First, Confucianism.
Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi.
Works: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi.
Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the law, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation. Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocate "education without class", both the ruler and the ruled should be educated, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person. Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy, serving people by virtue, and called for the restoration of "rites of rites", which was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.
Mencius' thought is "the people should be wise to the monarch" and advocates that the rulers should practice "benevolent government" On the discussion of human nature, he thinks that human nature is good and puts forward the theory of "good nature", which is completely different from Xunzi's theory of "evil nature" The reason why Xunzi put forward that human nature is evil is also a manifestation of social contradictions during the Warring States period.
Confucius, surnamed Qiu, was born in (now Qufu, Shandong Province) and his ancestral home was Song Guoli (now Xiayi County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province). According to historical records, he was born in the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu (55 1 BC) and died in the 16th year (479 BC) at the age of 73. He is the founder of Confucianism, and is respected by later generations as a "teacher of all ages", also known as a "saint".
Confucius traveled around the world and visited Wei, Chen, Cai, Chu, Song and other countries to publicize his political ambitions, but to no avail. Confucius lived in Shandong for eleven years with unfulfilled ambition and disheartened heart. Confucius is sixty-eight years old. Since then, he has devoted himself to speaking and writing books. During this period, he and his disciples re-edited the Five Classics and wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals to record the great events in the Spring and Autumn Period and explain Confucian values. The main contribution of his life was to lay the foundation of education, adopt conservatism in politics and advocate the restoration of the ritual and music system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The enlightened heuristic education method of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "teaching all classes" and his pioneering views in the ideological field indirectly promoted the formation of the cultural peak phenomenon of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Five years later, Confucius died at the age of 73. Later disciples extracted the words of the teacher's life and compiled The Analects of Confucius, which is a record of Confucius' words and deeds and has high literary value. It is a must-read classic of Confucianism.
Mencius was born in Zoucheng, Shandong Province. Born in the fourth year of the reign of King Zhou (372 BC), he died in the twenty-sixth year of King Lai (289 BC). He is a disciple of Confucius' grandson Zisi and a master of Confucianism after Confucius.
Under the education of his mother, Mencius studied hard, took the descendants of Confucius as successors, recruited disciples, traveled around the world, advocated "benevolent government" and "kingly way", and advocated that "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light". He has been to Qi, Song, Shandong, Teng, Liang and other countries, and met the emperors such as King Hui of Liang. Although he was respected and treated with courtesy, Teng Wengong was the only one who tried to carry out his political ideas, because he was considered conservative, out of line with the trend of the time and was not taken seriously.
In his later years, Mencius returned to his hometown to give lectures, wrote books with his disciples Zhang Wan and Gong Sunchou, and wrote seven "Mencius". Liang, Gong Sunchou,,,, and dedication. Because each article is of great weight, it is divided into two parts, so the book has fourteen volumes. Mencius' words and deeds are almost preserved in these seven articles.
Xunzi, the word Qing, was born in Zhao (now Anze, Shaanxi). He was born on Tuesday (3 13 BC) and died in the ninth year of Qin Shihuang (235 BC). He was a famous thinker and educator at the end of the Warring States Period. There are few records about Xunzi, and there are great differences. Xunzi is the biggest Confucian scholar after Confucius and Mencius. His thoughts were recorded in Xunzi, which had a wide and far-reaching influence on China's feudal society for more than two thousand years. Xunzi traveled to Yan, Qi, Chu, Qin and Zhao countries, and then lived in Lanling until his death.
When Xunzi was in Lanling, he began to teach and write books. The famous Han Fei and Li Si were his students at this time, and he also finished his masterpiece Xunzi during this time. Although Xunzi is the heir of Confucianism, he did not blindly accept Confucianism in its entirety. On the contrary, Xunzi integrated and developed Confucianism and put forward "inherent vice" and other far-reaching theories.
Second, Taoism.
Representative figures: Laozi, Zhuangzi and Liezi.
Works: Tao Te Ching, Zhuangzi and Liezi.
Taoism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, also known as "Taoists". Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, this school uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of all things in the universe. It is believed that heaven does nothing and everything is transformed naturally. It denies that gods and ghosts dominate everything, advocates that Taoism is natural, let nature take its course, and advocates that quietism and women should be soft. The political ideal is "a small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different factions. There are four famous schools: Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School.
Lao Zi's surname is Li, Bo Yang, and Qu Renli (now Taiqinggong Town, Luyi County, Zhoukou City, Henan Province). He was born in 604 BC. Some people call him Li Er, others call him Lao Dan. Laozi cultivated himself, learned from the theory of inaction, and took self-concealment as his service. Many scholars believe that Laozi came from the Warring States period, but many people also believe that Laozi came from the Spring and Autumn Period.
The theory of Taoism is based on Laozi. Laozi's book Tao Te Ching has five thousand words. The book extensively discusses the metaphysical significance of Tao and the wisdom of life, and puts forward the origin theory of the natural universe, that is, it is composed of things and exists independently. And put forward the ontological thought that the principle of the existence and operation of the world is "the movement against the Tao" For human beings living in it, what they should learn is the wisdom of dealing with the world. Laozi also put forward many political, social and life philosophy viewpoints, advocating "governing by doing nothing, a small country with few people".
Zhuangzi was born in Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu City, Henan Province). He was born in 369 BC and died in 286 BC. According to historical records, he and Liang were contemporary. Zhuangzi worked as a painter in Mongolia in his early years and has been living in seclusion ever since. He lives in poverty, but he doesn't care about fame and fortune. When the king of Chu heard of his virtue, he sent an envoy to give birth to a daughter and asked him to be prime minister, but he refused. He retired for life and lived in seclusion in Baodu Mountain. Zhuangzi is knowledgeable and has a wide range of friends. He wrote the book Zhuangzi, the main purpose of which is to take Lao Zi as the blueprint. But he attributed it to Laozi's words and also had his own unique views. He wrote hundreds of thousands of words, usually as fables. Be a fisherman, steal his feet, despise Confucius' disciples, and show Lao Tzu's skill.
Liezi, whose name is Kou, also known as Yu Kou (also known as Yong Kou and Guo Kou), is said to be a Taoist figure in the early Warring States period (now xinzheng city, Zhengzhou, Henan Province) and contemporary with Zheng Miaogong. His knowledge originated from the Yellow Emperor Laozi, and he advocated to wait and see. Liezi's eight volumes are contained in the Taoist chapter of Ban Gu's Yi Wen Zhi at the end of Han Dynasty, which has long been lost. This edition of Liezi consists of eight articles, mostly folk stories, fables and myths and legends. Judging from the ideological content and language use, it may have been written by Jin people, compiled by the people of the Eastern Jin Dynasty who collected relevant ancient materials, and the preface to the Jin Dynasty.
Third, mohists
Representative: Mozi.
Works: Mozi.
Mohism was an important school in the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai. The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Love is to love others as yourself. "The world loves each other" can achieve the purpose of "mutual benefit". Politically, he advocated respecting sages and Shang Tong without attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts. At the same time, it also puts forward the idea of "non-life", emphasizing relying on one's own strength.
Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can get rid of fire and knife to motivate themselves. His disciples engaged in debate, which is called "Mo Debate"; Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; The leader called it a "giant". Its discipline is strict, it is said that "Mohist law, the murderer dies, and the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu").
After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "Mohist post-study" (also known as "late Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Mozi was a thinker and scholar in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period, and was the founder of Mohism. Inexplicable Zhai, born and died from about 468 BC to 376 BC, was a native of Lu, now a native of Tengzhou City, Shandong Province. Mozi was born a commoner, calling himself "the humble of the north", known as "the man in cloth" and "the bitch". He used to be a doctor in the Song Dynasty, boasting that "the upper class has nothing to do, and the lower class has no agricultural difficulties", and he is a scholar who sympathizes with the "people of industry and agriculture"; After learning from Shijiao, he inherited the law of Qing Dynasty. He also studied Confucianism, the art of Confucius, praised Yao, obeyed Dayu, and knew poetry, books and spring and autumn. Dissatisfied with Confucian rites and music, he abandoned Zhou Dao and used Xia Zheng.
Advocating not attacking, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality, frugality, unhappiness, ambition, ghosts and fate, with universal love as the core. He is a man who "corrects himself with rope and ink, but is anxious to prepare for the world." In order to publicize his ideas, Mozi accepted many students and followed hundreds of disciples, forming a huge Mohist school. Mozi said "maharaja" and taught "a man who walks on foot", almost "following people's words". Wherever I went, I went to Qi in the east, Zheng and Wei in the west, and Chu and Yue in the south.
Mozi is knowledgeable, good at craft and production, and also good at guarding the city. Later, he learned to sum up his experience as twenty-one guarding cities. He also made some achievements in the theory of Ming Debate and became one of the founders of Ming Debate in the Warring States Period. Mozi's deeds can be found in Xunzi, Han Feizi, Zhuangzi, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Huainanzi and other books, and his thoughts are mainly preserved in Mozi, a post-school work of Mohism.
Fourth, Legalists.
Representative figures: Han Fei, Li Si, Shang Yang.
Works: Han Feizi
Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate, don't be extremely noble, and be divorced from the law." In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States Period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Teacher", Shen Bu's "Shu" and the thoughts and theories of Legalists.
Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, we should ban the theory of a hundred schools of thought, take law as teaching and officials as teachers. His theory provides a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy.
There are 2 17 legalist works recorded in Hanshu, and nearly half of them exist, among which Shang Jun and Han Feizi are the most important.
Han Fei, surnamed Han, was born in South Korea at the end of the Warring States Period (now xinzheng city, Zhengzhou, Henan). He was born into a noble family and is the son of Korea. His date of birth and blood relatives could not be verified, and he died in 233 BC. Han Fei stutters and is not good at talking, but good at writing books. Han Fei and Li Si are classmates and serve Xunzi under the same teacher. Seeing that South Korea's national strength was weak at that time, Han Fei advised Han Wang several times, but Han Wang did not listen. Han Fei hates ruling the country without the rule of law, enriching the people and not strengthening the army, but attaches great importance to people who have no practical experience and are good at expressing their opinions. So he looked at the changes of gains and losses in the past and wrote more than 100,000 words, such as Indignation, Five Mistakes, Internal and External Existence, and Talking about Forests and Difficulties, and became a master of Legalism. After the book was finished, it spread to the state of Qin. After reading it, the king of Qin said, "Hehe!" If I see this man swimming with him, I won't hate it. "Han Fei's works were praised by Qin Shihuang.
When Qin attacked Korea, Wang Han didn't need Han Fei. When the state of Qin attacked urgently, Wang Han appointed Han Fei to the state of Qin. The king of Qin was happy to see Han Fei, but he didn't trust him either. Reese thinks that Han Fei is the son of South Korea, and he will eventually become a Korean instead of A Qin. So, he suggested to the king of Qin that since Han Fei was not needed, it was better to punish him so as to avoid endless future troubles. The king of Qin thought so and ordered the mistake to be corrected. Reese secretly sent someone to send poison to Han Fei to commit suicide. Han Fei failed to meet talents and was finally killed by his classmates.
Shang Yang (390-338 BC) was born in Gongsun and Weiguo (now Anyang City, Henan Province). When Qin Xiaogong was sealed in Shangyi, he was named Shang Yang, Shang Jun, and Shang Yang, also known as Wei Yang, was the son of the country. Shang Yang first turned Wei Xianggong's uncle CuO into a middle-aged bastard. Uncle CuO knew that Shang Yang was talented but not reused, so he recommended Shang Yang to Wei Huiwang. Hui Wang didn't use Shang Yang. After the death of his uncle CuO, Wen ordered the whole country to look for sages, so Shang Yang went west to Qin. After Shang Yang entered Qin, Qin Xiaogong met him four times. Filial piety did not want the Confucian way of benevolent government and rule by virtue, but believed in hegemony, which was in the same strain as Shang Yang's legalist thought and carried out the most thorough political reform movement in Qin State. Shang Yang carried out two political reforms before and after Qin State, completely abolishing the old system and making Qin State the first powerful country in the Warring States. Later, Shang Yang himself was framed by aristocratic conservatives and sentenced to death for car splitting.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Representatives of famous artists: Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong and Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Zilong
Celebrities are one of the important schools in the Warring States period, and they are called celebrities by later generations because they are engaged in the main academic activities of arguing names (names, concepts) and facts (facts). At that time, people called them "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". Representative figures are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.
Hui Shi, born in Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), was born in 370 BC (or 380 BC) and died in 3 10 BC. He was a famous scholar in the Song Dynasty in the middle of the Warring States Period, the originator of a famous family, and a friend of Zhuangzi. He was once the prime minister of Wei (Liang). After Hui Shi's activities of uniting Qi and Chu failed, he was expelled by Zhang Yi.
Gong Sunlong (about 325-250 BC), a native of Wei (now northern Henan Province) or Zhao (now southern Shanxi Province), was good at using words. Born in the forty-fourth year of Zhou Xianwang, he died in the sixth year of Zhou Huigong. His life was contemporary with Zhuangzi, Hui Shi, Mencius and Zou Yan. Because GongSunLong is "named" and insists on the name, his debate is mainly based on the language itself, leaving the debate on concrete and experienced things.
6. Representatives of Yin-Yang School: Zou Yan Yin-Yang School was one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements to explain social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi man in the Warring States Period.
Yin-yang theory holds that Yin-yang is the opposing and transforming force of things themselves, which can be used to explain the law of development and change of things. The five elements theory holds that everything is composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and there are two laws that can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan integrated the two, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five virtues", and founded the theory that "five virtues begin with the end" according to the theory that the five elements compete with each other, and took this as the law of the rise and fall of dynasties, which provided a theoretical basis for establishing a new unified dynasty.
Twenty-one kinds of works of this school are recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, all of which have been lost. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order, written at the end of the Warring States Period, is said to be a work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to Yin and Yang works, while some Yin and Yang materials are also preserved in Lv Chunqiu Yingtong, Huainan Ziqi Su Xun and Historical Records of Qin Shihuang.
Zou Yan (about 305 BC to 240 BC), a native of Qi State (now Linzi, Zibo City, Shandong Province), was a representative of the Yin and Yang families. Because of his pedantry in his studies, he argued fiercely. People call him Tan, also known as Zou Zi. His deeds recorded in the old history are false, but it is certain that he came from the late Warring States period. Zou Yan was studying, and he paid more attention to learning than Qi. Welcome to Wei and the suburbs. When I arrive in Zhao, treat me as a guest and host. When I arrived in Yan, I personally swept the dust for him, listened to his lectures, built the Kersh Palace for him, and held a ceremony to accept disciples. Therefore, it is speculated that he may have died after the battle of Changping.
VII. Strategist
Representative figures: Su Qin and Zhang Yi.
Founder: Guiguzi. The main remarks are contained in the Warring States Policy.
The strategists were China's advisers who lobbied the governors and engaged in political and diplomatic activities with the strategy of "horizontal and vertical cooperation" during the Warring States Period. Be listed as one of the schools of thought. The main representatives are Su Qin and Yi Cheung. During the Warring States period, the north and south were vertical and the east and west were horizontal. Su Qin advocated that Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu should unite to repel Qin, while Zhang Yi tried to break the alliance. The six countries of Lian Heng were under the control of Qin respectively, hence the name. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military structure during the Warring States period.
There are a lot of records about its activities in the Warring States Policy. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, the strategists once wrote "sixteen sons and seventeen articles".
Guiguzi, surnamed Wang, was born in the Spring and Autumn Period. His birthplace is unknown. According to the examination, he is a native of Weiguo (now Qixian County, Hebi City, Henan Province) and often goes to Yunmeng Mountain (Qixian County, Hebi City, Henan Province) to collect herbs and cultivate monasteries. Because he lives in seclusion in Qingxi Ghost Valley, he calls himself Mr. Ghost Valley. Gui Guzi is the originator of strategists, and Su Qin and Zhang Yi are his two most outstanding disciples (see The Warring States Policy). In addition, Sun Bin and Pang Juan are also disciples (see The Romance of Sun Pang).
Su Qin word Ji Zi. During the Warring States Period, people lived in Luoyang (now Luoyang City, Henan Province) in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Learn the skills of vertical and horizontal cooperation to lobby countries. When I first arrived in Qin, I said I would benefit the king, so I don't have to. Naidong went to Zhao, Yan, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu to lobby the six countries to jointly conquer Qin. He joined the Six Kingdoms and returned to Zhao, who let him go to Wu Anjun. Later, the State of Qin made people fall to the State of Qi, and the State of Wei attacked Zhao, so the six countries could not cooperate and the alliance collapsed. Enter Yan and turn Qi into Qi Keqing. He was killed for competing with Dr. Qi. It is said that he has been engaged in anti-room activities since Yan entered Qi, so that Yan can break Qi. After the anti-house activity was exposed, Qi Che cracked to death. Thirty-one pieces of perilla, the vertical and horizontal strategist, are lost today. Su Qin's letters and travel notes are preserved in the silk book Letters of the Warring States unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb, which is different from Historical Records and Biography of Su Qin.
Zhang Yi was a native of Wei State (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and a famous strategist during the Warring States Period. When he entered Qin, Qin Huiwen thought he was a guest. In 328 BC, they met in Sang Mu and then avoided each other. In the second year, Zhang Yi met Wei, and eight years later, she met Yuan and Qin.
Eight, sage
Representative: Lv Buwei.
Miscellaneous school was a comprehensive school at the end of the Warring States Period. It is named after "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "hundred schools of thought's way is consistent" (Han Shu Literature and Art Annals and Yan's Notes). Lv Chunqiu, compiled by scholars in Qin Dynasty, is a typical miscellaneous book.
Lv Buwei, a native of Puyang (now Puyang City, Henan Province), was a famous politician at the end of the Warring States Period. He served as Qin for thirteen years, which laid the foundation for the final reunification of the six countries. Lv Buwei has been selling expensive for a long time, and accumulated a lot of property. But he is not satisfied with his status as a big businessman, and has been looking for opportunities to join politics. One year, he went to Handan, the capital of Zhao, to do business and met the son of Qin. At that time, foreigners were taken hostage in Zhao and the situation was not very good. Lv Buwei believed that "imported goods can live in", and he first gave them money and beautiful women to win the favor of foreigners. Then, I lobbied Mrs. Huayang's sister to bribe Mrs. Huayang after Qin Xiaowen became a prince. After the death of King Xiaowen of Qin Dynasty in 250 BC, the son of another man was able to return to China and acceded to the throne. Known as King Xiang of Qin Zhuang, Lv Buwei was named as the national phase, and Wen Xin Hou of posthumous title ate twelve counties of Lantian. After the death of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang, Zhao Zheng, King of Qin, succeeded to the throne and was named "Guan Zhong", acting as the regent. After Zhao Zheng came to power, Lv Buwei was removed from office. He lived in Henan first, and then moved to Shu County. In the twelfth year of Qin Dynasty, Wang Zheng committed suicide on his way to Shu County. The famous "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" was written by his disciples.
Nine, farmers
Nongjiale is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is named after attaching importance to agricultural production. This was sent by an official in charge of agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, and should be put in the first place in all work. "On Mencius and Teng Wengong" records that Xu Xing is a man, "for the words of Shennong", and puts forward that sages should "plow with the people and eat, and eat for the people", which shows the social and political ideals of farmers. This evening also pays attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production technology and experience. The chapters in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, such as Shang Nong, Man and Land, Border Land and Current Affairs, are considered to be important materials for studying farmers in the pre-Qin period.
Xu Xing is an agricultural expert in Lu (now southwest Shandong), a representative figure of farmers in the pre-Qin period, and a speaker of Shennong. Most of his deeds cannot be verified. According to Mencius Teng Wengong, he once went from Chu to Teng, followed the door and said to Wen Gong, "People come from afar, and Wen Jun is kind and willing to protect himself." The difference between Wen Gong and Wen Gong. Sean, his disciple, and Xin, his younger brother, were defeated by Teng of Song Dynasty and said, "They are saints, and they are willing to protect themselves for the saints." Chen was very happy after seeing Xu Xing, so he gave up his studies and learned from Xu Xing. In addition, the bank boss obtains the market price according to the quantity.
Novelist
Novelists, one of the nine pre-Qin writers, collect folk stories and investigate people's feelings and customs.
"Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi" cloud: novelists flow, built by officials. Street talk, hearsay also has.
XI。 Military strategist
Military strategists focus on directing wars and how to use force when it is necessary to achieve their goals. The founder is Sun Wu, and the strategists are divided into four categories: strategist, strategist, strategist.
The main representatives of military strategists are Sun Wu and Sima Yi at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States Period, there were Sun Bin, Wuqi, Liao Wei, Wei Wuji and Leitian. Today, military strategists' works include The Yellow Emperor Yin Fujing, Liu Tao, Three Outlooks, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sima Fa, Sun Bin's Art of War, Woods and Wei Liaozi. Although there are similarities and differences among various theories, they all contain rich elements of simple materialism and dialectics. The practical activities and theories of military strategists had great influence on that time and later generations, and they were the precious military ideological heritage of China in ancient times. Sima Qian's Biography of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng in the Western Han Dynasty: "Jia Sheng is young and familiar with the books of a hundred schools. Wendi called him a doctor. "
Sun Wu, a native of Qi State (now Linzi, Shandong Province), was a strategist in the Spring and Autumn Period. He Lv, the prince of Wu, was seen in Thirteen Articles on the Art of War by Sun Tzu. On the recommendation of Wu Zixu, he was appointed as a general and led Wu Jun to attack Chu. He believes that "the soldier is a national event" and puts forward "know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle". He pays attention to understanding the situation, comprehensively analyzes the contradictory aspects such as enemy and ourselves, being outnumbered, strength, reality, attack and defense, advance and retreat, and through understanding and mastering the objective laws of war, he can defeat the enemy. He also put forward that "the soldiers are unpredictable, the water is unpredictable, and the enemy can win because of the change, which is called God", emphasizing the "singularity" and flexible use of strategy and tactics. Sun Wu's works include Sun Tzu's Art of War, which is the most outstanding art of war in China and is highly regarded all over the world.
Sun Bin, a native of Ayi, Qi (now Yanggu, Zhencheng County, Shandong Province), was a descendant of Sun Wu, a strategist during the Warring States Period, and was roughly contemporary with Shang Yang. He studied the art of war with Pang Juan. When Pang Juan was a general, he was jealous of his talent and tricked him into Wei, where he was flogged (that is, his kneecap was removed), so he was called Sun Bin. Later, he was secretly carried back by an emissary of the State of Qi, and was appointed as a strategist by Qi Weiwang, who assisted Tian Ji, the general of the State of Qi, and designed to defeat Wei Jun in Guilin and Maling. He inherited and developed Sun Wu's military theory, regarded "Tao" as the objective law of war, put forward the tactics of defeating the strong with the weak, advocated the strategy of concentrated attack, created favorable offensive situation according to different terrain, and attached importance to siege and the use of array methods. He is the author of Sun Bin's Art of War.
Twelve. Physician
Representative: Bian Que.
The formation of China's medical theory lasted more than 700 years from the second half of the 5th century BC to the middle of the 3rd century AD. In the second half of the 5th century BC, China began to enter the feudal society. The transition from slave society to feudal society and the establishment of feudal system was a turbulent period in the history of China. Social system reform has promoted economic development, and new situations have emerged in the fields of thought, science and culture, including the development of medicine. Doctors generally refer to all people who practice medicine.
Born in Zheng, Bohai County (now Zhengzhou, Qi State, and xinzheng city, Henan Province (now Changqing District, Jinan City, Shandong Province), he was also recorded as a native of Bohai County (now Renqiu County, Hebei Province). "Bian Que" is not a real name. People compared him with Bian Que of the Yellow Emperor and called him "Mr. Bian Que". Even the history books call him Bian Que. Originally surnamed Qin, later surnamed Yue. Born from 407 BC to 3 10 BC, about the same time as Confucius. Bian Que is a famous doctor in the history of China and the first doctor with a formal biography. He wrote Neijing and Waijing, and invented four diagnostic methods (namely, looking, smelling, asking and feeling). Bian Que can study medicine with a realistic attitude and learn from people's medical experience. He has made great achievements in medicine and enjoys a high reputation among the people. Bian Que has been practicing medicine among the people for a long time, and has traveled all over Qi, Zhao, Wei, Zheng and Qin. In 3 10 BC, Li Mi, the king of Qin, was jealous of Bian Que's talent and sent an ambush in Xiaoshan at the age of 97.