The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations from Confucius and his disciples, which was compiled by Confucius' disciples and re-disciples until the early Warring States period. The book * * * consists of 20 chapters and 492 sections. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles.
There are three independent and closely related categories in The Analects of Confucius: ethics category-benevolence, social and political category-propriety, cognitive methodology category-the doctrine of the mean. Benevolence, first of all, is the true state in people's hearts. The final compromise must be kindness, and this true and kind state is "benevolence".
Confucius established the category of benevolence, and then expounded that courtesy is a reasonable social relationship and a norm to treat people and things, and then expounded the methodological principle of the "golden mean" system. "Benevolence" is the ideological core of The Analects.
Extended information 1. appreciate
The Analects of Confucius are mostly quotations, but they are all rich in meaning, and some sentences and chapters are vivid. The center of the description in The Analects of Confucius is Confucius, "Confucius' elegant demeanor overflows with aphorisms" (Wen Xin Diao Zheng Longsheng); There are not only static descriptions of his manners, but also vivid descriptions of his personality and temperament.
In addition, centering on Confucius, The Analects of Confucius also successfully created some images of Confucius disciples. Such as frankness and recklessness, Yan Hui's virtuous, Zi Gong's cleverness and eloquence, Zeng's naturalness and refinement. , can be called a distinctive personality, can leave a deep impression on people.
Confucius taught different students in accordance with their aptitude, taking into account their different qualities, advantages and disadvantages, and the specific situation of studying in Germany. It embodies the valuable spirit of tirelessly teaching people.
According to Yan Yuan, both disciples asked Ren, and Confucius gave different answers. He answered Yan Yuan's "self-denial is benevolence" (one of the manifestations of benevolence is self-denial, and he does something); Answer Zhong Gong "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you".
Answer Sima Niu: "A benevolent person is guilty of words." . Yan Yuan is knowledgeable, so he should take the program of "benevolence" as the key link and describe Zhong Gong and Sima Niu in detail. Another example, "Confucius replied to Luz," with my father and brother here, how can I smell it and do it! Because it is also a human being, it retired. You Ran replied, "Steven can do it. "
Because "seeking also retreats, so entering also." This is not only a question of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, but also full of Confucius' high sense of responsibility to his disciples!
Two. Brief introduction of the author
Confucius (September 28th BC1year-April BC1year), surnamed Kong, was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period (now Qufu, Shandong) and his ancestral home was Li Yi (now Xiayi, Henan), an ancient thinker and educator in China.
In the 15th year of Lu Aigong (480 BC), another favorite pupil of Confucius died in the civil strife in Wei State and was chopped to pieces. After this series of blows, Confucius knew that his time was running out.
On the fourth day of February in the 16th year of Lu Aigong (April 4th, 479 BC), Zi Gong came to see Confucius, who stood in front of the door with a cane. He asked Zi Gong why he came to see him so late. So I lamented that Mount Tai would collapse, beams and columns would rot, and philosophers would wither and rot like vegetation.
Confucius said with tears: There is no road in the world for a long time, and no one wants to adopt his own ideas. It is impossible to realize one's own ideas. People in Xia Dynasty died at funerals in the Eastern Dynasty, people in Zhou Dynasty died at funerals in the Western Dynasty, and people in Shang Dynasty died between two pillars. Last night, I dreamed that I was sitting between two trees to pay my respects. My ancestors were from Shang Dynasty. ?
On February 11th, the 16th year of Lu Aigong (1 1 year BC), Confucius died at the age of seventy-three, and was buried at the bank of Surabaya in the north of Lucheng. Many disciples kept the tomb for three years, but Zi Gong kept it for Confucius for six years. Hundreds of disciples and Lu people came home from the ancient tomb and named them. Confucius' former residence was turned into a temple and was enshrined by people.
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