In his youth, he and his teacher Kang Youwei advocated political reform and called it "Kang Liang". He was one of the leaders of the Reform Movement of 1898, and also a representative of the modern reformists in China. After the defeat, he fled overseas and pursued a constitutional monarchy. After the Revolution of 1911, he joined Yuan Shikai's government as a chief justice. Later, he severely criticized Yuan Shikai and the Restoration, and once joined Duan's government. He advocated the New Culture Movement and supported the May 4th Movement. The "poetry revolution" and "novel revolution" that advocate improving the style. The work is co-edited as Drinking Rooms. Character life editor
Studying in early years
1873 was born in Xinhui, Guangdong. 1889, the champion of Guangdong Province. 1890 began to learn from kang Youwei.
189 1 year, I studied in Wanmu Caotang with Kang Youwei, accepted Kang Youwei's thoughts and theories, and embarked on the road of reform and political reform. The world is collectively known as "Kang Liang". In the same year, he married his wife Li Huixian.
Imperial examination candidates jointly wrote to the emperor.
1895 Liang Qichao participated in the political movement for the first time. China suffered a crushing defeat in the Sino-Japanese War.
liang qichao
, signed the "treaty of shimonoseki" that humiliated the country, and Kang Youwei joined forces with 3,000 juren to petition for political reform. As Kang Youwei's most effective disciple, Liang Qichao actively participated in this great event that shook China. [3]
1in the spring of 895, he went to Beijing again to take the exam, assisted Kang Youwei, and launched a "bus petition" for candidates to jointly petition in Beijing. Liang Qichao was very active in the Reform Movement. In Beijing, he was in charge of World Bulletin (later renamed Chinese and Foreign Journals) and Shanghai Current Affairs, and went to Macau to organize Intimate Newspaper. Many of his political views have great influence on society.
In the second year of writing "On the Bus", Huang Zunxian ran The Times in Shanghai, with Liang Qichao as the main pen, and wrote a lot of articles calling for political reform. Governor Zhang Zhidong praised The Times, calling it "the first useful newspaper founded by China". Later, Zhang Zhidong invited Liang Qichao to visit Wuchang, opened the middle door to meet him, and even asked his subordinates, "Can you shoot?" At that time, it was a courtesy to receive an imperial envoy. [3]
Reform Movement of 1898
1897, head teacher of Wu Shi school in Changsha, promoting Hunan's political reform thought. At school, he vigorously advocated the idea of saving the country through political reform, and from time to time made remarks condemning autocracy and praising civil rights, causing attacks from the old forces. In March of the 24th year of Guangxu, he assisted Kang Youwei in organizing the National Assembly. On April 23rd (June 1 1), Emperor Guangxu issued the imperial edict of "Ding Mingshi Kingdom" and began the "Hundred Days Reform". On May 15 (July 3), Emperor Guangxu summoned Liang Qichao, awarded him six titles and ordered him to handle the affairs of the translation publishing house. Liang participated in Kang Youwei's plot to instigate Yuan Shikai to overthrow Empress Dowager Cixi, but Yuan betrayed him. Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned by Empress Dowager Cixi. On the sixth day of August (2 1 September), Empress Dowager Cixi announced another "political training" and immediately killed the reformists, but the result failed. Liang Qichao fled to the Japanese legation that day, went to Tianjin in disguise the next day, and went to Japan with Kang Youwei. [4]
That winter, Liang Qichao once represented Kang Youwei, the leaders of the conference, Sun Yat-sen and Chen Shaobai, in Tokyo.
liang qichao
In the negotiation of saving the country through cooperation, Liang was very much in favor of the revolutionary ideas of the society, but because of Kang Youwei's opposition, the cooperation failed. 1897 1 1 month1day (1February 23, 897), Liang founded Qing Yi Bao (Xunzi) in Yokohama, but he still advocated "protecting the emperor after the abolition." [4]
1898 returned to Beijing to participate in the "Hundred Days Reform". In July, summoned by Emperor Guangxu, he was ordered to present the General Theory of Reform, awarded six titles, and was responsible for handling the affairs of Shi Jing University Hall Translation Company.
In the summer and autumn of the 25th year of Guangxu (1899), Liang Qichao and Sun Yat-sen were still very close, and they agreed that the revolution was over, and Sun and Liang planned to form a party in cooperation, and proposed to elect Sun as the president and Liang as the vice president. Liang Sui drafted the Book of Mr. Shang Nanhai, which was signed by Liang Qichao, Han Wenju, Ou, Tang and other disciples 13. , which means that it is not * * * and the regime that cannot save the crisis; Kang Youwei was advised to retire, and Liang Qichao and others made persistent efforts. Kang Youwei was furious after reading it and ordered Liang to leave Japan quickly and go to Honolulu to deal with royalist affairs. Before he left, Sun Yat-sen wrote a letter about Liang's visit to Sun's brother after he arrived in America. Overseas Chinese in Honolulu have heard about it for a long time. Wherever they went, they warmly welcomed them and donated money in succession. * * * raised 890,000 yuan for the "diligent king" army. [4]
In July of the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Liang Qichao returned to China, ready to direct the "self-guard" uprising organized by Tang nearby, but when he first arrived in Shanghai, he heard that Tang and others were killed and the uprising failed. After staying in Shanghai for 10 days, he went south to Hong Kong to discuss cooperation with Chen Shaobai, and the opinions were quite consistent. Then he went to Singapore to meet Kang Youwei. Kang Youwei denounced him for betraying Emperor Guangxu and leaning towards revolution, and Liang Qichao was forced to kneel down and apologize. [4]
Flee overseas
In September of the same year, when a coup took place, Liang Qichao fled to Japan and had contact with the revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen.
Mr Liang Qichao
During the Japanese occupation period, Tsing Yi Daily and Xinmin Cong Daily were founded successively, advocating improvement and opposing revolution. At the same time, it also introduced a large number of western social and political theories, which had a great influence among intellectuals at that time.
After the Wuchang Uprising broke out, he tried to make revolutionaries compromise with the Qing government. In the early years of the Republic of China, he supported Yuan Shikai and accepted Yuan Yi's intention to merge the Democratic Party with the United Party, rebuild the Progressive Party, and compete for political power with the Kuomintang led by Sun Yat-sen.
1902 165438+ October new novel published.
19 13, the "first-class talent cabinet" of the progressive party was established, and Liang Qichao became the chief justice.
At the end of 19 15, Yuan Shikai's heart of claiming the emperor was increasingly exposed. Liang Qichao opposed Yuan's claim to the throne and plotted against Yuan with Cai E. The war to defend the country broke out in Yunnan.
19 16, Liang Qichao went to Guangdong and Guangxi to participate in the struggle against Yuan. After Yuan Shikai's death, Liang Qichao served as the chief financial officer of Beiyang government in Duan and was supervised by the General Administration of Salt Affairs.
Withdraw from politics
1965438+In September 2007, Sun Yat-sen launched a campaign to protect the law. 165438+ 10, Duan's cabinet was forced to step down, and Liang Qichao also took the blame and resigned from politics.
19 18 At the end of the year, Liang Qichao went to Europe and learned many problems and disadvantages of western society. After returning to China, he preached that western civilization had gone bankrupt and advocated developing traditional culture and "saving the world" with the "inherent civilization" of the East.
1927, leaving Tsinghua research institute.
die of an illness
1in the spring of 923, his wife died of cancer recurrence, and Liang was very sad. Since then, there has been blood in his urine. Unwilling to increase
Liang Qichao (1899) (2 sheets)
The fatigue of family members is confidential. It was not until June 1926 that I suspected that I had cancer that I agreed to go to a German hospital for examination. After examination by a famous doctor, Keli found hematuria, but the pathogen could not be found. At this time, Liang Qichao did not realize the seriousness of his illness and remained optimistic about it. In a letter to his eldest daughter Ling Xian on February 9, he said: "In fact, I have no pain at all, and my spirit is as usual. As long as I close my eyes when I pee, nothing will happen. I think it is extremely unreasonable. "
1926 found hematuria at the beginning, and went to Peking Union Medical College Hospital for examination to diagnose nephropathy. The doctors in the Union Medical College Hospital checked for several days, and finally determined that the right kidney was born with a tumor, so they had an operation on March 16, and all the right kidneys were removed. However, after right nephrectomy, hematuria could not be completely stopped. Dr. Sheikh could only do passive prevention and treatment, but could not do active treatment. Later, it was found that the healthy right kidney was mistakenly cut because of the intern's mistake. Tang Ziyu, a famous Chinese doctor, recovered gradually.
1927, Liang Qichao was severely hit by tragic events such as the death of his teacher Kang Youwei, his beloved disciple Fan Jingsheng and Wang Guowei's investment in the lake. At 1 12, he can't work at his desk. Because of his high popularity, Shenbao, the main newspaper at that time, was very concerned about his illness. 1929.05438+0. 18 The seventh edition of Shenbao Express, Beiping, said: Liang Qichao is very ill today. The doctor diagnosed him as seriously ill and there is almost no hope of living. (17) Liang Qichao is in danger.
1929 65438+ 10/0/9, Liang Qichao died in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The next day, the fourth edition of Shen Bao published the article "Liang Qichao died in Pingping yesterday": Liang Qichao died at Peking Union Medical College Hospital at 2 pm today at the age of 56, and his body was transported to Guanghui Temple. After Liang Qichao died, many people mourned him between Beijing and Shanghai. [5]
2 major achievements in editing
Tax thought
Liang Qichao Statue (15)
Liang Qichao was one of the leaders of the Reform Movement of 1898 and a famous propagandist and agitator of bourgeois reformists in the early 20th century. He advocated that the collection of taxes should be based on the principle of convenience, and the policy of light taxes and flat taxes should be implemented. At the same time, he opposed the traditional view of "fixing taxes for the people". It is pointed out that "Westerners use things necessary for people's birthdays, all of which are tax-free for the convenience of the people." China, on the other hand, took advantage of the people's urgency to levy again, such as salt policy. There are also westerners who are good at the law and have good intentions to facilitate the people. China regarded it as a plan to help the Tang Dynasty, but those who did it harassed him. Now the postal service and the like are also the same. "He suggested that we should follow the example of Britain to implement a unified tax policy, so as to facilitate the people and benefit the people and seek prosperity again. This view, which put economic development first and based on fiscal revenue, was of positive significance to the development of capitalist industry and commerce in China at that time.
Liang Qichao believes that public debt is also a kind of tax, but the difference is that "tax is directly given to the present, and public debt is indirectly given to the future", "but we will analyze our obligations today, and some of them are reserved for our descendants Sun Yuner". However, he admits that public debt is of positive significance to economic construction, and that "taxes will be collected as soon as possible, and public debt will be used as much as possible", so he thinks that although public debt increases the burden on future generations, it is also beneficial to future generations.
Erudition and academic contribution
19 18 traveled around Europe with Zhang Junmai and gave lectures everywhere. He made outstanding contributions to bibliography all his life. The representative work is Bibliography of Western Studies, which is innovative in classification and description. There are two kinds: learning, politics and teaching. This classification system has broken through the four-part system which has been defined as a "permanent system", and paved the way for the input of modern western book classification and the emergence of new classification in China. This project includes 400 kinds of books in western languages, 0/68 kinds of books in western politics, and 0/896 kinds of books in western politics. Other bibliographies include "Summary of Western Books" and "Dongji"
There are more than 0 kinds of books 10, such as Yuedan, An Introduction to Chinese Studies and Its Reading Methods, Yueyue Course Reader, Bibliographic Examination of Oriental Original Works, Essential Books and Their Reading Methods, the Position of Buddhist Scriptures in Chinese Bibliography, and A Brief Examination of Han Shuzhai's Fujiko. I know a lot about library science. He thinks that "China Library Science" should be established, and the modern western library science theory should be applied to the transformation of traditional bibliography in China, that is, the scientization of bibliography. Actively advocated the cause of library, initiated the establishment of Songpo Library on 1922, and served as the curator. China Library Association was founded in 1925, and served as the director of the Council Department. He also delivered a speech at the inaugural meeting of the China Library Association, and put forward his own views on the development direction of China's library cause. Later, he served as the director of Shi Jing Library and Beijing Library. I tried to compile the Dictionary of China Books, which is equivalent to the annals of ancient and modern books in China, and made a record of the collection of ancient and modern books, but I died before I finished it. The collection is rich, including more than 44,470 books and 2,830 kinds in Haitang Bookstore and Ice Room, as well as unpublished manuscripts, private letters and notes. Liang Tingcan and others compiled the Preliminary Catalogue of Books in Restaurants, which recorded more than 3000 kinds of ancient books/kloc-0. 1929 all handed over to Beijing Library. The Beijing Library has specially set up the "Liang Qichao Memorial Room" for commemoration. [
Go here and watch.
zzsvpmcyc 4c uzxm 8 eukx 5 tbn-Pa