Materials for college entrance examination essays about historical figures
Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC) was named Qiu and given the courtesy name Zhongni. A native of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period, he was the founder of Confucianism and a great thinker and educator in China.
Characters and Events
Perfection Confucius attached great importance to the content and form of music. He praised the perfect art forms of the ancient music and dance "Shao" and "Nine Bian". "The Analects of Confucius? Shuer": "When Zi heard "Shao" in Qi, he didn't know the taste of meat in March." Confucius commented that "Shao" is perfect. While highly praising the artistic expression of the Zhou Dynasty music and dance "Da Wu", it criticized its content that showed the war achievements of Zhou warriors in defeating the Zhou Dynasty and destroying the Shang Dynasty: ""Da Wu" is not perfect even though it is perfect."
Live in poverty and be happy Confucius said: "Being rich and noble without justice is like a floating cloud to me." In Confucius' mind, doing justice is the highest value of life. When there is a conflict between wealth and poverty and morality, he would rather suffer poverty than live in poverty. Will give up morality. But his desire to live in poverty and enjoy the Tao cannot be seen as not seeking wealth, but only seeking to maintain the Tao. Confucius once said: "Wealth and honor are what people want; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it. Poverty and lowliness are what people hate; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it." " If you are rich and can ask for it, even if you are a man with a whip, I will do it. If you can't ask for it, do what you like. "
When he was 63 years old, he forgot to eat and was happy. Confucius once described it this way. Himself: "He who is so angry that he forgets to eat, and who is so happy that he forgets his worries, does not know that old age is coming." At that time, Confucius had led his disciples to travel around the country for nine years. After going through many hardships, he not only failed to gain the trust of the princes, but also almost died, but Confucius was not discouraged. Still optimistic and adhering to your ideals, even when you know you can't do it.
A gentleman is poor. Confucius arrived in the state of Chen and stayed at the house of Sadako in Sicheng for three years. When the Chu State heard that Confucius was between Chen and Cai, they hired Confucius and planned to seal the land of 700 miles around the registered community to Confucius. Confucius went to pay homage and return the favor, but the people who were migrating from Chen to Cai were surrounded, unable to travel, and deprived of food. The disciples who followed him were exhausted and too hungry to stand up. But Confucius still "teached and recited string songs without interruption" (teaching and reciting, playing and singing, and teaching poems, books, etiquette and music without interruption). Zilu was angry and came to see Confucius and asked, "Is a gentleman also poor?" Confucius said, "Gentlemen are all poor, but villains are poor in many ways. When a gentleman is in trouble, no matter what happens, he should maintain his integrity and morality.
Confucius, who has passed away like a man, stood at the foot of Nishan Mountain, looking at the rolling Liao River, and was moved by the scene. He couldn't help but sigh: "He passed away like a man, and he did not give up day and night!" Confucius was among the common green waves of flowing water. After discovering the profound truth, the frustration flowed away like water. Later, Zhuangzi had a similar sigh in "Zhuangzi? Zhibeiyou": "The space between heaven and earth in life is like the passing of a white colt, passing by suddenly." It describes that time passes very quickly, which is also the origin of "the gap of a white colt passing by."
A harsh government is more fierce than a tiger. Confucius passed by Mount Tai and saw a woman crying and wailing beside a tomb, so he asked about it. The woman replied: "My father-in-law was eaten by a tiger!" Confucius asked Zi Lu: "Why don't you leave this place?" The woman replied: "Because there is no tyranny of excessive taxes and miscellaneous taxes here." Confucius said to his disciples : "Hard government is more harmful to people than tigers!"
Waiting for price Confucius lobbied the princes and wanted to be reused, but he encountered obstacles everywhere. He was very sentimental and often secretly complained about himself. One day, Zigong got a beautiful jade and came to ask Confucius whether he wanted to keep it or find someone who knew how to sell it. Confucius sighed loudly: "It's okay to sell it, it's okay to sell it! I'm waiting for Jia Zhi!" which means: Sell it, sell it, I'm waiting for someone who knows the goods. It is a metaphor for waiting for talents who appreciate themselves to come out to serve.
1. Introduction to Zhuangzi
Zhuangzi (about 369 BC to 286 BC), named Zhou, was born in the eastern suburbs of Mengcheng County (now Dongcheng Road, Chengguan Town). He was a Qiyuan official and a famous thinker and writer during the Warring States Period. Zhuangzi was a representative figure of the Taoist school during the Warring States Period after Laozi. At the same time, he is also an excellent writer and philosopher. With his representative work "Zhuangzi" (also known as "Nanhua Sutra"), he elucidated the essence of Taoist thought, developed Taoist theory, and made it a far-reaching philosophical school
(1) Characters and Stories< /p>
The Debate at Haoliang
Zhuangzi and Huizi were playing together on the bridge of Haoshui River. Zhuangzi said: The fish swims leisurely, which is the happiness of the fish (the fish swims leisurely and in vain, this is the happiness of the fish). Huizi said: You are not a fish, how can you know the happiness of fish? Zhuangzi said: You are not me, how do you know that I don’t know the joy of fish? Huizi said: I am not a son, so I do not know the son; the son is certainly not a fish, and the son does not know the joy of fish, that is all (and it is completely certain). Zhuangzi said: Please follow its origin. Ziri said, "You know how happy fish are?" He asked me since he knew that I knew it. I know howl Jojoya (let us follow the previous words. What you just said, "How do you know the happiness of fish", is that you already know that I know the happiness of fish and asked me, and I I know the fish are happy on the bridge over the ditch.) "Autumn Waters"
The owl catches the rotten rat
Huizi was the prime minister of Wei, and Zhuangzi came to see him. Someone said to Huizi: Zhuangzi came and wanted to take his place.
So Huizi was very panicked and searched for Zhuangzi in the capital for three days and three nights. Zhuangzi went to see him and said to him: There is a bird in the south, and its name is the phoenix chick. Do you know this? The young phoenix sprouts from the South China Sea and flies to the North Sea. It will not stop unless it is a sycamore tree, it will not eat unless it is made of solid food, and it will not drink unless it is a sweet spring spring. Then the owl caught the rotten rat, and the young bird passed by it, and looked up and said, "Scared!" "I want to frighten me with my country of Wei. (There is a bird in the south. Its name is the phoenix. Do you know? The phoenix flies from the South China Sea to the North Sea. It is not a plane tree and it will not stop. It is not a bamboo. It won't eat the fruit, and it won't drink the sweet spring water. At this moment, an eagle found a rotten mouse, and the chick happened to fly by. The eagle looked up at the chick and let out a roar. :'Chi! 'Now you also want to use your Wei State to yell at me?
Wood and non-wood
Zhuangzi was walking in the mountains and saw a big tree with lush leaves. Some people stayed by the tree but did not cut it down. They asked them why and said, "It is of no use." Zhuangzi said, "This tree will live forever because it will not become timber." Zhuangzi came out of the mountains and stayed at a friend's house. The friend was happy and asked his servant to kill the geese to entertain him. "Which one should I kill?" The master said: "Kill the one that cannot sing." The next day, the disciple asked Zhuangzi: Yesterday, the tree in the mountain lived for a long time because of its lack of wood; now the master's goose will die because of its lack of wood. Where will the master be? Zhuangzi smiled and said: Zhou will be between the talented and the untalented (I will be between the talented and the untalented)
Zhuang Zhou Mengdie
Zhuangzi wanted to explain. The principle of materialization tells a story: In the past, Zhuang Zhou dreamed of a butterfly, and he suddenly realized that he was a butterfly. Zhuangzi said that this is called materialization. It not only expresses the attitude of life as a dream, but also reveals the metaphysical relationship between Zhuang Zhou and the butterfly. Come out. Everything in the physical world, although it is ever-changing, is just the materialization of Tao. Whether it is Zhuang Zhou or a butterfly, there is no difference in the essence of Tao.
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Less than a year after Zhuangzi returned home, his wife died of illness. His good friend Huizi came to express his condolences. He saw Zhuangzi sitting cross-legged on the ground and singing. Huizi asked: If you live with others, your eldest son will die. "It's enough not to cry, but it's enough for you to play drums and sing. Isn't that worse?" Isn't it too much, too unkind?) Zhuangzi said: Otherwise, how could I be so unmoved when he died? However, he was sleeping in a huge room, and I suddenly died. I cried because I thought I didn't understand life, so I stopped. (That's not what I meant. When she died, how could I not feel sad? After thinking about it, I realized that I was still an ordinary person who didn't understand the principles of life and death, and didn't understand the way of heaven and earth. . If you think about it this way, you won’t feel sad.) He advocated that in life, one should live in peace and harmony, and people should not be optimistic and open-minded.
Zhuangzi was buried with him.
Zhuangzi was about to die. They plan to use many things as a burial companion. Zhuangzi said: I use the heaven and the earth as a coffin, the sun and the moon as a series of jade, the stars as pearls, and all things as a gift. Aren’t my burial utensils prepared for evil? The disciple said: I am afraid that the black kite will eat the Master. Zhuangzi said: Above is the food of the crow's kite, and below is the food of the ants. To seize the other and this, how biased is it!
Sun Bin was a famous military strategist during the Warring States Period and a descendant of Sun Wu. People from Qi State's A (now northeast of Yanggu, Shandong) and Juan (now north of Juancheng) were mainly active during the period of King Wei of Qi.
Characters and events
He studied under the guidance of Sun Bin, a descendant of Guigu, and he was smart since he was a child. Unfortunately, his father died when he was young, and his second brother Sun Hu was lost during the war. Sun Bin determined to learn from his master and benefit the people. At that time, there was a scholar in the Chu State named Wang Xu, who was proficient in the art of war and highly skilled in martial arts. He lived in seclusion in the Guigu Mountains to teach his apprenticeship, and was respectfully called "Mr. Guigu" by the world. Sun Bin then studied under Mr. Guigu. Also studying with Sun Bin were Pang Juan, Su Qin, and Zhang Yi, who were called the "Four Friends of Ghost Valley" by later generations.
Pang Juan was his classmate who was jealous of his talent. Sun Bin was diligent, studious, loyal, and got along well with his fellow students. But Pang Juan was narrow-minded, arrogant, and jealous of talents. Pang Juan came down from the mountain before Sun Bin and became the general of King Hui of Wei. He thought he was not as talented as Sun Bin, so he secretly sent someone to summon Sun Bin to work with him. After Sun Bin arrived, Pang Juan planned to frame Sun Bin and cut off both of his kneecaps (called Bin's punishment in ancient times), hoping that Sun Bin's talents would not be revealed to the world. This is the origin of the name "Sun Bin".
After Qi Sunqiang, who escaped from the Wei Dynasty and had his kneecaps cut off, became a disabled person and was a despised "prisoner". One day, he heard that the envoy from Qi State had arrived in Daliang, the county seat of Wei State, so he secretly met with the envoy from Qi State as a prisoner and stated his experience, the strategy of marching and formation, and his political opinions. The envoys of Qi State were greatly moved and thought that he was a rare talent, so they secretly brought him back to Qi State in a car.
When Sun Bin, who showed his talent in horse racing, arrived in Qi, King Wei of Qi came to the throne not long ago. The princes and nobles of Qi often enjoyed horse racing. Once, Sun Bin went to see Tian Ji and King Wei of Qi racing. Sun Bin came up with an idea and said: "The general will first race the low-grade horses against King Wei's high-grade horses, then the high-grade horses against his medium-grade horses, and the medium-grade horses against his inferior horses."
"Tian Ji did as he was told, and ended up with one loss and two wins. In the past games, Tian Ji had lost to King Qi Wei. This time, King Qi Wei was surprised that Tian Ji suddenly defeated him, so he asked him what method he used. Tian Ji took the opportunity Recommended Sun Bin to King Wei of Qi. King Wei of Qi summoned Sun Bin and talked to him about the art of war and the way to govern the country. King Wei was sincerely convinced and "then he became his teacher."
In 354 BC, Zhao sent troops. Qi and Fuqiu were captured in Wei State. Wei State was originally attached to Wei State. After receiving military pressure from Zhao State, Wei State surrendered. In order to regain the vassal state, Wei Hui led an army to attack Zhao with Pang Juan as general and surrounded him. Handan. The following year, Handan was in danger under a long attack, and Zhao asked Qi for help. At Zhao's request, Qi appointed Tian Ji as its general and Sun Bin as its military advisor, and led the army to rescue Zhao. ", "quickly move across Daliang", and "attack them and save them". Tian Ji followed the plan and ordered a small force to take advantage of the situation and go straight to Daliang, the capital of Wei, and used the main force to ambush Pang Juan's army in Guiling, which he must pass through on his way back. King Hui of Wei saw that the Qi army was advancing and ordered Pang Juan to return to rescue himself. Pang Lei, who had just captured Handan, heard that Daliang was in danger and rushed back to rescue him when he arrived at Guiling. He was attacked head-on by the Qi army and almost his entire army was destroyed. , Pang Juan only escaped with his own life.
In the Battle of Maling, Wei launched a war against South Korea, and South Korea sent an envoy to Qi to ask for help. After several fierce battles between Wei and Han, when Han was in danger and Wei was exhausted, Tian Ji was once again appointed as the general and Sun Bin as the military advisor to send troops to rescue Han. Sun Bin still adopted the strategy of encircling Wei and rescuing Zhao, leading his troops to drive In Wei's territory, the army was approaching Daliang. In view of the lessons learned from the Battle of Guiling, Wei withdrew from the siege of South Korea and mobilized 100,000 troops. With Prince Shen as the general and Pang Juan as his deputy, he prepared to fight the Qi army. In order to mobilize the enemy and create a fighting opportunity, Sun Bin decisively led his troops to retreat eastward. He ordered the army to enter the Wei territory and build cooking stoves for 100,000 people first, then build 50,000 people cooking stoves on the third day. Pang Juan marched for three days and said very happily: "I knew that the Qi army was timid and cowardly. It had only been three days since they entered our country, and more than half of them deserted!" "So he abandoned his infantry and pursued the Qi army day and night with only his lightly-armed elite troops. Sun Bin estimated that he could reach Maling that night. Sun Bin asked people to cut off the bark of the tree to expose the white wood and write : "Pang Juan died under this tree. "Order 10,000 Qi soldiers who are good at archery to hide on both sides of Maling Road, saying: "When you see the firelight under the tree at night, you will fire thousands of arrows." "Sure enough, Pang Juan rushed to the big tree with the bark cut off that night. When he saw the writing on the white wood, he lit a fire to shine on the writing on the tree trunk. Before he could finish reading the writing, the Qi army ambushed and fired thousands of arrows. The Wei army was in chaos. They didn't agree with each other. Pang Juan knew that he had nothing to do and his defeat was inevitable, so he drew his sword and killed himself in vain. Before he died, he said, "This is how I became known as Zhuzi!" "The Qi army took advantage of the victory and pursued it, completely defeated the Wei army, and captured Wei Crown Prince Shen and returned to the country. Sun Bin also became famous all over the world.
Returning to his countryside, he wrote a book and said that King Xuan of Qi worshiped Tian Ji as the right prime minister, and Sun Bin became the right prime minister. Prime Minister Zuo. Unexpectedly, some powerful ministers in the court continued to slander King Xuan, and King Xuan became suspicious. When Sun Bin found out, he persuaded Tian Ji to abandon his official position and live in seclusion together, where he wrote "Sun Bin's Art of War" to inherit and develop. It contains the military strategic thoughts of "Sun Tzu's Art of War", a world-renowned military strategist.
Cao Cao (155-220), the statesman, military strategist and poet of the Three Kingdoms period. Meng De, whose nickname is Ah Ma, was born in Qiao County, Peiguo (now Haozhou City, Anhui Province).
Character Examples
Cao Cao, who was suspected of killing Hua Tuo in his later years, suffered from cerebral gout. Hua Xin, a minister, recommended the miracle doctor Warren to him. Unfortunately, when Warren pointed out that the disease was caused by wind, the root of the disease was in the brain, and the wind could not come out, so the decoction was in vain and he had to use a sharp ax to open the brain to get the wind. During the eradication, Cao Cao suspected that Hua Tuo wanted to take advantage of the opportunity to kill him, so he killed Hua Tuo, and a generation of miracle doctors died.
Abolition of the Cold Food Festival "Cold Food Festival" is said to have originated from Duke Yanming in the Spring and Autumn Period. In memory of Jie Zitui's death, people decided to ban fire and cold food for more than a hundred days. One year, when Cao Cao inspected and learned about the living conditions of the local people, he found that the people spent "cold food" every year. "Festival" method has seriously affected and harmed the health of the people, so it was ordered to be abolished.
Advocating thin burials In 218, Cao Cao issued a "Final Order" proposing that there should be no thick burials after death. He wanted to bury himself on barren land, and use the original height of the ground as the base. No soil was piled on the mausoleum, and no trees were planted on the mausoleum. A year later, he prepared four-season clothes for himself and left a will: I. If you die, please be buried according to the clothes you wore at that time. No gold, jade, jewelry, copperware, etc. should be buried with you. Cao Cao was the first emperor in Chinese history to propose a "thin burial".
Once, Cao Cao's army passed by the farmland and saw that the crops were harvested, so he ordered that anyone who trampled the wheat field should be beheaded. Unexpectedly, his horse was frightened and jumped into the wheat field, trampling a wheat field in order to fulfill his order. , to win the trust of the people, he cut off his own hair instead.
When Cao Cao was conquering Zhangxiu, there was a lack of water on the road and the soldiers were thirsty, so he pointed his whip in front and said there was a plum forest. The sergeant heard about it. Afterwards, they all felt salivation in their mouths and were no longer thirsty, and finally got out of the woods.
One day while drinking and discussing heroes, Cao Cao and Liu Bei were drinking and discussing the heroes of the world. Cao Cao said: "Today's heroes are only the envoys and Cao Er!" When Liu Bei heard this, he was surprised and held up his hands. The spoon and chopsticks he held fell to the ground unconsciously. It was about to rain and there was a loud thunder. Liu Bei then calmly bowed his head and picked up the chopsticks and said: "The power of a shock is even greater than this." Cao Cao laughed: "Is your husband also afraid of thunder?" Liu Bei said: "The sage is bound to change with thunder and wind, how can he not be afraid of it?" A saint will lose his composure in the face of thunder and strong wind. How can I not be afraid? He lightly covered up the reason why he lost his chopsticks after hearing this. Cao Cao therefore did not doubt Liu Bei.
Barefoot to welcome the talent Xu You came to surrender to Cao Cao. Cao Cao was sleeping. When he heard that his old friend Xu You had come to surrender, he quickly jumped out of bed without wearing shoes or socks and ran out to greet him. Seeing Xu You in the distance, he clasped his hands and laughed happily. He entered hand in hand and Cao bowed to the ground first. When Xu You saw it, he was filled with emotions.
East of Jieshi In 207 AD, the overall situation of unifying the north was decided. In the mid-autumn month of August, the autumn air was crisp and clear. Cao Cao personally led his mighty troops, full of victory and pride, and marched eastward. There is a mountain on the southwest coast of the Bohai Sea that is abrupt and graceful. Cao Cao jumped on his horse and whipped his whip, climbed the mountain to view the sea, faced the sea, and sang to express his aspirations. So he wrote the famous poem "Guan Cang Hai" which has been passed down through the ages.
Indiscriminate Killing of Innocents Dong Zhuo defeated Chao Gang, Cao Cao led his son to escape back to his hometown, passing by the home of his friend Chenggao Lu Boxe. Bo She went out, leaving only his five sons. Hearing the sound of their food dishes clashing at night, he mistakenly thought they were trying to kill him, so he killed them at night. He also said sadly: "I would rather let the world down, than let the world let me down!" This shows Cao Cao's insidious and ruthless tactics.
Chapter 60 of Cao Cao's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" burned manuscripts tells such a story: Zhang Song went out of Xudu to ask to see Cao Cao. Cao Cao saw that Zhang Song was short and ugly, so he deliberately ignored him and washed his feet. The interview made Zhang Song suffocated. The next day, Cao Cao's treasurer, Yang Xiu, took out Cao Cao's new military book "Meng De Xinshu" to Zhang Song, hoping to show Cao Cao's great talent. Zhang Song read it once and wrote it down. He deliberately smiled and said: "This book is even a three-foot-old boy in Shu can recite it secretly. What is a new book? This was written by an unknown person during the Warring States Period. Prime Minister Cao stole it for himself." Yang Xiu If he didn't believe it, Zhang Song said, "If you don't believe it, I'll try to recite it." Then he recited the "New Book of Meng De" from beginning to end without making any mistakes. Yang Xiu was shocked and went to tell Cao Cao. Cao Cao said strangely: "Could it be that the ancients thought the same as me?" He thought his book had no new ideas, so he had the book burned.
Suspicious by nature, Cao Cao took the "suspicious tomb" measure after his death. The arrangement of the suspicious tomb was, on the one hand, to prevent tomb robbers, and on the other hand, it was also related to his suspicious nature. Legend has it that on the day of his burial, all the city gates of the Post City were opened, and seventy-two coffins were carried out from the city gates from the southeast, northwest, and southeast at the same time. From then on, the eternal mystery of Cao Cao's tomb was revealed.
Han Xin (? - 196 BC) was a military strategist in the early Han Dynasty and a native of Huaiyin (now Jiangsu). After the uprising of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, Han Xin first joined Xiang Liang, followed by Xiang Yu, and then Liu Bang (see Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty). In the first year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (206 BC), he was recommended by Prime Minister Xiao He and became a general. He assisted Liu Bang in formulating the strategy of returning the Three Qins to conquer the world.
Characters and Events
Crotch Humiliation A butcher in Huaiyin insulted Han Xin, saying: "Although he has grown up, he likes to carry a sword, but he is timid." He insulted him in public and said: "If you can die, stab me; if you can't, get out under your crotch." Han Xin stared at the other person for a long time, then slowly lowered his body and crawled out from under his crotch. People on the street laughed at Han Xin and thought he was a coward.
At the end of the ill-fated Qin Dynasty, Xiang Liang rebelled against Qin and crossed the Huaihe River to go north. At this time, Han Xin took his sword and defected to Xiang Liang, remaining in the army and remaining unknown. After Xiang Liang was defeated, he returned to Xiang Yu, who made him a doctor. Han Xin gave Xiang Yu many suggestions, but Xiang Yu refused to adopt them.
Leaving Chu and returning to Han, Han Xin left the Chu army and went to Liu Bang, where he worked as a minor official in charge of warehouses and was still unknown to others. Later, Han Xin was about to be executed. Thirteen people who were accomplices in the crime were all executed. It was Han Xin’s turn. Han Xin looked up at the sun and said, "If you don’t want to be above, you will be in the world? Why behead a strong man!" Xia Houying felt this The man's speech was extraordinary. Seeing his majestic appearance, he talked with him and admired him very much, so he made a recommendation to the king of Han. The King of Han granted Han Xin an official position in charge of food and wages, but found nothing special about him.
Xiao He chased Han Xin under the moon. Han Xin talked with Xiao He many times and was appreciated by Xiao He, but was never reused by Liu Bang, so he took advantage of the moon and left. Xiao He heard that Han Xin had left, and before he could report to Liu Bang, he mounted his horse and chased Han Xin. After catching up with Han Xin, Xiao He asked Han Xin why he was leaving. Han Xin said, "The King of Han doesn't trust me and doesn't need me. It's pointless for me to stay here. I want to join someone else." Xiao He said, "Don't leave yet. Come with me." Go back. If the King of Han does not make you a general this time, it will not be too late for you to leave." After Xiao He's repeated pleas, Han Xin reluctantly went back with Xiao He.
Han Xin orders troops, the more the better. Once, Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty, was discussing the military talents of the generals in the DPRK during a chat with Han Xin. Later, Liu Bang asked Han Xin: "How many troops do you think I can command?" Han Xin said: "Your Majesty, you can command up to 100,000 troops." Liu Bang asked again: "Then how many troops can you command?" Han Xin said: " The more troops I can lead, the better (the more the better)," reflecting Han Xin's confidence.
The plank road was built openly and secretly in Chencang. Liu Bang and Han Xin agreed on an auspicious day in August of the first year to set off for the Eastern Expedition.
The plank road used for the expedition had been burned down and the march could not be carried out. Asked how Han Xin should advance the army, Han Xin proposed the strategy of "building a plank road openly and sneaking through Chencang secretly", so he sent hundreds of soldiers to pretend to build a plank road, while he led the three armies to quietly set out from Nanzheng and sneak into Chencang.
Cutting off the water and blocking the flow, the coalition army was defeated. In September of the third year of the Han Dynasty (204 BC), Han Xin and the coalition forces of Qi and Chu faced off in Weishui. Han Xin secretly sent people to fill more than 10,000 sandbags overnight to block the upper reaches of the Weishui River, so that the lower reaches of the river became shallower. The next morning. When the Qi-Chu coalition forces had just reached the middle of the river, Han Xin secretly ordered the Han army ambushing upstream to remove the sandbags. The rushing water cut the Qi-Chu coalition forces crossing the river into two sections, and countless soldiers were swept away by the flood. . Han Xin returned his troops to pursue them and annihilated the Qi-Chu coalition forces that had crossed the river in one fell swoop. The king of Qi fled, and You Qi (the commander of the Qi-Chu coalition forces) died in the battle. The Qi-Chu coalition forces who stayed on the east bank and had not yet crossed the river saw that their commander was dead, so they abandoned their armor and fled with their troops. In this way, the Han army occupied the entire territory of Qi in one fell swoop.
Besieged on all sides In December of the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (202 BC), the Chu and Han armies launched a decisive battle at Guixia (now Lingbinan, Anhui). Liu Bang took Han Xin as the main general and unified command of all armies. Xiang Yu commanded 100,000 Chu troops to attack the Han army's position from the front. Han Xin used a typical flank attack strategy, asking the Han army to retreat slightly to avoid the Chu army's aggressiveness, and then spread the two wings to carry out a flank attack, and then ordered the central army to advance, completing the encirclement at once. At night, Han Xin ordered the Han troops to sing songs of Chu from all sides. The Chu troops lost their fighting spirit and were annihilated by the Han troops at Gaixia. Seeing that the situation was over, Xiang Yu took to the banks of the Wujiang River. The five-year Chu-Han War ended with Liu Bang, the king of Han, taking over the world.
Sima Qian (145 BC or 135 BC and 87 BC?)
Historian and writer of the Western Han Dynasty. Zi Chang, Zuofeng Yi, was born in Xiayang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi Province). In the first year of Taichu (I04 BC), Sima Qian began to write "Historical Records". After defending Li Ling, he was convicted and imprisoned, and was tortured. After he was released from prison, he served as Zhongshu Ling and continued to write books vigorously. Finally, he completed the "Historical Records", which was called "Tai Shi Gong Shu"
A summary of characters and events
The young Sima Qian was born in From a family of historians, their ancestors have been serving as Taishi of the royal family since the Zhou Dynasty, and are in charge of literary and historical divination. After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, his father Sima Tan served as Taishi Ling for thirty years. Sima Qian began to recite "Guwen" at the age of 10 and received enlightenment education from his father. His long-standing family education had a profound impact on his later academic path. Later, he went to Chang'an with his father and studied "Guwen Shangshu" and "Spring and Autumn" with Kong Andong and Dong Zhongshu, the famous classics masters at that time. At the age of 19, he was a disciple of a doctorate.
Traveling around the world He started his traveling life at the age of 20. His footprints reached Kuaiji and visited the remains of Xia Yu; he went to Gusu and looked at the Five Lakes where Fan Li blinked his boat; he arrived at Huaiyin and visited the story of Han Xin; he went to Fengfei and visited the hometowns of Liu Bang and Xiao He; he went to Daliang and visited Yi Gate, and inspected the situation of the Qin army diverting river water to flood Daliang; visited Chu to visit the palace ruins of Chun Shenjun; In addition, he also traveled to Zhuolu in the north, climbed the Great Wall, traveled to Yuanxiang in the south, and reached Kongtong in the west. The grand tour broadened his horizons and increased his knowledge.
When his father ordered Sima Qian to be critically ill, he held his son's hand and said to him with tears: "...After I die, you must continue to be Taishi. Don't forget my life. I hope to write a general history. You must inherit my career and don’t forget it!” This earnest instruction greatly shocked Sima Qian. He saw his father’s rare sense of mission and responsibility as a historian. He also knew that his father had placed his unfinished career on Bai Ji.
In the first year of Taichu (104 BC) when the calendar was compiled, Sima Qian, as Taishi Ling, together with more than 20 people including Zhongdafu Sun Qing, Hu Sui, Li Guan Deng Ping, Luo Xia Hong, astronomer Tang Du, etc. Reform the calendar. After this group of experts worked together, repeated calculations and selections, they finally formulated a new calendar in May of this year. This is the famous "Taichu Calendar"
In the second year of Tianhan (99 BC), Li Ling went on an expedition. The Xiongnu were surrounded, and they surrendered with all their weapons and supplies exhausted. Emperor Wu was furious, and the civil and military officials also cursed Li Ling for surrendering. Sima Qian argued: "Li Ling fought thousands of miles and was exhausted. The famous generals in ancient times were just like this. Although he surrendered, it was excusable. I thought that as long as he did not die, he would still be loyal to the Han Dynasty." The furious Han Dynasty After hearing what Sima Qian said, Emperor Wu thought that Sima Qian intended to excuse Li Ling's defense, so he was thrown into prison and sentenced to corruption.
Bearing the humiliation and bearing the burden. The unfortunate encounters, especially the corruption, greatly stimulated Sima Qian's spirit and he once wanted to commit suicide. But he remembered his father's last words, and encouraged himself with Confucius, Qu Yuan, Zuo Qiuming, Sun Tzu, Han Fei, etc. who had worked hard in adversity, and finally survived the humiliation with amazing will. After six years of imprisonment, he finally completed the masterpiece "Historical Records", which "studies the relationship between heaven and man, understands the changes of ancient and modern times, and becomes a family"
The historical book system "Historical Records" created the "biography style" . What is a chronicle? Ji refers to the book, which is the biography of the emperor; Zhuan refers to biographies, which are biographies of general ministers and various figures. In "Historical Records", the five-part structure of chronicles, tables, books, aristocratic families, and biographies creatively explores the historiography method with characters as the main body. Sima Qian creatively synthesized these five genres to form a complete unified system.
Developing a comprehensive method of compiling history "Historical Records" pioneered a method of comprehensive compilation of various knowledge such as politics, economy, ethnicity, and culture. "Historical Records" included all aspects of politics, economy, and culture within the scope of historical research for the first time, thereby opening up a new field of historical research and promoting the development of history in our country.
Jing Ke
A guard at the end of the Warring States Period, he was a descendant of Qi and loved reading and fencing. The people of Wei called him "Qingqing". Later, he traveled to Yan State and was called "Jingqing" (or Uncle Jing) by the local people. Later, Tian Guang, a wise and brave and profound "jiexia" in the Yan Kingdom, recommended him to Prince Dan and worshiped him as Shangqing. Later, he failed to assassinate the King of Qin and was killed.
Character Summary
After Jing Ke arrived in Yan State, he got to know Gao Jianli, a dog butcher and Gao Jianli who was good at building. Jing Ke liked to drink, and drank with the dog butcher and Gao Jianli every day in the market of Yan State. After drinking to get excited, Gao Jianli built a building, and Jing Ke sang to the music of building a building in the market, enjoying themselves. Afterwards, they cried relatively silently, as if no one was around. Then he and Gao Jianli became close friends.
Tian Guang met the talented Jing Ke when he arrived at Yanhou and met Tian Guang. Tian Guang knew that he was not an ordinary person and admired him very much. It happened that Prince Dan of Yan fled back to Yan after being a hostage in Qin, seeking revenge on the King of Qin. Ju Wu recommended Tian Guang, and Tian Guang recommended Jing Qing. However, Prince Dan did not trust Tian Guang. Tian Guang believed that when elders do things, people should not be suspicious; if a person does things alone but makes people suspicious, he cannot be regarded as a moral and chivalrous person, so he committed suicide.
Meeting Yan Dan. In order to assassinate the King of Qin, Prince Dan of Yan entrusted Jing Ke with a great responsibility, and begged Jing Ke not to be humble and refuse, so he respected Jing Qing as a high minister and invited him to stay in a first-class hotel. The prince came to greet him every day, prepared the most sumptuous banquet, and soon presented rare items, carriages, and other items. Jing Ke felt the sincerity of Prince Dan, so he conspired with him.
Plot Fan Yuqi Fan Yuqi was originally a Qin general, but he offended the King of Qin and fled to Yan. Only by dedicating the head of General Fan and the map of Dukang of Yan to the King of Qin, the King of Qin will be happy to receive Jing Ke, and then have the opportunity to assassinate the King of Qin. Jing Ke knew that the prince couldn't bear it, so he went to see Fan Yuqi privately behind the prince's back and persuaded him with reason. Fan Yuqi committed suicide and died.
Prince Xiaoxiao of Yishui and the guests who knew that Jing Ke was going to assassinate King Qin all came to see Jing Ke off in plain clothes. Above the Yishui. Gao Jianli was building a building, Jing Ke was singing in harmony, and the soldiers all shed tears as the voice of rebellion. He went forward again and sang: "The wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong men will never come back once they are gone!" The feathers again sounded so generous that all the soldiers filled their eyes and raised their fingertips. So Jing Ke drove away and ignored him.
Conspiracy Yu Mengjia Jingke brought a gift worth thousands of gold to the concubine Mengjia, one of the favored ministers of the King of Qin. Meng Jia first spoke to the King of Qin on behalf of Jing Ke: "The King of Yan is indeed frightened by the majesty of the King and does not dare to send out troops to resist the King's soldiers. He would rather the whole country be the ministers of the State of Qin. I hereby cut off Fan Yuqi's head." He also presented a map of the Dukang area of ??Yan State and sealed it in a box. The King of Yan also held a farewell ceremony at the court and sent envoys to report the situation to the King and ask for his instructions. "The King of Qin was very happy when he heard the news. Happy.
To solve the crisis wisely, the King of Qin arranged the etiquette of nine guests and received the envoys of Yan State in Xianyang Palace. Jing Ke held the box with General Fan's head, and Qin Wuyang held the box with the map, and walked to the bottom of the steps one by one. Qin Wuyang was frightened in his heart, and his expression suddenly changed. The ministers of Qin State were all surprised and suspicious. Jing Ke turned around and smiled at Qin Wuyang. He stepped forward to apologize to the King of Qin and said, "The vulgar people in the remote areas of the north have never seen the Emperor, so they are afraid. I hope the King will forgive me."
Tuqiongdagger met in Qin In the palace, Jing Ke took out the map and presented it to King Qin. After the map was displayed, the dagger suddenly appeared. Jing Ke took advantage of the situation and grabbed King Qin's sleeve with his left hand, quickly picked up the dagger with his right hand and stabbed King Qin in the chest. The dagger did not hit King Qin. King Qin was so frightened that he backed away and ran around the big copper pillar in the court hall. Jing Ke pressed hard. Although there were many officials nearby, they were all unarmed. According to Qin's rules, the warriors at the foot of the steps were not allowed to go to the palace without King Qin's order. King Qin drew his sword and cut off Jing Ke's left leg. Jing Ke couldn't stand and fell to the ground. He took the dagger and threw it at King Qin, but missed. The warriors rushed up and killed Jing Ke.