Shiitake mushrooms are the second largest edible fungi in the world and a specialty of China. It is called mountain delicacy and is a nutritional and health food with high protein and low fat. Shiitake mushrooms have their unique fragrance and rich nutrition. Not only does it rank above straw mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, and white mushrooms, it is also known as the queen of fungi. Because mushrooms can be eaten all year round and are economical, they are a good choice for the table.
Morphological characteristics
Shiitake mushroom fruiting bodies are solitary, clustered or clustered, and the fruiting bodies are medium to slightly large. The diameter of the hat is 5-12 cm, sometimes up to 20 cm. It is hemispherical when young, then flattened to slightly flattened. The surface is diamond-shaped, light brown, dark brown to dark cinnamon, often with dark scales in the middle, and often dirty white hairy or flocculent scales on the edges. The meat is white, slightly thicker or thicker, thin and fragrant.
When young, the edges are rolled inward, with white or yellow-white hairs, which disappear as they grow. There is a layer of toadstools under the cap, which later breaks, forming an incomplete ring of bacteria. After aging, the edges of the lid will curl back and crack. The gills are white, dense, curved, and vary in length. The stipe is usually slanted, white, curved, 3-8 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm thick. There are ciliated scales under the bacterial ring and fibers and solids inside. The rings disappear easily and appear white. The spores are white. The spores are smooth, colorless, oval to oval, 4.5-73-4m, and reproduce by spores. Dikaryotic hyphae are tightly combined.
A brief history of life
The life history of shiitake mushrooms is basically similar to that of typical basidiomycetes and consists of the following nine steps:
Spore germination;
Produce four different mating types of monokaryotic hyphae;
Two compatible monokaryotic hyphae mate together;
Produce dikaryotic hyphae in each cell There are two nuclei, always locked together at the septum;
5] Under suitable conditions, dikaryotic hyphae form fruiting bodies;
On the gills, dikaryotic hyphae The top cells of the silk develop into basidia, which are arranged in the matrix;
In mature basidiospores, two unit nuclei fuse to form a binucleus;
The binuclei in basidiospores undergo two Secondary mature divisions, including one meiotic division. Finally four basidiospores are formed.
After basidiospores are ejected, mitosis often occurs during germination, indicating that the life cycle has begun again.
Nutritional value
The edible part of dried shiitake mushrooms accounts for 72%. Each 100 grams of edible part contains 13 grams of water, 1.8 grams of fat, 54 grams of carbohydrates, 7.8 grams of crude fiber, 4.9 grams of ash, 124 mg of calcium, 415 mg of phosphorus, 25.3 mg of iron, 10.07 mg of vitamin B, and 21 mg of vitamin B21. 13 mg, niacin 18.9 mg. In addition to the water content of 85-90%, fresh mushrooms also contain 19.9% ??crude protein, 4% crude fat, 67% soluble nitrogen-free substances, 7% crude fiber and 3% ash. Shiitake mushrooms also contain more than 30 enzymes and 18 amino acids. Shiitake mushrooms contain seven of the eight essential amino acids required by the human body, making them the first choice to correct human enzyme deficiency and supplement amino acids. Shiitake mushrooms are rich in provitamin D, but have little vitamin C and lack vitamin A and provitamin A. Lentinin can increase the activity of helper T cells and enhance the body's humoral immune function. Practice has proven that shiitake mushrooms have extensive cancer prevention and treatment effects and have been used in clinical treatment. Shiitake mushrooms also contain a variety of vitamins and minerals, which play an important role in promoting human metabolism and improving adaptability. Shiitake mushrooms can also treat diabetes, tuberculosis, infectious hepatitis, neuritis, etc. It can also be used for indigestion, constipation, weight loss, etc.
Many ancient Chinese books record that shiitake mushrooms can replenish qi and relieve hunger, treat wind and blood stasis, and benefit the stomach and help with food. People use it to help reduce the onset of acne and hives, and to treat headaches and dizziness. Modern research has proven that lentinan can regulate the activity of T cells with immune function in the human body and reduce the tumorigenic ability of methylcholanthrene. Shiitake mushrooms have a strong inhibitory effect on cancer cells, with an inhibitory rate of 97.5% against mouse sarcoma 180 and 80% against Ehrlich cancer. Shiitake mushrooms also contain double-stranded RNA, which can induce the production of interferon and has antiviral capabilities. It contains the water-soluble flavor substances of shiitake mushrooms and can be used as food seasoning. Its main component is nucleic acid components, such as 5-uridine.
Mushrooms are rich in nutrients and have many effects on the human body. They can be cooked in a variety of ways, such as soup, frying, and cold salad. Among them, soup is the most nutritious. When buying mushrooms, the first thing to do is smell them. If the mushrooms have a bad smell, you may not buy them. Secondly, you have to look at the mushroom cap. The mushroom caps are round and fleshy, and the mushroom caps are better when rolled down. You should also check out mushroom pleats. The white part at the bottom of the mushroom is neat and neat, and the surface is non-stick. These mushrooms are good.
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