two
The early stage refers to the early Sui Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty Kaiyuan period. According to "Sui Shu (Volume 24) Food Records", in the third year, Heyang Warehouse was set up in Luozhou, Shaanxi, Guangtong Warehouse in Huazhou and Liyang Warehouse in Weizhou. In the second year of Daye, Luokou Warehouse and Luohui Warehouse were added near Luoyang, forming six famous warehouses in Sui Dynasty. The locations and sizes of these six official warehouses are as follows.
(1) Luokoucang. Axingluo warehouse is located on the east bank of Luoshui, east of Gongxian County (now northeast of Laogong County) in Luozhou. It is named because it is located at the mouth of the Yellow River in Luoshui. In the second year of Daye, more than 20 miles were built around Cangcheng, and 3,000 pits were penetrated, each with a capacity of 8,000 stones, and the town was guarded by overseers and thousands of soldiers. Quancang Mi Yue has 24 million stones, which is the largest granary in the Sui Dynasty.
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④ Zi Zhi Tong Jian (volume 180), October and December of the second year of Sui Daye.
Because Luokoucang is located at the intersection of Luoshui and the Yellow River, not far from Luoyang, the eastern capital of Sui and Tang Dynasties. Most of the rice shipped from the southeast in the Sui Dynasty was stored here, so it could be transported to Luoyang and Chang 'an in the west. When fighting in the northeast, you can also transport grain across the Yellow River, the Qinhe River, into the Yongji Canal and transport it to the northeast. Therefore, Luokoucang can be said to be the peripheral granary of Luoyang, the eastern capital, and also the military grain transfer station in the northeast, which played an extremely important role in the Sui Dynasty. The early Tang Dynasty was also an important grain depot.
At the end of Sui Dynasty, after Shi Mi occupied Luokou warehouse, he expanded Luokou city for 40 miles a week, and then used it as a base to fight against the remnants of Sui Dynasty trapped in Luoyang for a long time. Historically, Li Mi opened Luokou Warehouse to transport grain and helped hundreds of thousands of rebels. Together with the families of the insurgents, nearly one million people accepted the relief of Luokou barn. Those who come to receive relief rice, "take as much as you want; Or after leaving the warehouse, I can't do it, and I will abandon the road, from Cangcheng to the country, which is several inches thick, supplemented by horses and chariots; When the thief came, there were nearly a million diners and their families, with no urn and no horns, weaving baskets and scouring rice, and between the banks of Luoshui, it looked like white sand. It can be seen that the amount of rice stored in Luokou in Sui Dynasty is amazing. The reason why Shimi can stay here for a long time to compete with the Sui Dynasty in the war at the end of the Sui Dynasty is closely related to the rich grain storage in Luokoucang. Later, Shi Biao sent Taiyuanzhen to see the king with Luokou City, but Shi Biao had to go. Later, when we attacked Wang, we also took Luokou warehouse, cut off the food supply in Luoyang, and then surrounded Luoyang city. All these show that Luokoucang had a very important strategic position in Heluo area at that time because of its rich grain storage.
(2) Return to Luocang. In December of the second year of Daye, it was located 70 miles north of Luoyang, 10 miles around Cangcheng and passed through 300 pits. This is the grain depot of Luoyang, the eastern capital of the Sui Dynasty. The late Sui Dynasty was the object of fierce competition between Shi Biao and Sui Jun. After entering the Tang Dynasty, it was replaced by Han Jiacang.
(3) Heyangcang. There is a Heyang warehouse in Yanshi County, Sui Shu. This is what Qian Yun meant when he set up Heyang Warehouse in Luozhou for three years. "Reading History Summary" Volume 48 Yanshi County, Henan Province: "Heyangcang is in the north of the county". Yanshi County is an old city in the southeast of the city, with Mangshan Mountains in the north, which is high and dry and suitable for building granaries. Tongji Canal flowing from Luoyang City flows into Luoshui in the west of Yanshi City. Heyang Warehouse was set up to transport grain from Luokou Warehouse to Luoyang City.
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(1) (Tang): The Book of Exorcising Spirit into Beijing, Chen Ziang Collection, Volume 9.
② Mirror Volume 186, September of the first year of Tang Wude.
(3) Sui Shu Shi Biao Biography Volume 70.
(4) "Old Tang Book" Volume II "Records of Emperor Taizong".
⑤ Like a mirror (volume 180), October and December of the second year of Sui Daye.
(4) Regular liquidation. Kaishuang was founded three years ago, located in the southwest of Shaanxi Province (now Shaanxi County in the west of Sanmenxia City). Its land is near Jiaoshui, facing the river in the west, and its terrain is high, so it is also called Taiyuan Cang. Cang cheng Liu Li (1) in Tang Dynasty. During the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, the section from Luoyang to Shaanxi Province was transported by land because of Sanmenxia, and the section from Shaanxi Province to Chang 'an was transported by river and Weihe River. Therefore, Shaanxi Taiyuan warehouse is called "land-controlled land and water transportation" ②, and it is a "warehouse with huge storage capacity" ③.
(5) Guangtong Warehouse. In the third year of the throne, the great cause was renamed Yongfengcang at the beginning. Located 35 miles northeast of huayin city, Shaanxi Province, where the Weihe River flows into the Yellow River, it is near Tongguan today. In the process of transporting grain and rice from Guandong, it was first concentrated here, which is the largest granary in Guanzhong area. During five years, Emperor Yangdi Huang Kai distributed more than three million mangokus in Guangtong warehouse to solve the food shortage problem of government agencies and garrison troops caused by severe drought in Guanzhong area. Great cause for nine years, Yang Xuangan rebelled and attacked Luoyang. The Li Zixiong Department thought that "it is better to go straight to the customs, open a Yongfeng warehouse to shake the poor, and help the reliable people." In the first year of Yining, someone suggested to Li Yuan, "From Longmen to Jihe, according to Yongfengcang, it spread far and near, and Guanzhong can take it from it." Soon Tang Gaozu marched into Guanzhong, Huayin ordered the surrender of Tang Gaozu with Yongfengcang, and the counties in Guanzhong sent more envoys to surrender. Historical facts show that the occupation of Yongfengcang in Sui and Tang Dynasties was a very important factor.
(6) Li Yangcang. Located in the southwest of Liyang County, Weizhou for three years, it is located at the foot of Dabai Mountain in the east of Xunxian County, Henan Province (now north of Dabai Mountain), with Yongji Canal in the west and Yellow River in the east, which is very convenient for water transportation. Rent rice mined from Hebei is concentrated here first, and then transported to Luoyang and Chang 'an through Yongji Canal or Yellow River. During the war in the northeast, the rations shipped from Jianghuai were also stored here first, and then transported to the northeast, which was the only important granary in Hebei. The second generation ruling class in Sui and Tang Dynasties always attached great importance to the management of Liyang Warehouse. At the end of Sui Dynasty, Liao was levied many times, and people were sent here to supervise the grain transportation. According to Liyang's resistance to Sui Dynasty, Yang Xuangan relied on the grain stored in the warehouse economically. Xu Shijie once said to Shi Mi, "There is chaos in the world, and this is famine. It's a great help to get Liyang Cang today. " Hou Li secret evidence
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(1) Yuanhe County Records Volume 6, Shaanxi Province.
(2) The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty (185) was transmitted by Jiang; In one man's hand and in another man's hand, Volume II.
(3) The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty (185) Jiang Chuan; In one man's hand and in another man's hand, Volume II.
(4) "Yuanhe County Records" Volume II, Iowa.
(5) "Sui Shu" volume 24 "food".
⑥ As a mirror (volume 182), nine years of Tang Daye; Volume 184, August of the first year of Yining.
⑦ Read the summary of historical records (16 volume); Zhang Song Shunmin's "Painting Collection": "When I tasted my nephew, the wine cellar still existed, each with a capacity of hundreds of thousands. I took a Shan Ye and Li Mi sat in the warehouse, named Ji and Frog's Ear."
There is Li Yangcang, "the people who open the warehouse will eat." In ten days, more than 200,000 soldiers won. Later, Dou Jiande was trapped in Liyang, a place of Shandong. It can be seen that Liyang Warehouse plays an important role in Hebei Province.
In addition, Geography of Sui Shu has a warehouse in Luxian County, North County. Lu Xian County is located 50 miles southwest of Chiping County, with the Yellow River in the northwest. Cheng Hui warehouse should be the granary on the Yellow River transportation route. Due to the lack of historical records, the details are unknown.
After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, water transportation was more frequent than that of the Sui Dynasty. Therefore, in addition to Luokou, Guangtong, Liyang, Heyang, Taiyuan and other warehouses, several granaries have been added along the grain transportation line, the largest of which is Han Jia's warehouse excavated this time.
In the first year of Sui Daye, Hanjiacheng and Dongducheng were built at the same time. According to Henan's records in Yuan Dynasty and Vae's textual research on the two capital squares in Tang Dynasty in Qing Dynasty, there is an East City to the east of Miyagi and Imperial City, and the name of the north gate of the East City contains the Jiamen, the north gate contains the Jiacheng and the north is the Waiguo. It seems doubtful whether Hanjiacheng will be used as a large granary at the beginning of its construction. First of all, there is no record in the history books that Jiacheng was an important granary of the eastern capital of Sui Dynasty. Secondly, judging from the historical facts of Luoyang War in Sui Dynasty, Luoyang, the eastern capital, seems to have no large granary like this one. For example, at the end of Sui Dynasty, after Shi Mi occupied Luo Hui and Luokou warehouses, there was a serious food shortage in Tokyo. The Sui army once recaptured the Luo Hui warehouse seven miles outside the city, and quickly sent people to transport rice into the city. At that time, there was a shortage of food in Bobo Mountain in Luoyang, and there was plenty of food for Li Mi who occupied warehouses such as Luokou, but little cloth and silk. Therefore, Wang, who was trapped in Luoyang, used cloth and silk to exchange food with Shi Mi. At the beginning of Tang Wude, Li Shimin besieged Luoyang for several months, and there was no food in the city. "although a silk horse is three liters straight ... although it is expensive as a public official, its heart is not full, but it is still under it, and it is loaded in person, and it often dies with kindness." If Luoyang had such a big granary at that time, it would have been surrounded for several months, and it seems that the above situation would not happen.
As a large granary, Hanjiacheng may have started from the late Sui Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty. At the end of Sui Dynasty, the grain stored in Luocang was transported to the city, and it may have been stored here at the earliest. After entering the Tang Dynasty, it was officially used as a large granary in Dongdu. With the increase of grain storage, many grain pits have been built continuously, forming the scale of this excavation. According to the textual research of Liangjing Square in Tang Dynasty, there is a branch canal in Luoyang that flows out of Hanjiacheng and flows south into Caoqu, which is called Xiecheng Canal. This artificial channel was probably repaired and chiseled for the need of transporting grain.
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(1) Looking in the mirror in September of the first year of Sui Yining (184); Old Tang Book Volume 67 Biography of Li Ji.
(2) Old Tang Book (1) Gao Zuji.
(3) Book of the Old Tang Dynasty (Volume 53) Biography of Li Mi: Tongjian Volume 189, March of the 4th year of Tang Wude.
Hanjiacang was very important in the early Tang Dynasty. It is not only a granary in Luoyang, but also a rice transit station between Guandong and Guanzhong. In the Sui Dynasty, the southeast rice was first concentrated in Luokoucang. In the early Tang Dynasty, the rented rice east of Du Dong was first concentrated in Hanjiacang, and then transported by land to Shanzhou, downstream and into Chang 'an. Therefore, at that time, Hanjiacang replaced Luokoucang as the largest granary in China. At the same time, Huiluocang, which was originally located in Qili, north of Luoyang, has been unrecorded since it entered the Tang Dynasty and is likely to be abandoned. Heyangcang was abandoned at the end of Sui Dynasty, but it didn't last long and its status didn't matter. In this way, Hanjiacang replaced Huiluocang and Heyangcang and became the only granary in Luoyang. According to the twelfth volume of Tongdian Food, in the eighth year of Tianbao (749), the total grain storage of major granaries in China was12,656,620 stones, of which 5833,400 stones were stored in Jiacang, accounting for nearly half, which was the highest among all granaries.
The emergence of this situation is probably because the ruling class in the early Tang Dynasty learned a lesson from the war in the late Sui Dynasty. At the end of Sui Dynasty, Du Dong's grain warehouses were not concentrated. After being seized in Luokou and Luo Hui warehouses, Du Dong was finally breached due to serious food shortage. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, the rented rice was first concentrated in Hanjiacang to ensure the food supply in Luoyang.
In addition, the smaller granaries are:
Longmen mulberry, established in the second year of Kaiyuan, is located on the bank of the Yellow River in Longmen County (now Hejin, Shanxi Province) and rents rice in the watershed of Fenshui River. This is also an important ferry on the ancient Yellow River, from which rice was transported to Chang 'an. During the Tianbao period, it stored 23,250 stones of grain.
Wulaocang is located at the intersection of Bianhe River and Yellow River. Before Kaiyuan, it was still Banzhukou in Sui Dynasty. Grass and rice in Jianghuai area are transported through Tongji Canal, and the first stop is in Wulangcang. Biography of Li Mi in Old Tang Dynasty says: "Luo Xing, the national reserve, is five old men". It can be seen that its status is important.
Bai (Yizuobang) Yacang was built in Heqing County (now southwest of Jiyuan County, Henan Province) in the third year of Xianheng (672). It was abandoned in the tenth year of Kaiyuan, with a storage capacity of 200,000 meters. After Tang Gaozong, the section from Luoyang to Sanmenxia was once transported by water from the Yellow River, so during the period from Xianheng to Kaiyuan, Baiya Warehouse was set up in Heqing County on the north bank of the Yellow River.
Weinan Cang and Xianheng were located in the east of Weinan County (now Weinan County, Shaanxi Province) for three years, and they were relay stations along the Weihe River and Guanzhong Caoqu.
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① Six Classics of Tang Dynasty (Volume 3).
② Classic roll 12 food.
(3) "Don Yao Hui" Volume 88; Yuhai (Volume 184), Food.
(4) "Don Yao Hui" volume 87.
These granaries were set up and distributed according to the grain transportation route at that time; The geographical location of each warehouse has a great relationship with the segmented transportation mode at that time. The rented rice can be unloaded from Jiangnan to the border by tanker and imported into the warehouse. Then the river boat entered Luoshui through the Yellow River and stored the rice in Luokou warehouse in Gongxian County. From this, it can be divided into two routes to enter Taiyuan warehouse in Shaanxi Province in the west: one goes back to Luoshui through Heyang warehouse and enters Jiacang, "transported by car or land to Shaanxi"; One route is the Yellow River, which is transported to Shaanxi by land via Boyacang. From Taiyuan warehouse in Shaanxi to Taicang in Chang 'an, the water passes through Yongfeng warehouse and Weinan warehouse. The so-called "section transshipment, the general principle of water shipping, shallow water in the warehouse, then the ship does not stay, things do not lose." Formed a complete water transport system.
Of the six granaries in the Sui Dynasty, three were concentrated near Luoyang. The largest Han warehouse in the Tang Dynasty was in Luoyang City. The important granaries in this period were mostly concentrated near Luoyang, which was closely related to the grain transportation route at that time.
It turns out that some sections of this 2000-kilometer Grand Canal have brought great difficulties to shipping due to natural conditions and other reasons, the most difficult of which is the section from Luoyang to Chang 'an.
The section of the Yellow River from Luoyang West to Shaanxi Province is bounded by Zhongtiao Mountain Range and Yaoshan Mountain Range, and the river is located in a canyon. In today's Sanmenxia area, the riverbed is divided into three parts by two big stone islands standing in the middle of the river, which seems to open three gates for the Yellow River, so it is called Sanmen. The Yellow River is not only narrow and fast-flowing, but also covered with reefs and numerous eddies. At this point, if the ship is transported carelessly, it will capsize. So in the early Sui Dynasty, rice was transported to the west of Luoyang. In order to avoid the danger of three gates, land transportation started from Xiaoping (now northwest of Mengjin County, Henan Province), passed Yaoshan Road and Hanshan Road to Shaanxi County, and then transported by the Yellow River. It is also stipulated that if someone can transport 40 meters of stones from Luoyang and go to Beijing through the danger of the bottom pillar, the levy (2) will be exempted as a reward. In the fifteenth year of Emperor Kaidi's reign, the bottom pillar was chiseled to carry out the three-level water transportation. In the sixteenth year of Tang Zhenguan (642), two ships loaded with 600 stones tried to go to Sanmen; Later, in the first year of the Qing Dynasty (656), the third year of the general chapter (670) and the fourth year of the hanging arch (688), Sanmen River was opened several times to repair the plank road, in an attempt to take Sanmen Waterway, but the result was unsuccessful. Therefore, during this period, the transportation of rented rice from Luoyang to Shaanxi was still mainly land transportation. "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty: The rice rented by Cao Caodong in Jianghuai, including Jiacang, was transported to Shaanxi by car or land." However, the cost of land transportation is huge. For example, in the early years of Kaiyuan, land transportation enabled Yin to set up eight delivery yards from Hanjiacang to Taiyuancang, with an interval of forty miles. It took 800 times for each delivery truck, and it took February to rent 800,000 to/kloc-0,000,000 stone rice. It can be seen that it takes a lot of time and material resources to maintain this section of land transportation, which is the most difficult section of water transportation.
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(1) "New Tang Book" Volume 53 "Shihuozhi".
(2) "Sui Shu" volume 24 "Shihuozhi".
(3) Institute of Archaeology, China Academy of Sciences: Appendix I A Brief History of Sanmenxia Waterway, Science Press, 1959.
From Shaanxi to Tongguan, the Yellow River is unblocked, but the situation to the west of Tongguan is different. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Guanzhong area to the west of Tongguan has used Weishui as the waterway for water transportation. "Historical Records: A Family Leaving Hou" said: "Rivers hold the world; West to the capital. " In the early years of the Sui Dynasty, a Guangtong canal was dug on the plain on the south bank of the Weihe River, that is, on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains. "Because the Weihe River is sandy, the water depth is not common." There is a fault zone between Qinling Mountain and Weihe River. Qinling Mountain rises along the fault and Weihe River falls along the fault, so the relative height of Qinling Mountain and Weihe River is very different, with narrow plain and large slope. The tributaries flowing from Qinling Mountains into Weihe River are short and swift. During the heavy rain in midsummer, the sediment washed down from the northern slope of Qinling Mountains fills the riverbed of Weihe River, resulting in "Weihe River full of sand". After the canal was dug in the south bank of Weihe River, all the sediment flowed into the canal, causing water blockage. The canals dug in the early Sui Dynasty were silted up in the last year. During the reign of Tang Gaozong Xianheng, the water transportation in Guanzhong still came from Weishui. In 2009, Zong Jinglong lived for three years. If Shandong, Jiangsu and Huaigu are transported to Beijing, the cattle will die. "The middle section of the pass may be transported by land with ox carts. During the Kaiyuan period, when Pei Yaoqing reformed the grain transportation, he was still "floating on the Weihe River to make the Guanzhong Plain solid". It can be seen that from the early Tang Dynasty to the Kaiyuan period, the canals built in the Sui Dynasty were not used, but the Weihe River and land transportation were used alternately, and the difficulty was not small.
In order to avoid these two dangerous roads, the Sui and Tang Dynasties built Luoyang as the capital. If there was a disaster in Guanzhong area, they moved the government organs to Luoyang to facilitate water transportation, and "boats and cars would gather together". In September of the fourth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi went to Luoyang and returned to Chang 'an in April of the following year. In the 14th year of the drought in Guanzhong, Liu Yilong led the registered permanent residence to eat Luoyang. In the fourth year of Renshou, Yang Guang ascended the throne and began to build Luoyang, the eastern capital, which was completed in the first year of Daye in the following year, with Tokyo as its capital. Yang Guang reigned for thirteen years and spent less than four months in Chang 'an, one third in Luoyang and the rest in the north and south. Therefore, four years after the Sui Dynasty opened the emperor, there was little water transport management in Guanzhong and Sanmenxia. In the early years of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin tried to build Luoyang on the grounds that Luoyang was a place of tribute, but it failed. This is because there were only 642 senior officials inside and outside the government at that time, and they needed to travel by land and water every year.
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(1) "Don Yao Hui" Volume 87.
(2) Sui Shu (1, 2) Gao Zuji, 3,4) Yang Diji.
(3) Tongdian Volume 19 Official History.
The rented rice shipped to Beijing is only two million mangoku, which is not a big problem. By the time Emperor Gaozong began to rule, the number of civil and military officials at home and abroad from Grade 1 to Grade 9 had surged to13,465. By the time of Kaisetian and Zhongzong, the central organization had become increasingly huge, forming the official "internal and external surplus, living in no one." At the time of the Dragon, there were dozens of foreign officials in Beijing. Recently, no ... it has a history of hundreds of millions of years ... the river is wide and wide, and it is not given to the capital. In the twenty-seventh year of Tang Gaozong, he lived in Luoyang for half the time, mostly because of the drought and hunger in Chang 'an, so he ate Luoyang. At that time, Luoyang "accumulated wealth, was rich in years, and it spread day by day by water in Huaihai"; Chang 'an's "treasury warehouse, lacking facts, all came from Beijing". Wu Zetian became the capital of gods when she was in the imperial court. During her twenty years in office, she lived in Luoyang except for two years in Chang 'an. Of course, there are other political reasons, and economic factors may play a very important role. In the first year of Dazu (70 1), a new pond was dug on the Nancao Canal in Lidefang, Luoyang City, and charterers were arranged to transport rice from various States. In July of the 14th year of Kaiyuan, water flooded into the canal and hundreds of meters of boats were lost. All these proved that a large number of charterers arrived in Luoyang every year. This time, Ming bricks with the words "Tiaolu, Tiancai, Longevity, Long Live, Victory" were unearthed in Jiacang, all of which are evidence of the sharp increase in rented rice imported into Jiacang during the reign of Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian.
According to the above, it is clear why the largest granaries in the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty were concentrated near Luoyang.
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(1) "New Tang Book" Volume 53 "Shihuozhi".
(2) Ordinary code (volume 15) and election code (volume 17).
(3) The Book of the New Tang Dynasty (126) is a biography of Lv Huaishen.
(4) the imperial edict of the tang dynasty (volume 79), instrument phoenix three years in October luckily imperial edict.
⑤ Records of food in Old Tang Book (Volume 49).
⑥ The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty (Volume 8) The History of Xuanzong.