Regarding the origin of Manchuria, historians have long concluded that it originated from the Changbai Mountain in Northeast China. However, in recent years, rumors have circulated on the Internet that the Jianzhou Jurchens are "Siberian Tungus". Although there is no evidence, the impact is bad. This article refers to domestic formal books, papers and other materials to comprehensively explain the origin of Manchuria. The full text strives to be objective, fair, rigorous and detailed, and is appropriately detailed.
Changbai Mountain is the highest and largest mountain in Northeast China. Three important rivers, Songhua River, Tumen River and Yalu River, originate from Tianchi in Changbai Mountain. This mountain can be called the source of rivers in Northeast China. Since ancient times, many ethnic groups in Northeast China have regarded Changbai Mountain as a "holy mountain".
The earliest document in China that records Changbai Mountain is the "Book of Mountains and Seas", which says: "There is a mountain in the wilderness, with a name that is not salty, in the country of Sushen." Not salty may mean white, which is a description of the year-round snow on the top of Changbai Mountain. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Dongyi" records: "In the fifth year of Emperor Zhao's first year, Xuantu moved to Gouli, starting from Shandan Daling (Changbai Mountain). In the east, Wo Ju Hui belongs to Lelang. "The pronunciation of "Dan Dan" here is similar to "Shan Yan" in Manchu, which means white.
There is an ancient ethnic group living in the Changbai Mountain area, the Sushen people, who are the ancestors of the Jurchen people. "History of Liao" records that "there are thirty female straight men in Changbai Mountain." "History of Jin" has "Heishui Mohe lived in the ancient Sushen land, and there is a mountain called Baishan, covering Changbai Mountain..." Jiaqing re-edited the "Unification of the Qing Dynasty" about Changbai Mountain The explanation is: "The ancient name is Buxian Mountain".
The Sushen people were probably an early ethnic group that submitted to the Shang Dynasty. After the Western Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty had contact with Sushen, and Sushen paid tribute to the Western Zhou Dynasty with "Zu Shi Shi Ni", so there was a saying that "Sushen, Yan, Bo, are my northern lands". Since then, successive dynasties in the Central Plains have regarded Su Shen's tribute "Zhu Ya Shi Ni" as an important symbol of the surrender of the Northeastern people.
Since then, Sushen's name has been recorded as Yilou, Wuji, Mohe, and Jurchen. "Three Kingdoms" records: "Yi Lou... was the country of the Sushen clan in ancient times." "Book of Sui·Dongyi Biography" explains that Mohe "from the east of Fu Ni, all arrows are made of stone arrows, which is the ancient Sushen clan." . "Book of Jin" says, "Sushen's family name is Yilou, located in the north of Buxian Mountain." "History of the Jin Dynasty" summarizes: "Before the Jin Dynasty, the Mohe clan came out. Mohe's original name was Wuji. Wuji was also the ancient Su Shendi. In the Yuan and Wei Dynasties, Wuji had seven tribes: in the Sui Dynasty, it was called Mohe; in the early Tang Dynasty, Wuji , there were Heishui Mohe and Sumo Mohe. "During the Tang Dynasty, Sumo Mohe established a powerful Bohai Kingdom.
The term Jurchen appeared in the Song Dynasty. People in the Song Dynasty called them "Zhu Lizhen" and falsely called them "Jurchen". In order to avoid the taboo of Liao Xingzong Yelv Zhen, the Liao Dynasty wrote "female straight". From then on, the Yuan and Ming dynasties were called "Jurchens". In addition, the word "Tatar" originally referred to Jurchen, which is synonymous with Mohe. Later, a branch of the Mohe migrated to Mobei and evolved into the Tatar people (Tatars). This tribe became powerful during the Jin Dynasty, so later "Tatar" was used to refer to various Mongolian tribes. There is still the "Tatar Strait" in the outer northeast.
The word "Tungus" is a collective name for the ethnic groups in Northeast China (Tungus in the narrow sense only refers to the Ewenki people). The so-called "Tungus" are pig farmers. The weather in the Northeast is severely cold, and pork has high fat content. Eating pork is good for keeping out the cold. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Dongyi" mentioned that "Yi Lou... is good at raising pigs, eating their meat, and clothing their skins. In winter, apply pig paste on your body, a few minutes thick, to keep out the wind and cold." "Tatar Translation" of the Ming Dynasty It says "Pig, Tangwusi", that is, the Tatars call pig "Tungusi" (Tungus).
"Historical Records: The Benji of Yin" records the origin myths and legends of the ancestors of the Shang Dynasty, "Yin Qi, whose mother is Jian Di, has a daughter of the Wei family, who is the second concubine of the emperor Ku. The three of them were bathing and saw Xuan Xuan. A bird dropped its egg, and Jian Di swallowed it, and a bond was born due to pregnancy. "Coincidentally, the Aixinjueluo family of the Qing Dynasty also had a similar legend, which was recorded in the "Records of Emperor Taizu Wu of the Qing Dynasty".
The legend is probably as follows: There is a peak on Changbai Mountain called Bukuli Mountain, and there is Bulehuli Lake on the mountain. One day, three fairies, Ngulun, Zhenggulun and Foculun, were bathing in the lake. The youngest one, Foculun, accidentally ate the red fruit brought by the magpie and became pregnant and could not return to heaven. After that, she gave birth to a son, named "Bukuli" with "Aixinjueluo" as his surname.
It is no coincidence that the two stories are so similar. People in the Northeast use birds as totems. The ancestral myths of many ethnic groups are related to birds, and the people of the Shang Dynasty probably also originated in the Northeast.
"Aixinjueluo" means "Jin's surname", "Aixin" means "Jin", and "Jueluo" means the surname. The previous Jurchen tribe had established the Jin Kingdom, which was established by the Wanyan tribe, not the later Jianzhou Jurchen tribe. However, the two tribes are related.
According to legend, there were 15 lifetimes between Bukuri and Nurhaci. However, according to the existing documents, we can only push up 7 lifetimes from Nurhaci to Mengtemu (Nurhachi is the sixth grandson of Mengtemu and is called For the fierce brother Timur). There are various indications that Meng Temu was a figure from the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, while Bukuli should have lived during the Jin Dynasty. Therefore, Huang Taiji said: "I am the founder of the country, and I am equal to Dajin.
"
Aixinjueluo belongs to the Oduoli tribe of the Jianzhou Jurchens. In the early Ming Dynasty, the grandson of Yu Xuli, the cousin of Mengge Timur, the leader of the Jianzhou Jurchens, once said, "The big gold is mine. "Remote Ancestor". Yao Ximeng of the Ming Dynasty said in "The Beginning and End of Jianyi Officials" that the Jianzhou Jurchens were "descendants of the Jin Dynasty". Ancient Korean books record: "Oduoli is also a descendant of the Jin Dynasty. "In 1616, Nurhaci named the country "Jin", which was also the inheritance of the Jin Kingdom.
The surname of the Jurchen Oduoli tribe in Jianzhou is Jiawen, which is "Jiagu" in the Jin Dynasty. The Han surname was changed to Tong or Tong. In the Jin Dynasty, residents with these surnames lived in the area from Heilongjiang to the Tatar Strait, and their governance was in Yilan County, Heilongjiang. Jiagu Qingchen served as Minister Zuocheng and Pingzhang. Political and other important positions were "given to people of the same dynasty", that is, the surname Wanyan was given. Later, the surname Jiagu became second only to Wanyan in the Jin Kingdom. In addition, the surnames of other Jurchen tribes in Jianzhou were also derived. The surname was given by the Jin Dynasty. The original surname of Huoer Abe (Huli Kaibu) was Guolun (possibly Guolun), which was actually a branch of the Jin surname.
During the Jin Dynasty, square characters were created based on Chinese characters. Jurchen script. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen Jurchen chieftain could still read Jurchen script. The Jingjin Biao was written in Jurchen script. The ultimatum given to Korea by the great chief of the Oduoli tribe was also written in Jurchen script, and the Manchu script was only created in 1632. The Oduoli tribe also has more than 20 kinds of classics. , apparently handed down from the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there were also Douman (ten thousand households), Meng'an (thousand households), Tang Kuo (hundred households), Dudalu Huachi, etc. in the Yuan Dynasty. The names of these official positions were inherited from the Jin Dynasty. During the Yuan Dynasty, there were five major Jurchen tribes in Jianzhou, so there were five and five thousand households. By the late Yuan Dynasty, there were only three remaining cities, namely Oduoli, Huligai and Tuowen. The 30,000 households were collectively called "Gandoli, Huoer'a and Tuowen". , which is commonly known as "moving Landouman", it is still said that there are 30,000 households. "According to scholars' research, the Oduoli tribe is located on the west side of the Mudanjiang estuary, the Huli Gai tribe is located in Yilan County, and Tuowen is located at the mouth of the Tangwang River.
In 1403, Aha, the chief of Huli, surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty named him a guard and used the name of Jianzhou as "Jianzhou Wei". Later, Huli changed his tribe and Wei. The Duoli tribe moved south and basically lived in the Tumen River area. In 1406, the Ming Dynasty appointed Meng Ge Timur of the Oduoli tribe as the commander of the Jianzhou Guard. In 1408, more Jurchens surrendered in the Songhua River Basin. In the Ming Dynasty, the Jianzhou Guards were placed under the jurisdiction of the Jianzhou Jurchens, thus expanding the power of the Jianzhou Jurchens. In 1412, the Ming Dynasty named the Oduoli tribe the Jianzhou Zuowei. In 1442, a chieftaincy broke out within the Oduoli tribe. During the war, the two chiefs stood side by side, and the Ming Dynasty also followed the trend and divided the Jianzhou left guard into the left and right guards. As a result, the Jianzhou three guards were officially formed.
According to Korean historical records, The total number of households in the Jianzhou Sanwei is 2,300, among which the Jianzhou Jurchens (the Huli tribe) have the largest number. In fact, the Jianzhou Jurchen Sanwei cannot fully reflect the internal divisions and expansion of the Jianzhou Jurchen tribe. By the late Ming Dynasty, there were eight Jurchen tribes in Jianzhou, namely Sukesuhuhe tribe, Zhechen tribe, Wanyan tribe, Hunhe tribe, Dong'e tribe, Yalujiang tribe, Neyin tribe and Zhusheli tribe. Generally speaking, the first five parts are called the Manchu Five Parts, and the last three parts are called the Changbai Mountain Three Parts.
In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Li Gunaha and Dong Shan, the leaders of the Three Guards of Jianzhou, invaded Liaodong. So in 1467, the Ming Dynasty sent an army of 50,000 to attack the Jurchens in Jianzhou, while North Korea also sent a large army to take advantage of the situation. It almost brought disaster to the Jianzhou Ministry. After that, the Haixi Jurchens became stronger, and the Ming Dynasty turned its attention to dealing with the Haixi Jurchens and built the Liaodong border wall.
Under such circumstances, the Jurchens in Jianzhou had to rely on the Ming Dynasty and actively engaged in war and tribute trade with the Ming Dynasty, which gradually restored Jianzhou's economy. During the Jiaqing period, the Jianzhou Department recovered its vitality, and its leader Wang Gao (Nurhachi's maternal grandfather) launched a war against the Ming Dynasty, killing the Ming Dynasty's deputy general soldier Hei Chun and guerrilla Pei Chengzu. So the Ming Dynasty sent Li Chengliang to attack Wang Gao. Wang Gao was betrayed and captured by the Haixi Jurchen Hada tribe, and was eventually killed. In 1583, Li Chengliang once again sent troops to attack Jianzhou, captured Atai City, and massacred more than 2,200 innocent people.
In this massacre, Juechang (Nurhaci’s grandfather) and Takshi (Nurhaci’s father), who originally submitted to the Ming Dynasty, were accidentally killed by the Ming army. After this massacre, the Jianzhou Jurchens and the Ming Dynasty became feuds. In order to survive at that time, Nurhaci endured the humiliation and followed Li Chengliang bravely. Later, he looked for opportunities to break away from Li Chengliang's control and began his own path of revenge. Nurhaci unified all the ministries in Jianzhou and established the "Later Jin" regime.
After that, Nurhaci defeated the Ming Dynasty in the Battle of Salsh and annexed the Haixi Jurchens. In 1626, Huang Taiji came to the throne and continued to expand the territory of Hou Jin. In 1635, Huang Taiji basically unified the Northeast, so he began large-scale reforms and prepared to proclaim himself emperor. Huang Taiji changed Jurchen to "Manchu" in 1635, which is the origin of Manchu. Huang Taiji also established the royal family as Jin surname (Aixinjueluo). The Ewenki and Oroqen people further north are also Jurchen branches.