu Ye, where the landowner earns a lot of money. Tu Naiben leaned against it with a knife on his shoulder. Wolves are afraid to go forward, eyeing each other.
When I was a child, a wolf left and a dog sat in front of him. After a long time, my eyes seem to be useless and very idle. Tu suddenly and violently, one knife to cut the wolf's head, several knives to kill it. Fang wanted to go, but when he turned to his salary, he saw a wolf hole in it, which was intended to attack him in the tunnel. The body is half in, and only the tail is exposed. After the slaughter, he died of a broken stock. It was the wolf who fell asleep before enlightenment, and covered it to lure the enemy.
Wolves are afraid, too, and they die in an instant. What about animals? Stop laughing.
① Selected from Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1986). There were three * * *, and here is the second one. Pu Songling (1640- 17 15) was born in Zichuan, Shandong (now Zibo, Shandong) in the Qing Dynasty. (2) [Slaughter] Slaughtering livestock refers to butchers, butchers and people who sell meat. (3) [check] here is the meaning of "only". (4) 【 compose (zhuì) line far 】 followed by a long walk. Affix, connection, here means to follow closely. ⑤ 【 Throwing bone 】 means "throwing bone at it". 6 [Follow].
The topic is incomplete. I wonder if there is any misunderstanding.
3. Interpretation of several commonly used words in junior middle school classical Chinese? As long as junior high school requires mastery, use 1 as a conjunction. It can be used to connect words, phrases and clauses and express various relationships. (1) means tied. Generally do not translate. Sometimes it can be translated as "you". For example, a crab kneels six times and pinches twice. (2) Represents a progressive relationship. It can be translated as "and" or "and". For example, a gentleman is knowledgeable and cares about himself. (3) indicates the undertaking relationship. It can be translated as "just" and "then" or not. Bluer than blue. ("encourage learning") (5) refers to the hypothetical relationship, which can be translated as "if" and "if". For example, those who are interested can expect the horse's head. ("Feng Wanzhen") (6) indicates a modified relationship, that is, a connecting adverbial. You don't have to translate it. For example, I have been thinking about ... all day ("Persuade to Learn") occasionally as the subject, translated as "you". Weng Changquan, for example, will have to wait on his mother day and night if he moves to Beijing. (Remember Zhong Wang's Business Flight) 3. The disyllabic function word "gang" is placed at the end of the sentence, which indicates a restrictive mood auxiliary word and is equivalent to "gang". For example, one person, one table, one chair and one fan. That's all. The word "zhi" (Shi Shuo) is often used as a contemporary word, auxiliary word and verb in classical Chinese, and its functions are different. First, as a synonym of 1, it is a generation, such as "the first stroke is very rough" in Xuanzhi of Ji Xiang, and "Zhi" can be translated as "She", such as Zou Ji satirizing coachable's "Sit and Talk, Ask Guests", and "Zhi" replaces "which is beautiful with Xu Gong". 4. Demonstrative pronouns, such as "I don't want to be like myself" in My Country, and "Zhi" can be translated as "Here, This" refers to the above-mentioned "Hanoi fierce" ... For example, the word "Zhi" in Ten Thoughts of Emperor Taizong connects the noun attribute "Bai Si" and the head word "Zhi" and can be translated as "De", indicating the positive relationship of restrictions. What about the duties of presiding officials? In Guo Qin Lun, the two words "zhi" connect the adjective attributives "fertile" and "key" with the head words "land" and "county" respectively, indicating the positive relationship of modification. 3. Symbol of prepositional object (untranslated). For example, "Fujin, why didn't you?" "In Candle Fires Back Qin's Family," Why not have it "is the object of" you ",which is ahead of schedule. This sentence can be translated as "the desire of the state of Jin" What is satisfaction (maybe? 4. Signs of attributive postposition (not translated), such as "Earthworms have no claws but strong bones and muscles" in "Persuasion", both of which are used as signs of attributive postposition. The word "zhi" is preceded by the head language, and the word "zhi" is followed by the attribute. This sentence can be translated as "Earthworms (though) have no sharp claws and strong bones and muscles". Here, two "zhi" are used between the subject and the predicate phrase, indicating that this phrase cannot be made into a sentence alone. This sentence can be translated into "(I) envy the recovery of everything and sigh that my years are coming to an end." "6. Used between the subject and the prepositional structure, indicating that they have become a whole, emphasizing and highlighting the significance of this prepositional structure. For example, in My Country and My Country, it is followed by the subject "I am a widow" and the preposition structure "Guo Yu", which emphasizes the meaning of "Guo Yu". I have tried my best to govern the country. "7. The auxiliary word (untranslated) is used after the word or some verbs indicating time to form a syllable, which has no practical significance and only plays the role of coordinating syllables. As an affix, this sentence translates as "I didn't learn much in a short time". The word "from this angle" in the book of remonstration and expulsion, in which the word "zhi" is followed by the verb "Guan", is meaningless and can be translated as "from this angle" 8. Embedded in the middle of a name has no practical significance. For example, The Fox Lost by Zheng, If I Make the Candle Force See, The Introduction Don't Tell Lu, The Fox Lost by Introduction, The Candle Force, Introduction, Gong, etc. 9. Gong admonishes the false road, which is embedded in special terms and can be translated as "Zhi, Zhi, Zhi". For example, in The Hongmen Banquet, "Xiang Bo is Pei in the night rush", and "zhi" is used as a verb before the local noun "Pei". "Yan" has both the meaning of the preposition "Yu" and the meaning of the demonstrative pronoun "Shi (this)", which is usually used after verbs or verb structures to introduce the people involved. There are many people in the world. ("I am for the country") (2) Guo Shu died and the whole city obeyed. (Zheng Boke Duan Yan Yu) Demonstrative pronouns usually serve as objects after transitive verbs, referring to people, things, things, etc. It has appeared before. For example, (1) and. Death is a disaster. (Biography of Planting Camels)-Compassion: Love the People. Interrogative pronouns are usually used before verbs or verb structures to express doubts and can be translated into "where" and "how". For example, (1) if you are in danger but don't hold on, how can you use the other person's face if you don't help? ("Ji's attack") (2) How can you know right from wrong? (Answer to Li Yishu) (3) What does Jiang want? As a modal particle, "Yan" can be used in a sentence or at the end of a sentence.
4. Common words in junior middle school classical Chinese explain one of the usages of function words in classical Chinese, pronoun 1, personal pronoun, translated as "he", "she" and "them".
(Cao Gui Debate) (2) Chen Sheng assisted him and killed two commanders. (Chen She Family) 3 Why did Confucius call it "Wen"? ("Ten Rules") 4 Ask when you wake up.
("Bian Que meets Cai Xinggong") 2. Demonstrative pronouns refer to things, which are translated into "it", "them" or literally translated names of things. (1) study in time, what's more? ("Ten Laws") After killing himself, he broke his shares and was killed.
("Wolf Warriors") 3 Confucius said: Learn silently and never tire of learning, and never tire of teaching. (Ten Laws) 4 The ghost asked, "Who are you replying to?" Ding Bo is responsible for this.
(Song Ding Bo Catch Ghosts) (5) recast, then the wolf stopped, and the old wolf came again. ("Wolf") Second, the auxiliary word: 1, the structural auxiliary word, translated as "De" ① Jun's illness is in the stomach and intestines, and it will benefit if he doesn't treat it.
(Bian Que meets Cai Huangong) (2) With your strength, you can't destroy the hill of the Sheikh's father. ("Gong Yu Yishan") 3 Taste the benevolent heart of the ancients.
("Yueyang Tower") (4) Qin was made in the south, why did you take the right of chickens and dogs? ("Reading the Biography of Meng Changjun") ⑤ Knock on the stone to plow the soil and transport the dustpan to the end of the Bohai Sea. (Gong Yu Yishan) 2. The structural mood auxiliary word is placed between the subject and the predicate, which cancels the independence of the sentence.
(1) Good medical care is not a disease. ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong") ② In the bone marrow, where Siming belongs, doing nothing! (Bian Que meets Cai Huangong) Although I am dead, I still have a son.
("Gong Yu Yishan") 4 The trip to the sun and the moon, if out of its territory. ("Looking at the Sea") ⑤ Give the lotus of love to the mud without being defiled.
("Ailian said") 3. Tone auxiliary words form syllables. (1) The public will drum it up.
("Cao Gui Debate") 2 For a long time, my eyes seem awkward and mean very leisurely. (Wolf) 3 Disappointed for a long time.
("Chen She Family") (4) In a short time, more than 20 thieves rode around and hundreds of people followed the bow and arrow on foot. (Biography of the Great Iron Vertebra) 4. Structural auxiliary words, the symbol of prepositional object.
The love between chrysanthemums and flowers is rarely heard of by Taohou. (Ailian said) What' s the matter? What was the sin of the Song Dynasty? The conjunction 1, a conjunction indicating a coordinate relationship, can be translated as "you", "moreover" and "ye". Sometimes translation is not required.
(1) You can be a teacher if you review old things and learn new things. (Ten Rules) There are different kinds of snakes in Yongzhou, some are black and some are white.
(Snake Catcher Theory) 3 Dongpo is the one crowned in the middle, (the story of the nuclear ship) 2. The conjunctions indicating inheritance are translated into "then" and "JIU". (Ten Rules) (2) At Huan Hou, Bian Que left. ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong") Wei Jianting, fighting, captured and killed the captain.
(Chen She aristocratic family) 3. The conjunctions indicating turning points are translated into "but", "however" and "but". (1) people don't know and don't mind, not as good as a gentleman? ("Ten Rules") (2) Ailian never sticks to the mud, clear but not demon ... You can look at it from a distance without being ridiculous.
("Ailian said") There are often swift horses, but Bole doesn't. (Ma Shuo) 4. A conjunction indicating a progressive relationship.
Translate "and" or not ". (1) with three brave and versatile, push for long.
("Feng Wanzhen") (2) Drinking less and getting drunk, the highest age, so it is called an alcoholic. ("Zuiweng Pavilion") 3 Sensitive and studious.
("Ten Laws") 5. It represents a modified relationship, which can be translated as "ground" and "zhe" or not. (1) Hequ laughs when it's wrong.
(One Mountain in Gong Yu) I stood up and looked at it. ("The Snake Catcher said") 3 Make a fuss, but stay there for a long time.
(Oil Man) 6. The conjunctions indicating causality are translated into "therefore", "therefore" and "therefore". (1) Fermented spring is wine, spring fragrance and wine bottle.
(Preface to the Drunken Pavilion) Liu Bei is a hero in the world, and there is a gap with Cao Cao. He stays on the table to show his evil ability and can't use him. (Zi Zhi Tong Jian. Battle of Red Cliffs ") (3) If you are not a lady's thing, you will take it away by force, but you will play with it.
The preposition 1 introduces the time when the action occurs, which can be translated as "in" and "from". (1) In December of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, I took a snowstorm from Beijing ... As for Taian.
("Climbing Mount Tai") 2. Introduce the reason for the action, which can be translated as "because …" and "because …". ① Don't rejoice in things, don't grieve for yourself.
("The Story of Yueyang Tower") (2) Everyone says that Meng Changjun can get the soil, so the scholars return it. ("Reading the Biography of Meng Changjun") 3 Fu Su used the theory of counting admonitions to make foreign generals.
(The Chen She Family) (4) And I make a living by catching snakes. (On Snake Catchers) 3. Introduce the conditions on which the action depends, which can be translated as "relying, using, following" and so on.
(1) If you don't use it, stick it on paper, one post for each rhyme, and store it in a wooden box. ("Ma Shuo") If you don't follow the path, you can't make the best use of food.
("Ma Shuo") 3 People in the territory do not take the border, the country does not take the risk of mountains and rivers, and the world does not take the benefits of military revolution. (Chapter 2 of Mencius) (4) With the strength of more than a year, it is impossible to destroy a hair on the mountain.
(One Mountain in Gong Yu) Second, the conjunction 1 is equivalent to "lai" in modern Chinese. (1) The intention is to dig a tunnel to attack the rear.
("Wolf") (2) Your Majesty should also ask for help for himself, so that he can ask others for advice. Therefore, it is necessary for your wife to observe the people's feelings.
("The Snake Catcher said") 4 Sincerely open the holy hearing to show the glory of the first emperor and the greatness of the people. (Model) 2. Table results can be translated as "even number" and "therefore".
(1) It's not appropriate to laugh at yourself, and it's a metaphor that loses its righteousness, so as to block the road of loyalty and admonition. (Teacher's Watch) 3. Table juxtaposition or commitment, causality.
(1) belongs to the composition. Remember it. Third, the verb: translated as "thinking".
The first emperor didn't treat his ministers with meanness, bring disgrace to oneself. The usage of notional words in classical Chinese is 1. People don't know but don't care (resentment). Ten Analects of Confucius II. Xue 32313133532363134313032365438. Advantages) (same as above) 5. Jun's disease is in the skin, but if it is not cured, it will benefit (gradually) "Bian Que sees Cai Huangong" 6. When he woke up, he was asked (intentionally) (ditto) 7. He asked Bian Que (search) (same as above) 8. Huan Hou died (hence) (ditto) 9. Tu was embarrassed and afraid of being attacked by the enemy before and after (ditto)
5. The main points of classical Chinese in junior high school Step 1: Quickly browse the topics The extracurricular classical Chinese reading questions have one feature: some topic options show the meanings of some keywords in the text; Some topics hint at the main content of classical Chinese.
Browsing topics helps students understand the general meaning of classical Chinese. Therefore, after receiving the extracurricular classical Chinese reading essay, we should first quickly browse the topics after the essay.
The second step: carefully analyze the topic Generally speaking, the reading paragraphs of classical Chinese after class will give topics, and most of the topics themselves summarize the main contents of classical Chinese. For example, in an exam, I took an extra-curricular reading article in the classical Chinese "Chu People Learn to Boat".
The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph, and we can know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, a careful analysis of the title of a paragraph can help us quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese.
Step 3: Read the full text with notes quickly. Read articles in classical Chinese after class, and some difficult words in classical Chinese are generally annotated. These notes help students understand the main content of classical Chinese accurately.
So, don't ignore these notes, but take them with you to read the full text quickly. In addition, it should be noted that in the process of reading the full text, don't stop and think hard, but continue reading.
In short, read the full text quickly, not completely, but understand the main idea of the article. Step 4: Answer the question with the right medicine.
There are three types of reading problems in extracurricular classical Chinese, namely, word interpretation, sentence translation and content understanding. Use different methods to solve different problems: (1) Word explanation questions: This kind of questions mostly examine the phenomenon of polysemy of words in classical Chinese, which are basically learned by students in classical Chinese in class.
When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer. (2) Sentence translation: The translated sentence should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation.
First, explain the meaning of the key words in the draft (literal translation); Then, write the general meaning of the sentence (free translation). When translating sentences, we should pay attention to the following problems: ① Proper nouns such as year number, person name, place name, official name, object name, book title and country name should be kept as they are, and no translation is needed.
For example, in the spring of four years (year number), Teng (name) was appointed to guard Baling County (place name). In the spring of Li Qing's fourth year, Teng was demoted to Baling County Order.
For example: "Chen Shengsheng, Yangcheng people are also". "Zhe ... also" means meaningless and should be deleted.
Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng. ③ Some special sentence patterns in classical Chinese (such as verb inversion, preposition object and adverbial postposition). ) Different from the word order of modern Chinese, appropriate adjustments should be made in translation.
For example, "Sorry, you don't like it!" "Your mental deficiency is too serious. (4) If the translated sentence is an ellipsis, the omitted elements should be supplemented.
For example: "Naidan Shubo said' Chen' (omitting the subject)." They wrote the word "Chen" on the silk with vermilion.
(3) Content comprehension questions. There are three ways to solve this kind of problem: one is to quote the original sentence to answer; Second, extract keywords from the original text to answer; Third, organize written answers in your own words.
Among the three methods, the first and second methods have higher accuracy.
6. Translation methods and skills of college entrance examination ancient prose 1. Basic methods: literal translation and free translation.
There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.
Second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change.
"Stay" means to keep. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement. , can remain unchanged when translating.
"Delete" means delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Pei Gong's bodyguard Fan Kuai. "This is also" is an auxiliary word at the end, which is not translated.
"Supplement" means supplement. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Fill in the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.
"Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You".
"Adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns. When translating subject-predicate inversion sentences, prepositional object sentences, prepositional object postposition sentences and attributive postposition sentences, the word order should generally be adjusted to conform to modern Chinese expression habits.
"Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, translate related words on the spot. If "the waves are calm", it can be translated as "(the lake) is calm".
Translation formula of ancient Chinese
Classical Chinese translation has its own order, so you can read the whole article first and grasp the main idea.
Understand the theme first, collect information, from paragraphs to sentences, from clauses to words,
Understand all, be clear, and be careful when dealing with difficult sentences.
Take care of the previous paragraph, connect with the next sentence, think carefully and try to figure out the tone.
Strive to be reasonable, reasonable and closely related.
If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain.
Names and place names, without translation, names, as usual,
I and Yu are mine, and Er and You are yours. Omitting inversion is regular.
Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence.
After translation, you must carefully compare the sentences and understand the tone.
The sentence was fluent, and then I stopped writing.