On the Style of Zhang Dai's Prose?

A, Zhang Dai's celebrity demeanor Zhang Dai (1597- 1684, said died in 1689), the word Zongzi, Shigong, Butterfly Temple, Huiji Waishi, Yin Shan (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), originally from Mianzhu, Sichuan, so he called himself Bo. Zhang Dai was born in an official family. Gaozu Tianfu, the official deputy to the governor of Yunnan, Gansu Taifuqing. Great-grandfather Bian, the top scholar in five years (157 1), entered imperial academy, and Zhan Zhifu left Yude. Grandfather Zhang Rulin, a scholar in the 23rd year of Wanli (1595), went to Guangxi to attend the Senate. Father Zhang, born in the vice list, is Lu Fan's long history. Zhang Dai's background is also a scholarly family background. My ancestors were all scholars, proficient in history, Confucian classics, neo-Confucianism, literature, primary school and geography. Fu Tian and Bianyuan's father and son have compiled Shaoxing Fu Zhi, Huiji Zhi and Yinshan Zhi. "Together, the three records are called Tan Qian and his son. "(Family Biography) (If Zhang Dai's poems and notes are quoted from Zhang Dai's Poems published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 199 1 and corrected by Xia Xianchun, only the title of the article will be noted. ) Grandfather Lin Ru said, "As a teenager, I am good at ancient studies and read widely. "(ditto) never let go. Thirty years later, he wrote Yunshan, but later he gave up writing because it was similar to Yongle Dadian (Mengshan, Tao An). Zhang III's collection of books, Dai "collected books for forty years, with no less than 30,000 volumes." (Three Episodes of the Legacy of Tao Anmeng) Zhang Dai was born in a literary family. Generations of grandparents and grandchildren are good at writing and writing works. Tianfu is rich in manuscripts of the Ming Dynasty, while the original manuscripts of Bu 'erzhai are available. Lin Ruyou has Collected Works of Interpretation of the Yuan Dynasty, and Fang Yao's "Singing Good Songs and Poems" (Family Biography) has been paying attention to this way since Zhang. Fang Yao's "teaching little tricks and advocating drama" (Family Biography) reached Zhang Dai's generation. "The master appreciates preparing lessons, delays the teacher's class, and there are thousands of children. When that boy comes to his house, he is called' crossing the sword gate'. How dare he rush? " He studied piano with a teacher and learned more than 30 songs. He called it "practice is still alive, and it has come out with astringency." (Same as Shaoxing Qinpai) and "Jiesi Society, meeting on January 3rd." (Tongsi Society) Zhang Dai, the Chinese side, "can draw and speak", is "on an equal footing" with Shen Zhou, Dong Qichang and Li. Good antiques, rich collection, fine appreciation, "there are thousands of famous paintings, French brocade." (Attached Biography) Zhang Dai, who is deeply impressed, is indeed an expert on the inscriptions of various cultural relics and antiques and the identification of many porcelain kiln bronzes. Zhang Dai lived in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, eunuchs were good at power, traitors were in power, spies were rampant, party struggles were fierce, and domestic and foreign troubles intensified. Kind and loyal, or exiled, or punished. At the same time, an anti-Neo-Confucianism and anti-Confucianism trend appeared in the ideological circle. Wang Xue's leftists, represented by Wang Gen and Li Zhi, openly flaunted lust as human nature, opposed the affectation of Neo-Confucianism, and advocated innocence and frankness. This is undoubtedly a rebellion against traditional ethics, and a challenge to Zhu Cheng's neo-Confucianism, which "upholds justice and extinguishes human desires". Under the impetus of this trend of thought, while despairing of social darkness, scholars have pursued individual liberation: indulging in debauchery, indulging in landscapes, and pursuing maximum material and spiritual satisfaction. On the one hand, it flaunts elegance, leisure and refinement. In romantic scenery, landscape gardens, pavilions, flowers, birds, fish, insects, Four Treasures of the Study, calligraphy and painting, tea ceremony, antiques, acrobatics and games, we deliberately create pleasing and carefree artistic interests, and gain the interest of life and artistic poetry while enjoying and lingering. On the other hand, under the banner of rebelling against ethics and ethics, he indulged in debauchery and extravagance, burning incense and succeeding to the throne, not ashamed, but proud. "Human feelings are fast with debauchery, and the world style is high with luxury." (Zhang Han's Dream at the Song Window, Volume 7) If the former mainly shows their seclusion and frolicking, then the latter mainly expresses their arrogance and cynicism. Among the friends of Zhang's ancestors, there are many such literati and celebrities. Such as Xu Wei, Huang Ruheng, Chen Jiru, Tao Wangling, Wang Siren, Chen and Qi Biaojia. It is this family background, this social trend of thought and humanistic atmosphere that has created Zhang Dai's dandy habits and celebrity demeanor, and determined the main contents of his Tao Anmeng, West Lake Dream and Wang Lang Anthology. Zhang Dai claims to be a playboy and loves wealth. Good family, beautiful maid, good prostitute, good clothes, good food, good horse, good lamp, good fireworks, good pear garden, good propaganda, good antiques, good flowers and birds, abuse oranges with tea, abuse poets with books. (Epitaph for Yourself) can be described as both a luxury and enjoyment habit of a dude and a decadent style of celebrities and literati in the late Ming Dynasty. Zhang has many contacts and a subset of history. He should know everything. Astronomy and geography, I'm not involved. Although I am not famous, I am very interested in writing. I have been writing all my life, and I am old and enduring. In addition to the fifteen kinds listed in his epitaph, there are Wang Lang's poems, the immortal scrolls of Yue Dynasty's wisdom, The Collection of Stone Chambers, Strange Words, The Collection of Gourmets, The Queen of Tao An's Elbow, The History of Tea, The Calendar of Taoyuan, Li Shuyan, etc. Among them, the book Night Sailing is almost the same as an encyclopedia, covering 20 years. Zhang Dai's extensive knowledge, rich writings and hard work can be seen here. And he, like Wan, is an ordinary plaything, and the turf of the world-playing celebrities is also divided here. Zhang Dai was furious at his high talent and high life, and put his cynicism in the landscape: Shaoxing was as big as a silkworm basket when it was ruled by officials. All the mountains are aboveboard and magnificent. They still surpass the Eight Mountains, but they are still Huang Zhuo. Outside the county, there are thousands of valleys and rocks, inaccessible, famous mountains and scenic spots, abandoned roadsides, and buried by villagers. (Huang Zhuoshan) I think of the treasures in the world, and those buried by mediocrity can't be remembered. I especially hate that this mountain was born in a city and located in a crowded place, only separated by a wall, so that the world can't know its face, but it will make a typo on a few hard stones. He Shan's misfortune, as for this. (Emei Mountain) In these two paragraphs, one said that many famous mountains and places of interest were buried, and the other said that they were easily buried. In repeated comments and sighs, he vented his unexpected regrets and disdain for the secular, which won the essence of Liu Zongyuan's Eight Chapters of Yongzhou. But Zongzi is different from Zongyuan after all: "Mountain fruit has spirit, how can it be trapped for a long time?" "I am a mountain plan. I must fly if I want to get rid of the fence. " (Emei Mountain) He is more confident and humorous than Zong Yuan. Second, Zhang Dai's sense of alienation is different from that of his predecessors. In know life, Zhang Dai experienced great changes: the Qing Dynasty came to power, the country was restored, the people's livelihood was depressed, and the family was ruined. He admits that he "can't learn righteousness" ("Being an Epitaph") and "loyal ministers are evil and afraid of pain." (self-titled portrait) can only "avoid living in the mountains, there are few left, broken beds and broken pianos, too few books, only one side missing, and clothes and vegetables are often broken." (Epitaph for myself) I had to bear this shit myself in my frail old age: "I worked in Chu Jiu, and I had a rest for two hundred years" and "I hated myself when I was a teenager. Chu Jiu doesn't know anything. I am sixty-seven years old this year, because I miss my dog's teeth. It's not my job to be a waste in the world. " (Swallow Rice) "I've been trapped by manure recently." "No servant, solid dung." "If you don't help, you will retreat." ("Dung Dung") The contrast between this life and previous life is no less than a world apart. So he "woke up drunk, and the nightmare began to wake up" (Inscription of Butterfly Temple), and then recalled his dreams and wrote down "Two Dreams" and "Hold Buddha and repent one by one." (Ego Epitaph) He once wrote his own poems, and every time he wanted to draw a conclusion, because the Book of Chambers was not finished, and he was still looking at the world. (ditto) Under extremely difficult material conditions and extremely painful and contradictory mental state, it took 27 years (including the next decade of the Ming Dynasty) to revise 5 articles and correct 9 articles, which were written into the 220-volume History of the Ming Dynasty. Later, it was written into Postscript to supplement the historical events of Chongzhen and Nanming in Ming Dynasty. As Mao Qiling said in the Qing Dynasty's "A History of Sending Zhang for Tibet": "Mr. Jiang will be generous and bright, and he will never be an official, but he would rather be poor and rich, making this editor prosperous and prosperous. This inherent ancestor of the Ming dynasty was a minister, and his spirit was great. Those who have been protected several times are also relying on it. " Regarding the writing of Memory of Dreams, the author said in the preface of Memory of Dreams: I miss Yu's life, and I am prosperous and beautiful. For fifty years, this has been a dream. Today, when millet is ripe and the car arrives at the ant nest, how to digest it? Yao Si's past, memory is a book. Cram for Buddha's feet and repent one by one. Different ages, different chronologies; Regardless of the category, don't aim too high. Occasionally, if you choose one, you can swim the old road. If you meet an old friend and a city person, you can't talk about your dreams in front of an idiot. I had a big dream today, and I am still dreaming. It is difficult to change one's mind because of sighing for literati. In Handan, the dream was shattered, the bell rang, and Lu Sheng left a legacy. He also wanted to copy and expand the two kings and spread them to future generations. He was famous in history, strong as a relic, and violently robbed the fire, but he still burned it. The author wakes up from a dream, but remembers the dream. Is it really evil? Is the dream evil? The truth becomes a dream, and the dream looks real, which is the author's mentality; Regret evil as evil? Regret and happiness, happiness and actual sadness are the author's mood. This extremely complicated and contradictory mood and mixed feelings are most concentrated and profound in his epitaph to himself. Among them, there are boasters, such as writing several books in his life and recalling what Chen Jiru tried to screen when he was 6 years old; Blow your own horn and regret your own, as good as those listed when you were young; There are people who are confused, such as the listed "seven unsolvable"; People who wake up from a dream: "Hard life is a dream", "Looking back 20 years ago, it seems like a lifetime ago". The author's dreamy memories, taking Zhongshan, where Zhu Ming made a fortune, as an example, lamented that "Jade of Xiaoling, 282 years old, is clear this year and can't swallow a bowl of wheat rice." In order to create my own life, I woke up and found the tail of Wang Langfu ("Tao Anmeng?" Wang lang is blessed with the land, full of sorrow. Therefore, compared with Meng's dream of Tokyo and Wu's dream of Liang, Wu is "at the end of time, experienced vicissitudes of life, and has no sense of life", just like this. "("Tao An Meng Yi Postscript ") The difference is that Zhang Dai adopts the style of essays, and it is only" samadhi involved in the bureau ". The memory of dreams is very rich, and the recorded customs are all over Huiji, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Yanzhou, Tai 'an and other places. The seasons are Lantern Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Customs include fireworks, temple fairs, grave sweeping, moon viewing, boat racing, campus hunting and martial arts. Along with food, flowers, tea ceremony and antique utensils, there are all kinds of beautiful things. "Strange stories are fascinating, for example, on a dark road." (Jin Zhongchun's Memories of Tao Anmeng) The thoughts and feelings expressed in the dream are very complicated, and some people recall the nostalgia, such as Zhang Shengci, Wu Fang and Buerzhai; There are ridicules, such as the bookstore, Zhang Donggu good wine, and the West Lake in July and a half; There are praises, such as Pu Zhongqian's sculpture, Yao Jianshu's painting and Liu Jingting's storytelling. There are also revelations, such as Tao An's "Dream of Memory", which describes the deputy ambassador as "extravagant and extravagant, twenty years older than the West Lake." The luxury and indulgence of officials in the late Ming Dynasty can be seen. Luxury is like this, and Ming is safe. For example, Tao An's Dream of an Iceberg describes that when the play was staged, there were thousands of audiences. When the Wei Party played "Kill, Force to Die", the audience was furious and silent. When Yan Pei Wei killed Tiki, the owl screamed and jumped up, and the house collapsed. "It reflects the disgust and anger of the people and public opinion on Yan Shu's administration." Tao's dream memory? "Twenty-four bridges and the romantic moon write two more lights. Those prostitutes who "entertain guests late", "or sing small words like" broken jade "in charming voices, or laugh at themselves and pretend to be lively, so that they make a mess; However, I was speechless with laughter and gradually became sad. Midnight vernal equinox has to go, it's like a ghost. Seeing a pimp, I don't know if I'm hungry or embarrassed. "It reveals the suffering under the cover of prosperity and the bitterness under the cover of forced laughter. In a word, "I made up a dialect to recite and laugh at trivial things." "However, a little dye, becomes a text. Readers are like mountains and rivers, like customs, like watching the beauty of the palace. I almost feel the same way as "Picking Wei" and "Mai Xiu". Is it a humorous person to come out? " (Anonymous "Yi? Most of Zhang Dai's sketches can be seen in this way. For example, in "Yao's Epitaph", he is a monument to Yao Li, a public servant who killed 130 Japanese pirates at the expense of his own sacrifice, saved the whole town from disaster, and praised his achievements in the wind festival: "A man has lived tens of millions of people, how could I not have thought of it?" "If you die, you can't save your life, but you have to be the hometown of Mulberry." How do you know that the purpose of the author's monument is not to praise the heroes who fought against Japan and Qing Dynasty? The patriotism contained therein is obvious. In Preface to Shen, he praised his friend Shen Suxian's "perseverance, which can't be scraped, can't be grinded by real knives and axes, and can't be taken away by the three armies." After the country changed, the first floor was lonely and the ground could not stand up. My loyalty is not diminished in Wenshan, and I don't feel sorry for firewood market. "He believes that" loyal ministers and righteous men are more common in the time of national destruction. "If you knock on a stone and then fire, it will go out in an instant." "If you don't put it away quickly, the fire will go out." ("Yue Xu") So he chose Yue He Yu's "Yue San Xian Tu" as the preface to praise it. In order to keep loyalty and righteousness in people's minds, he compiled Biographies of Ancient and Modern Rightists, Using History and Officials to Collect Money by Hand (preface to Biographies of Ancient and Modern Righteousness), and I found hundreds of martyrs in ten years, which is almost my own statement. (Qi Biao's "Introduction to Righteousness") can be described as well-intentioned. Dream of the West Lake is a landscape sketch by Zhang Dai. Wang's West Lake Dream Preface said: Zhang has been involved in the West Lake for more than 40 years, and there is the end of water everywhere. People who live in the West Lake don't know the allusions in the West Lake, but Tao An knows them in detail. The scenery in the lake is indeed in the West Lake one day, but it is not pottery. Tao An Road is unique. Today is the change of mountains and rivers, the change of mountains and rivers. No wonder they are scared and just looking for it in their dreams. Before him, Tian Rucheng had written "A Tour of the West Lake" and "Continued Records". Zhang Dai's Seeking Dreams is often used in Tianzhi. "Zhang was originally made up, but after the war in Hangzhou, he remembered the old patrol. Take North Road, West Road, South Road, Middle Road and Exterior as five doors to record its victory. The beginning of each scene is a small preface. Here are some ancient and modern poems. Dai's self-help is also attached to it. His style is completely imitated by Dong Liu's "A Brief View of the Imperial Capital", and his poems are all of the Gong 'an School and Jingling School. "This passage in the catalogue of Sikuquanshu does not point out Zhang Dai's Seeking Dreams, but there are many ways to adopt and imitate it in Tianzhi. It is not difficult to see by comparing the two books. Of course, there are many differences between Dream Search and Tianzhi. Zhang Dai said that his grandfather had a villa in the West Lake, and he himself had studied at Lee's Villa. In his twenty-eight years away from the West Lake, the West Lake never forgot his dream. Later, I went to Wu Jia West Lake (1654) and Dingyou (1657). In the West Lake after the war, "there is only rubble left in the lake village." "Where there used to be weak willows and peach blossoms and karaoke bars and dance pavilions flooded, no one would stay." The author thinks, "I'm here for the West Lake. Seeing this today, I am safe without protecting the West Lake in my dream. " So, "I wrote seventy-two" Seeking Dreams "and left it to be the shadow of the West Lake in the afterlife." (Introduction to West Lake Dream) Seeking Dreams is the author's nostalgia for the West Lake, which expresses the pain of home and country: Li wrote The Legend of Luoyang Famous Garden, which means that the rise and fall of Luoyang will be predicted by the rise and fall of famous gardens; With the rise and fall of Luoyang, we can predict the rise and fall of the world. Honest people, words also. Yu Yu was involved in the Sino-Japanese War. It's sad that the Forbidden City is far away from millet and barbed bronze camels. After several trips to the stream, Mulberry will come back in tears at night. (Liuzhou Pavilion) Among all the author's essays, this is the strongest and most vivid one in which he expresses the pain and sorrow of national subjugation. It is the keynote of his two dreams, and it is also the biggest difference between his dream search and Tian Zhi.