Jews used to be an unfortunate people. In 63 BC, the Roman imperial army invaded Jerusalem, slaughtered 500,000 Jews, and forced them to "scatter" around the world. However, no matter where they migrate, they can't get rid of the fate of being discriminated against and oppressed. In World War II, Nazi Germany killed 6 million Jews, accounting for one third of the world's Jewish population. Later, with the sympathy and support of the United States, Britain and other countries, Jews established a Jewish state-Israel, which means "a person who fell with God". Since then, Jews have a foothold, and then they can quickly develop their small country with an area of 20,000 square kilometers and a population of less than 5 million into the smallest superpower in the world and one of the few countries with nuclear weapons.
Miao people have suffered more than Jews in the past and have a long history. They are a more unfortunate people.
During the five thousand years after the fierce battle between Yanhuang and Zhuolu Chiyou, due to various historical reasons, the Miao people experienced five large-scale and extensive historical migrations from north to south, from east to west, and from home to overseas, and their sufferings were self-evident.
In ancient China society, Yan Di, Huangdi and Chiyou once formed a tripartite confrontation. Therefore, we believe that the statement that China people are "descendants of the Chinese people" is incomplete, and the correct statement should be "descendants of the Chinese people" or "descendants of the Chinese nation". This is not a question of whether you like it or not, but a true national historical fact.
Anyone who has read "Ancient China" knows that it was the Yi people who first developed and propagated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River; Qiang people live in the Weihe River basin to the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River; Tijen used to live on the Mongolian plateau. Chiyou is the leader of Jiuli Group of Yi people, the leader of Qiang people is Yandi, and the leader of Chiren people is Huangdi. Later, in order to compete for this fertile land in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, there was a war of barbarians, and Chiyou defeated Emperor Yan. Emperor Yan was defeated and retreated to the western regions. He fought against the Yellow Emperor in Hanquan, but the enemy could not defeat the Yellow Emperor, so he joined the Yellow Emperor and followed him eastward. He fought three decisive battles in Hanquan, Zhuolu, China-Hebei and Chiyou. Emperor Yan Huang won, and Chiyou died in the battle of the north of the river. Then, the Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di, and the first great national integration appeared in the history of the Chinese nation. That is, the integration of Yi, Qiang and Di formed the Chinese nation. Di, which has not been integrated, has become a modern Altai nationality (Uygur, Mongolian, Manchu, etc. ): Without integration, the Qiang people have become modern Tibetans and Yi people. In the Tibeto-Burman language family; Without integration, some have become modern Miao and Yao nationalities, while others have become modern Zhuang and Dong nationalities (Zhuang and Dai, etc. ). After the defeat of Chiyou, the Miao ancestors, unwilling to integrate into the Chinese nation, moved to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to support the elderly and bring up the young. After more than 400 years of development, they established a new country in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River-"Sanmiao Country". Moving south from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is the first great migration in Miao history.
After Sanmiao Kingdom became strong in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the left Dongting and the right, it clashed with Huaxia Group headed by Yao, Shun and Yu. After several generations of "conquests" by Yao, Shun and Yu, they were completely defeated in Sanmiao, and the effective forces were basically wiped out. Since then, the "Three Miao Kingdom" has ceased to exist. Except for some survivors who were integrated into the Huaxia nationality, the rest of the villagers fled to the south and lived in seclusion in the mountainous areas of Jiangxi and Hunan south of Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake. After several years of development, the Miao nationality appeared in the historical documents of the Central Plains under the names of "Nan Man", "Jingchu" or "Jing Chu". This is the second great migration in Miao history.
Miao people are a persevering people. After they moved from the lake plain to Mianshan area, they thrived and developed in the mountainous areas with bad conditions after arduous development. During the 424 years from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, the Miao nationality developed into one of the "five tyrants" and "seven chivalrous men" in Chu. Whether Chu State was founded by Miao people remains to be further studied, but it is recorded in the ancient book Historical Records * Chu Family. King Wen of Chu said, "I am a barbarian, and I don't have the same surname as China." Chu Wuwang also said: "I am a barbarian, and now all princes are rebels." . According to Fan Wenlan's "General History of China": "In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were 230 wars; There were 220 wars during the Warring States Period. " Because of the continuous war, it has brought great disasters to the Miao people. In order to avoid the disaster of war, some Miao people trudged westward and moved to Wuling Mountain area where the natural conditions were more sinister. After Qin swallowed Ba and Shu destroyed Chu, Miao people fled to the west and south in large numbers. In his book "Outline of China History", Jian Bozan said, "By the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the mountains, rivers and valleys in Sichuan, Guizhou, Tingjiu and Hubei today were all over barbarians." Most of them follow the Lishui River back to Yuanjiang River and enter the "Five Rivers" in Wuling area. "Wuxi" refers to Xiong Xi, Manxi, Chenxi, Youxi and Wuxi. Xiong Xi is Wushui, which flows through Chengbu, Suining and Huitong counties in Hunan and flows into Yuanjiang: Wuxi, now called Wuyang River, flows through Ping Huang, Shibing, Zhenyuan, Cengong and Yuping in Guizhou and Xinhuang, Zhijiang and Huaihua in Hunan, and flows into Yuanjiang; Originated in Wuyun Mountain in southern Guizhou, it flows through southeastern Guizhou, and meets Yuanshui River in Qiancheng, Hunan Province. The Qingshui River is also full of Miao people who have moved in for development and reproduction. Some Miao people who moved south along Wushui went to Damiaoshan, Sanjiang and other places in Guangxi, and some crossed the sea to Hainan Island. Later, the Miao people appeared in the literature under the names of "Wu Lingren" and "Wuxi people". This is the third great migration in Miao history.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Miao people living in Wuling Mountain and Wuxi had a period of stable development. By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, "Wu Lingren" had formed a powerful force, which attracted the attention of feudal dynasties. "The History of the Later Han Dynasty * Biography of Nan Man" says: "Martial arts are flourishing, and Wuling is flourishing." Fearing that the Miao people would threaten their own rule, Emperor Guangwu sent General Shang Liu from Wuwei back to Yuanjiang twice to attack Wu Lingren. Not only did he fail, but he was wiped out. After sending Song Li and Ma Cheng to attack Wuling Man, they were defeated by Wuling Miao and other ethnic groups. Guangwudi was furious and sent Fu Bo General Ma Yuan to attack Wuling Man with 40,000 troops. Wu Lingren took Gao Shou Pass in Hushantou (now East of Yuanling, Hunan) to stop Ma Jun for more than eight months, and Ma Yuan also fell ill in anger and died in the army. From then on, and in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the feudal dynasty constantly used "Wu Lingren" and "Wuxi people" on a large scale. According to Zi Jian, in the 12th year of Tang Kaiyuan (724), Yang Sixu, an imperial eunuch, was recruited into Guizhou, and "led sixty thousand troops, beheaded thirty thousand people". Due to the continuous suppression of feudal dynasties, "Wu Lingren" and "Wuxi people" were forced to move westward again, or live in seclusion in higher and more dangerous mountain valleys. Some moved to Sizhou (now Cengong County) and the mountainous areas of Sinan, Yinjiang and Fan Jing to the west of Wuyang River. Some settled in the slopes and valleys of La 'er Mountain in Tingxi and Songtao in eastern Guizhou. Some settled in southeastern Guizhou along Qingshui Jiangxi; Some of them moved further into northern Guizhou, western Guizhou, southern Sichuan, Yunnan and Guangxi, and their distribution became more and more dispersed. This is the fourth great migration in Miao history.
During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the fifth great migration movement took place on a larger scale and in a wider range because of the heavier ethnic discrimination and oppression of the Miao nationality by the feudal court and the more cruel military repression. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Chinese nation was divided into four classes, and southerners, including Miao people, were regarded as the last class. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Miao people were forced to rebel many times and were suppressed and slaughtered many times. Every time the uprising fails, it leads to the result of running away from home. Today, most Miao people who speak the central dialect in Guiyang, Anshun and southwest Guizhou fled southeast Guizhou after being brutally suppressed by the Qing government during the reign of Gan Yong. During the reign of Qianlong and Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, the Miao uprising led by Shi, Shi and Wu in August before Tingqian lasted for more than ten years, mobilizing 654.38+800,000 troops from five provinces and costing nearly 20 million yuan. The insurgents alone killed more than 200 Du Shi officials and even the governor, and paid a huge price for suppressing the uprising. However, the Qing dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. After the failure of the uprising, some Miao people at the border of Hunan and Guizhou fled to south-central Guizhou, some fled to Nandan County, Guangxi, and some were captured and taken to Beijing, where they were put in black jails and besieged the city. Now the Miao people in Mentougou, Sijiqing Xishan, Beijing, are the descendants of the captured rebels in this uprising. After the failure of Xian Tong Uprising in Qiandongnan led by Zhang Xiumei, some Miao people in Qiandongnan moved to southwest Guizhou and some moved to Wenshan via Xingyi. According to Vietnamese scholars' research, most Miao people living in Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, Laos and Thailand moved to Guizhou after three failed uprisings in Gan Yong, Ganjia and Xian Tong in the Qing Dynasty. In the early Qing Dynasty, 80 Miao people moved to Wentong County, Hejiang Province, Vietnam, because of the failure to oppose "returning home". The uprising of Ganjia, Shishi and Wuba failed, and Guiyang, Yunnan and Guangxi Miao moved into Wentong County of Vietnam and Beihe County of Laojie Province in two ways. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, more than 65,438+00,000 Miao people moved from Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi to Laojie, Hejiang and Ampei. According to a survey by French scholar Yang, the Miao people who moved to Laos thought that the time of moving in was between 18 10- 1820, and they had lived in Luang Prabang for 1850 years. Some people think that as many as 50,000 Miao people moved to Laos from Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi at that time. Suzhou, which moved its capital to Thailand, moved its capital from Laos to Myanmar from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century. 1975 or so, due to the Indian zhina War, some Miao people in Laos became homeless refugees in the war. With the help of ZF in Thailand and the United Nations, these refugees were imported and sent to a third country. The United States is the country that accepts the most Miao people, with more than 200,000 people. France, Canada, Australia, Guyana, Germany and Argentina also accepted hundreds, thousands or tens of thousands of people. At this point, the migration movement in Suzhou's history after 5,000 years basically ended.
Such a long-term, large-scale, large-scale and long-distance arduous migration of Miao people is rare not only among the 56 ethnic groups of the Chinese nation, but also among more than 2,000 ethnic groups in the world. Because of this great migration movement, it has had a far-reaching impact on the development and production of Miao nationality.
First, due to continuous migration, the Miao people have honed their indomitable will, and have a strong anti-exploitation spirit against ethnic exploitation and oppression. They are brave in speaking out, taking responsibility, not bowing in the face of difficulties, not being discouraged in adversity, and optimistic and humorous.
Secondly, due to constant migration, Miao people deeply understand that only unity can have strength; Only unity can't survive. Therefore, Miao people attach great importance to unity, not only to their own unity, but also to unity and harmony with other ethnic groups, to be loyal to others, to attach importance to friendship, to be kind to others, to be open-minded, not to bully the weak, not to seek hegemony and not to hold grudges.
Thirdly, due to the constant migration and changing living environment, Miao people are trained to be particularly hardworking and enterprising. No matter where you move to a hard area, you can adapt quickly, give full play to the local natural advantages from reality, and develop a prosperous vocal cord. Therefore, in the long history of migration, Miao people have made their own contributions to the economic and cultural development, growth and prosperity of the country and the nation.
Fourthly, due to the continuous migration, the Miao nationality has been in the repeated movement of entrepreneurship-migration and migration-entrepreneurship for a long time, which objectively delayed the social development process of the Miao nationality's economy and culture and made the Miao nationality's productivity in a backward state of low-speed development for a long time.
Fifthly, due to the continuous migration, the Miao nationality has a wide area and scattered residence, and over time, a variety of dialects have been formed. Because there is no unified language, Miao people can't speak and talk in a unified Miao language today.
At present, our party and country conscientiously implement the policies of "ethnic equality" and "regional ethnic autonomy", and all ethnic groups enjoy equal rights in politics, economy and culture. Miao nationality has become one of the important members of the Chinese nation, and developed countries with maritime civilization also oppose ethnic discrimination and racial oppression. It can be said that today's world is the best time for all ethnic groups to develop and prosper together. As long as any nation cherishes this historical opportunity, learns from advanced nations with an open mind, strives to enhance unity and friendship with all ethnic groups in the world, constantly strengthens its own cohesion, and sets up the spirit of self-reliance and self-improvement, it can make inestimable contributions to the civilization and progress of the same kind of world, and Miao nationality is no exception.