Banpo culture:
About 6800-6300 years ago, the original inhabitants of banpo village settled down and established villages by clan or tribe. Banpo is a primitive society, and there is no distinction between rich and poor. There are trenches around the residential area to prevent the invasion of wild animals. The house is ground and semi-underground, square or round. There is a big rectangular house in the center of the community, which may be a place for clan collective activities. The excavation of various farm tools and fishing and hunting tools reflects that Banpo residents pay equal attention to agriculture and fishing and hunting in their economic life. Pottery includes coarse sand pots, small mouth and pointed bottom bottles, etc. Painted pottery is excellent, alternating with red and black, with simple and simple patterns, depicting human faces, fish, deer, plant branches and leaves and geometric patterns.
Twenty-two symbols were found on pottery, which may be original characters. Adults in Banpo are buried in public cemeteries after death, and decorations such as pottery and bone beads are often buried with them. There are two same-sex burial tombs in the site, with two men and four women buried respectively, which is generally considered to be the burial custom of matriarchal society. The dead children were buried in residential areas, mostly in jars and coffins. The exquisite and rich funerary objects in the girl's tomb show the love for the girl at that time.
The Shang and Zhou Dynasties (2 1 century-22 1 year BC) was the mature period of the ancient ritual system in China and the most standardized period in China. "Courtesy is based on wine", and no wine can make a ceremony. Therefore, the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are also the most complicated period of Chinese wine ceremony, and also the most closely combined period of wine and politics. It is precisely because the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties paid the most attention to wine ceremony that the development of wine vessels was also the fastest, and bronze wine vessels became the most brilliant highlight of bronze civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties.
Banpo culture is a typical representative of northern farming culture.
Dawenkou culture:
Dawenkou culture is a Neolithic culture. It is named after Dawenkou Site in Tai 'an City, Shandong Province. The distribution area is east to the coast of the Yellow Sea, west to the east of Luxi Plain, north to the south bank of Bohai Sea and south to Huaibei, Jiangsu Province, which is basically within the scope of Shao Hao culture recorded in ancient books. In addition, sites of this cultural type have also been found in Henan and northern Anhui. According to the data obtained from radiocarbon dating and correction, Dawenkou culture dates from about 6,500 to 4,500 years ago and lasts for about 2,000 years. According to the relationship between the base area and the characteristics of the relics, it can be divided into three periods: early, middle and late.
Artificial deformation and tooth extraction of occipital bone are popular in Dawenkou culture. Red pottery with sand or mud is common in pottery. In the early stage, it was mainly red pottery, and later it developed into round pottery, and hard white pottery appeared. The common decorative patterns are hollowing out, carving, additional pile patterns, basket patterns, painted pottery, Zhu paintings and so on. Painted pottery is few and full of characteristics. The stone tools were polished beautifully, and well-made jade articles appeared after the middle period. In addition, various tools and decorations made of bones and teeth were discovered. They are engaged in primitive agricultural production, mainly planting millet and raising livestock such as pigs, dogs, cows and chickens. Fishing and hunting economy is also an important production department.
Among the excavated sites, the settlement site in the late Dawenkou culture was found in the site of Weichi Temple in Mengcheng, Anhui Province. It is composed of rows of braised earth houses, most of which are six rooms in a row, at least two of which are connected, and the layout is rigorous, showing high architectural technology.
After the death of Dawenkou people, the burial style is generally straight limbs, but also bending, bending limbs and secondary burial. In addition, some special burial methods were found, such as decapitation and amputation. After the middle and late period, wooden funerary wares were discovered. In some funerary objects of adult tombs and children's urns and coffins, Dakouzun with various Wen Tao was also used. The joint burial of husband and wife and the joint burial of husband and wife with children marked the end of matriarchal society and the beginning or entry into patriarchal clan society.
The meaning of the two:
Banpo culture:
Banpo culture belongs to the primitive culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, which shows the characteristics of the northern geographical environment and can be said to be a typical representative of the northern farming culture. Banpo site is the only well-preserved primitive social site in China at present, and it is also the largest and most well-preserved matriarchal clan commune village site in the Yellow River Basin. The history is 5600-6700 years ago. Yangshao culture is a half-slope type, inheriting the old Taiwanese culture. The excavation of Banpo site is the first large-scale exposure of primitive clan settlement sites in China, and a new cultural type has been established, which is called Banpo type of Yangshao culture academically. This provides complete data for studying the nature, settlement layout, economic development and cultural life of primitive clan society in the Yellow River valley of China. Trace inspection experts found the three-dimensional fingerprint of the pottery maker from the pottery fragments in Banpo site, which is the earliest human fingerprint. On April 1958 and 1 day, Xi' an Banpo Museum officially opened to the public, and has received more than 20 million Chinese and foreign tourists so far.
Banpo matriarchal clan village is an organic extension of Banpo Museum based on Banpo site. On the premise of actively protecting the site, according to the archaeological excavation data, the precious heritage will be moved from underground to the ground to reproduce the matriarchal society of human beings in a three-dimensional way. It enriches the connotation of the museum, promotes the long cultural history of China, and brings together prehistoric art, customs, folk customs and rural life in the Yellow River valley. Give full play to the advantages of cultural relics, integrating scientific research, archaeology, teaching, tourism and entertainment, and be praised as "the first village in China" by Chinese and foreign tourists.
Dawenkou culture:
From the unearthed relics, we can find that the social economy of Dawenkou culture has developed to a higher level. Many carved symbols found are considered as ancient hieroglyphics. The society has produced a serious polarization between the rich and the poor, private ownership has gradually formed, and the whole society has approached the threshold of class society. The discovery of Dawenkou culture not only found the origin of Longshan culture in Shandong, but also provided important clues for the study of primitive culture in Huanghuai basin and coastal areas of Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Moreover, some scholars believe that Dawenkou culture is the culture of primary slave society according to the existing data.